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Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the Genetic

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 Leonardo Journal of Sciences Issue 14, January-June 2008
ISSN 1583-0233 p. 193-203

Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the

Genetic Algorithm

Lahouari ABDELHAKEM KORIDAK1*, Mostefa RAHLI2, Mimoun YOUNES3

1, 2
Department of Electrical Engineering, USTO MB BP 1505, Oran El M’naouer, Algeria.
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, USBA BP 89 Sidi Djillali, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria.
(* Phone/Fax: 213 41 56 03 01)
E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
This paper presents an efficient and reliable technique of optimization with
combined economic emission dispatch. This problem has been formulated as a
multi-objective problem by considering both economy and emission
simultaneously. The bi-objective problem is converted into single objective
function using hybrid factor in the proposed approach. The optimal solution of
problem is determined by genetic algorithm. This approach has been tested on
Indian utility-62 bus systems consisting of 19 generators with line flow
constraints. The solutions obtained are quite encouraging and useful in the
present deregulated environment.
Keywords
Nonlinear Programming; Genetic Algorithms; Load Flow; Combined
Economic Emission Dispatch.

Introduction

In traditional economic dispatch, the operating cost is reduced by the suitable

attribution of the quantity of power to be produced by different generating units. However the
optimal production cost can not be the best in terms of the environmental criteria. Recently

http://ljs.academicdirect.org
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 Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the Genetic Algorithm
Lahouari ABDELHAKEM KORIDAK, Mostefa RAHLI, Mimoun YOUNES

many countries throughout the world have concentrated on the reduction of the quantity of
pollutants from fossil fuel to the production of electrical energy of each unit. The gaseous
pollutants emitted by the power stations cause harmful effects with the human beings and the
environment like the sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and the carbon dioxide
(CO2), etc. Thus, the optimization of production cost should not be the only objective but the
reduction of emission must also be taken into account. Considering the difference in
homogeneity of the two equations, the equation of the cost of fuel given in $/hr, and the
equation of emission of gases to the production of electrical energy given in Kg/hr. In this
approach, we optimize the two equations at the same time using a factor of hybridization (Hi).
The genetic algorithms are more advanced to solve the problem of multi-objective
optimization; the problem consists in combining the economic control system and the gas
emission with the production of electrical energy.

Genetic Algorithm

Genetic algorithms (GA) were developed after original work by Holland (1975). These
consist of optimization procedures based on principles inspired by natural evolution. Given a
problem for which a closed-form solution is unidentified, or impossible to obtain with
classical methods, an initial randomly generated population of possible solution is created. Its
characteristics are then used in an equivalent string of genes or chromosomes that will be later
recombined with genes from other individuals. Each solution is assimilated to an individual,
who is evaluated and classified in relation with its closeness to the best, yet still unknown,
solution to the problem. It can be shown that, by using a Darwinian-inspired natural selection
process, the method will gradually converge towards the best possible solution.
As in a biological system submitted to external constraints, the fittest members of the
initial population are given better chances of reproducing and transmitting part of their genetic
heritage to the next generation. A new population, or second generation, is then created by
recombination of parental genes. It is expected that some members of this new population will
have acquired the best characteristics of both parents and, being better adapted to the
environmental conditions, will provide an improved solution to the problem. After it has
replaced the original population, the new group is submitted to the same evaluation procedure,

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 Leonardo Journal of Sciences Issue 14, January-June 2008
ISSN 1583-0233 p. 193-203

and later generates its own offspring’s. The process is repeated many times, until all members
of a given generation share the same genetic heritage. From then on, there are virtually no
differences between individuals. The members of these final generations, who are often quite
different from their ancestors, possess genetic information that corresponds to the best
solution to the optimization problem. A schematic outline of the GA used is presented in
Figure 1.

Initial Population

Objective
Fitness Function

Selection

Crossover
Mutation

Yes
Stop
Gen > Max Gen

No

Gen = Gen +1
Figure 1. Outline of a genetic algorithm

Most often, researchers encode individuals using bit string encoding called binary-
coded GA. In this work, individuals are represented with floating point or real numbers. In
real-coded Gas, an individual is coded as vector of real numbers corresponding to design
variables. The real-coded Gas are robust, accurate and efficient because of floating point
representation is conceptually closest to the real design space.

Genetic Operators
In this work, the following GA operators are used:
÷ Tournament selection: The selection operator is intended to improve the average quality
of the population by giving individuals of higher fitness a higher probability to be copied

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 Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the Genetic Algorithm
Lahouari ABDELHAKEM KORIDAK, Mostefa RAHLI, Mimoun YOUNES

into the next generation. Tournament selection works as follows; choose two individuals
randomly from the population and copy the best individual into the intermediate
population.
÷ Whole linear crossover: Crossover operator is intended to combine the genetic data of
the existing population and generating offspring’s. Pair of chromosomes is recombined
on a random basis to form two new individuals. If according to a probability of crossover
parameter, pc, there is crossover, then a whole linear crossover is used. From two parents
p1 and p2, three offspring’s are generated, namely 0.5p1+0.5p2, 1.5p1-0.5p2, and -
0.5p1+1.5p2. The best two of the three offspring’s are then selected.
÷ Non-uniform mutation: Mutation operator plays a secondary role. It allows new genetic
patterns to be formed, thus improving the search method. Occasionally, it protects some
useful genetic material loss. During the process, a rate of mutation, pm, determines the
possibility of mutating one of the design variables. If a variable is chosen to be mutated,
its value is modified as follows:
V + ∆(t, UB− V) if tails
V= (1)
V − ∆(t, LB− V) if heads

where t is the actual generation, UB and LB the upper and lower bounds for the variable, and
∆(t,y) is given by
t b
(1 + )
∆ ( t , y ) = y (1 − r T
) (2)
where r is a uniform random number between 0 and 1, T is the maximum generation, and b is
a parameter determining the degree of dependency on the generation number (usually chosen
between 1 and 5).
÷ Elitist strategy: In standard GA the best possible solution is not preserved, thereby
increasing the chance of loosing the obtainable best possible solution. Elitist strategy
overcomes this problem by copying the best member of each generation into the next one.

Problem Formulation
The bi-objective combined economic emission dispatch problem is converted into
single optimization problem by introducing prince hybridization factor.
Optimization of problem has been mathematically formulated is as follows.
nG
f (PGi ) = Min ∑ [Fi (PGi ), E i (PGi )] (3)
i =1

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 Leonardo Journal of Sciences Issue 14, January-June 2008
ISSN 1583-0233 p. 193-203

where f ( PGi ) is the optimal cost of power generation. Fi ( PGi ) and E i ( PGi ) are total cost and
total emission of generators respectively.
nG represents the number of generators connected in the network. The cost is
optimized with the following constraints.
nG
∑P = PD − PL (4)
i =1 Gi

where PGi is the real power generation of ith generator, PD is the total load of the system and
PL is the transmission losses of the system. The inequality constraints on real power
generation PGi of each generation i are:
min max (5)
P Gi ≤ P Gi ≤ PGi

min and max are minimum and maximum value of real power allowed at generator
where P Gi P Gi

i respectively.
The fuel cost of the production Fi ( PGi ) ($/hr) in terms of control variables generator
powers can be expressed as,
nG
Fi ( PGi ) = ∑ (a P
i =1
i
2
Gi + b i PGi + c i ) (6)

where PGi is the real power output of an ith generator. a i , bi , ci are the fuel cost curve

coefficients.
The total function of emission Ei ( PGi ) (kg/hr) can be expressed as,
nG
E i ( P Gi ) = ∑ (α
i =1
i PGi2 + β i PGi + γ i ) (7)

where α i , β i and γ i are emission coefficients.

The factor of hybridization is exposed like as:

nG

∑ F (P
i =1
i
Max
Gi )
Hi = nG (8)
∑ E (P
i =1
i
Max
Gi )

where i = 1,2,……………..,nG.
The function to minimize can be described as follows.
 nG nG

Min f (PGi ) = ∑ Fi (PGi ) + H i * ∑ Ei (PGi ) (9)
 i =1 i =1 

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 Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the Genetic Algorithm
Lahouari ABDELHAKEM KORIDAK, Mostefa RAHLI, Mimoun YOUNES

Subject to equality constraints,

nG
∑ PGi − PD − PL = 0 (10)
i =1
and inequality constraints,
Min Max
P ≤P ≤P (11)
Gi Gi Gi

Use of constraints
Constraints may be handled by exterior penalty method; many alternatives are
possible, simplest one is to square the violated constraints, multiply by a penalty coefficient
and add to the fitness function.
Usually penalty coefficient is a large number.
Min f (x ) Subject to g ( x) ≤ 0 h( x) = 0 the constraints
The constrained function f (x) can be transformed to an unconstrained function F (x)

[
MinF( x) = f (x ) + rp max(0, g( x))2 + h (x )2 ] (12)

where r p is the penalty coefficient.

For the application of the genetic algorithm, we transformed our problem of

minimization with constraints has a minimization with not constraints by penalty method as
follows.
m k 2

F(PGi, rp ) = f (PGi ) + rp * ∑(hi (PGi)) + ∑(gi (PGi )) 
2
(13)
 j=1 q=1 
Equality constraints: hi ( PGi ) = 0, j = 0,1,......., m and inequality constraints:

g i ( PGi ) ≤ 0, q = 0,1,........., k

Simulation Results

The algorithm was applied to IEEE-30 bus system with 06 generating units and 41
transmission lines with four tap changing transformers. The total system load demand is 283.4
MW. The values of fuel cost and emission coefficients are given in Table 1 and the single-line
diagram of this system is shown in Figure 2.

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 Leonardo Journal of Sciences Issue 14, January-June 2008
ISSN 1583-0233 p. 193-203

Table 1. Generator costs and emission coefficients.

N° ai bi ci αi βi γi
Generator
1 0.00375 2.00 0 0.0126 -1.1000 22.983
2 0.01750 1.75 0 0.0200 -0.1000 25.313
3 0.06250 1.00 0 0.0270 -0.0100 25.505
4 0.00834 3.25 0 0.0291 -0.0050 24.900
5 0.02500 3.00 0 0.0290 -0.0040 24.700
6 0.02500 3.00 0 0.0271 -0.0055 25.300

Figure 2. The single-line diagram of IEEE30-bus system

The factor of hybridization Hi for IEEE-30 bus system was explained as follows:
Hi = [h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6]; Hi = [1.792, 1, 734, 2.230, 2.053, 2.220, 2.338]
The total load of this network is 283.4 MW. By using the method of Gauss-Seidel with
the parameters of the lines, one finds the losses active of the network PL = 14.10 MW
Σ PGi - Pd - PL = 0 (MW)⇒Σ PGi - 297.5 = 0

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 Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the Genetic Algorithm
Lahouari ABDELHAKEM KORIDAK, Mostefa RAHLI, Mimoun YOUNES

Table 2. Generator operating limits

Bus Pmin Pmax
G1 50 200
G2 20 80
G3 15 50
G4 10 35
G5 10 30
G6 12 40

Result of the application

The optimal values of the generated powers, total cost of hybrid function, Fuel cost
and Emission output are given by table 3.

Table 3. The best solution for fuel cost and emission gas optimized simultaneous.
N° Generator GA method EP method
PG1 Opt (MW) 139.202 118.770
PG2 Opt (MW) 54.792 62.246
PG3 Opt (MW) 25.618 34.462
PG4 Opt (MW) 29.560 24.289
PG5 Opt (MW) 23.989 21.621
PG6 Opt (MW) 24.340 28.072
Best Hybrid function 1566.177 2151.570
Fuel Cost. ($/hr) 769.677 840.219
Emission (Kg/hr) 353.404 350.509

• EP: Evolutionary Programming [4]

• GA: Genetic Algorithm (Proposed approach).

Interpretations
For the results of table 3, we calculated the optimum of the function combined
between the fuel cost and the emission gas by introducing the factor to align dimensions of
the two functions and we replaced the optimum power to find in both function.
In table 4, we optimized the two functions separately and one replaced the optimum
power of the first in the second and conversely.
For our approach we can save 41.09 $/hr of fuel and minimize 3.622 Kg/hr of toxic
gas to liberate in the environment.

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 Leonardo Journal of Sciences Issue 14, January-June 2008
ISSN 1583-0233 p. 193-203

200
180

Generator Real Power ( MW)

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Generator Number

Figure 3 . The best generator setting of GA

Table 4. The best solution for fuel cost and emission gas optimized individually.
Best Fuel Cost Best Emission Gas
PG1 (MW) 178.954 117.516
PG2 (MW) 046.703 052.192
PG3 (MW) 020.790 032.167
PG4 (MW) 025.763 033.362
PG5 (MW) 010.042 027.147
PG6 (MW) 015.248 035.114
Fuel cost ($/hr) 810.767 876.403
Emission ( Kg/hr) 402.546 357.026

Conclusion

In this article, an approach based on a genetic algorithm was presented and applied to
the fuel cost and the function of emission gas in electric power network. The problem was
formulated as multi-objective function environmental / economic dispatch, the problem is to
optimize the fuel cost of the production and the emission gas on the environment at the same
time.
For reason of the difference dimensioning of the two functions, we have to use the
factor of hybridization for the first test (table 3), and for the second test (table 4) we have to
optimize both separately function.
The genetic algorithm thus gave us well satisfactory results. This shows that it is much
faster and more effective than the traditional techniques by dealing with the multi objective
problems of optimization.

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 Hybrid Optimization of the Emission and Economic Dispatch by the Genetic Algorithm
Lahouari ABDELHAKEM KORIDAK, Mostefa RAHLI, Mimoun YOUNES

Certainly, we compared the minimal cost calculated in the first test with the minimal
in the second test. We carried out in test 1 a reduction of 86.93 Kg/day pollutant gas (Nox,
SO2, CO2, CO) emitted in the atmosphere and we have to gain has little close 987 $/day.

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