Overuse of Facebook: Comparing Oneself to Unrealistic Images Affecting the

Self-Esteem of Senior High Students at the JPI City of San Jose Del Monte
Campus, Inc.

A Quantitative Research

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Subject Practical Research 2

GENERAL ACADEMIC STRAND (GAS)

Members:

Alcantara, Mike Dustin P.

Aguilos, Josephine L.
Balanding, Gian Christ B.
Bien, Chloe Ann A.
Capalac, Julius Emman F.
Castillo, Lyndrix P.
Cernitchez, Racelle Maye N.
Delavega, Hazel V.
Endencio, Mariel M.
Garcia, John Rich D.
Lingling, Princess Angel A.
Luna, Villarica P.
Pilpa, Denise Joyce H.
Saez, Cesar C.
Silvestre, Xiena B.
Valdez, Matthew M.
Vergara, Dhona May B.
Viaña, Jhaymie B.

Leader:

Caguiao, John Marlon P.

August 2024

I
 Table Of Contents

Title.....................................................................................................................................I

Table Of Contents.............................................................................................................II

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background

Background of the Study.........................................................1-2

Statement of the Problem.......................................................3-4
Scope and Delimitation of the Study..........................................5
Significance of the Study............................................................6
Definition of Terms..................................................................7-8

Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Related Literature....................................................9-10

Local Related Literature......................................................11-13
Foreign Studies...................................................................14-15
Local Studies.......................................................................16-17
Theoretical Framework.............................................................18
Conceptual Framework............................................................19
Research Hypothesis...............................................................20

Chapter III Research Design

Research Method.....................................................................21
Research Design......................................................................22
Population and sample (Respondents of the Study)................22
Sampling Procedure.................................................................23
Research Instrument................................................................24
Data Gathering Procedure.......................................................25
Statistical Treatment...........................................................26-29

II
 Chapter I

The Problem and Its Background

This chapter includes the background of the study, statement of the problem,
scope and delimitation, significance of the study, and definition of terms.

Background Of The Study

According to Nadeem et al. (2020), the literature shows that Facebook has
become dangerously addictive, disrupting the activities and academic goals of students’
routinely. Thus, Facebook itself will never hinder students' academic performances if
they give salient attention to their academic businesses. Iwamoto and Chun, in "The
Effect of Social Media on the Development of Students’ Affective Variables," vol. 13,
2020. States that social media has become an essential element of individuals’ lives,
including students, in today’s world of communication. Its use is growing significantly
more than ever before, especially in the post-pandemic era, marked by a great
revolution happening in the educational system. Recent investigations of the use of
social media show that approximately 3 billion individuals worldwide are now
communicating via social media. As described by "Iwamoto and Chun (2020), when
students are affected by social media posts, especially due to the increasing reliance on
social media use in life, they may be encouraged to begin comparing themselves to
others or develop great unrealistic expectations of themselves or others, which can have
several affective consequences."

According to Boyd (2007), the early 21st century marked the emergence and
growth of social networking sites around the world. Since then, these sites have
become a major part of people’s lives, especially the lives of youth. Many teenagers are
using social media, especially Facebook, to build relationships, connect with the world,
share and gain knowledge and information, build stronger personalities, and have
better social lives. According to Mitchell (2002), social networking sites are used by
youngsters to get engaged in romantic and casual online relationships. It has been
observed by the changing behavior of people that social media has many negative
repercussions. And as stated by Chen and Lee in "Impact of Social Media on Self-
Esteem," vol. 13, 2013. Social networking sites help people make social connections.
comparisons that increase the psychological distress of individuals and, as a result,
lower the overall level of self-esteem. Many observers and researchers believe that due
to the increase in the usage of social networking sites, people have become victims of
lower self-esteem and self-growth.

Page 1
 According to Sarah Gabriele (2022), the use of social media does appear to
be correlated to body image concerns and low self-esteem. A systematic review
published in 2016 highlighted that photo-based activity on social media was linked to
negative body image. In analyzing the roots of negative thoughts, studies have further
shown that the activity of comparing ourselves is really what is detrimental to our
mental health. For example, researchers have found a positive relationship between
Facebook usage and body image concerns, and, in particular, young women who
spent more time on Facebook felt more concerned about their bodies. This study
showed that these negative effects occur mostly because of the social comparison that
users make to others.

In a similar study done by Wilson et al. (2010), generally, people who

communicate easily with others face-to-face have less need to spend a great deal of
time online, but when considering the specific ways Facebook can be used, a different
result can be found. "Regarding the relationship between self-esteem and Facebook
use, scholars have found contradictory results. Most studies (Kalpidou, Costin, &
Morris, 2011; Mehdizadeh, 2010; Tazghini & Siedlecki, 2013) found that people with
lower self-esteem spend more time on Facebook. Some authors have interpreted this
finding using social compensation theory."

As stated by Monroe, J. (2019), It's human nature to compare ourselves to

others. And that’s especially true of teenagers. According to the theory of social
comparison, comparing and contrasting yourself with your peers is part of identity
formation. This process helps adolescents figure out where they stand in terms of
beliefs, preferences, and attitudes. Social comparison can also inspire and motivate
teens. However, social media and teens using these platforms for comparison have a
big downside: It can be detrimental to self-esteem, self-image, and well-being. In
addition, constant evaluation of oneself versus others can create a judgmental,
competitive outlook. Hence, one study found that people who make frequent social
comparisons are more likely to experience envy, guilt, regret, and defensiveness.
Moreover, social media magnifies the negative impact of social comparison for teens.
That’s because they compare themselves to carefully curated images of their peers. And
they compare themselves to celebrities or others who have achieved at unusually high
levels. As a result, teens feel that their accomplishments aren’t enough.

This research attempts to find out how senior high school students at the JPI
City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc. feel about themselves due to unrealistic
images and overuse of Facebook. This study also makes an effort to provide
suggestions for enhancements.

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Problem Statement

The overuse of Facebook and comparing oneself to unrealistic images are

affecting the self-esteem of senior high school students at JPI City of San Jose Del
Monte Campus, Inc., as they spend a lot of time scrolling through Facebook, where they
often compare themselves to idealized images they see online. This comparison can
make them less confident, affecting their mental well-being and self-worth.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to find the overuse of Facebook: Comparing Oneself to

Unrealistic Images Affecting the Self-Esteem of Senior High Students at the JPI City of
San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc.

General Problem

The objective of this study is to understand and investigate the overuse of

Facebook: comparing oneself to unrealistic images affects the self-esteem of senior high
students at the JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc.

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Specific Problems:

This study aims to find Overuse of Facebook: Comparing Oneself to Unrealistic

Images Affecting the Self-Esteem of Senior High Students at the JPI City of San Jose
Del Monte ampus, Inc. by determining the answers to the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of Selected Senior High School Learners

in the City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan in terms of the following?

1. 1 Age (Optional)

2. 1 Gender (Optional)

3. 1 Grade level

4. 1 Strand

2. What effects does overuse of Facebook have on students' self-esteem

at JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc. senior high school students when
they compare themselves to unrealistic images?

3. What effects do 4 to 6 hours of overuse of Facebook have on JPI San

Jose Campus, Inc. senior high school students?

4. What are the suggestions or recommendations that can be implemented

to avoid comparing oneself to unrealistic images?

5. What more research can be done using the information from this study?

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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research focuses on the Overuse of Facebook: Comparing Oneself to

Unrealistic Images Affecting the Self-Esteem of Senior High Students at the JPI City of
San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc.

There will be some delimitations that need to be followed, including:

1. This study will only focus on the overuse of Facebook: Comparing

Oneself to Unrealistic Images Affecting the Self-Esteem of Senior High
Students at the JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc.
2. This study will only focus on the overuse of Facebook and comparing
oneself to unrealistic images that affect self-esteem.
3. This study will only focus on the selected Grade 12 senior high school
students of the present school year (2024-2025).
4. This study will consist of 50 respondents from Grade 12 senior high
school students at JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc.

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Significance of the Study

The study's findings may be useful to individuals or groups in the following

context:

To the students, this study aims to help them become more aware of the
psychological effects that comparing themselves to unrealistic images can have on their
self-esteem. It also hopes to encourage students to communicate more openly with their
family and friends for emotional and mental support.

To the teachers, this study understands how Facebook affects students'

mental health and self-perception. Increased awareness allows them to offer better
support and guidance. Teachers develop strategies and programs to address
issues related to self-esteem and Facebook use, promoting healthy online
behaviors, and the study underscores the importance of integrating discussions
about digital citizenship and self-esteem into the curriculum.

To the Administrators, this study can promote mental health awareness by

recognizing the negative impact Facebook can have on self-esteem. This can lead to
the implementation of programs or resources to support individuals affected by these
issues. Develop educational initiatives that address the realities of Facebook and
provide tools to build resilience against negative self-comparisons. Acknowledging the
significance of these issues enables administrators to foster a supportive environment
and proactively address the challenges posed by social media to self-esteem.

To the Department of Education, this study may also underline the

importance of social and governmental efforts to raise awareness about how
students are affected by comparing themselves to unrealistic images. These efforts
could include creating more support groups focused on boosting students' self-
esteem and addressing other psychological issues that may arise from low self-
esteem.

To the future researchers, this study is beneficial as it gives them a partial

background on the necessary information they need. This could also be helpful for
lectures and their personal lives, which can assure their safety.

Page 6
Definition of Terms

Approximately (Adverb)

- Used to show that something is almost, but not completely, accurate or

exact; roughly.

Citizenship (Noun)

- The position or status of being a citizen of a particular country.

Curriculum (Noun)

- The subjects comprise a course of study at a school or college.

Hinder (Verb)

- Create difficulties for someone or something, resulting in delay or

obstruction.

Initiative (Noun)

- The ability to assess and initiate things independently.

Perception (Noun)

- The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the

senses.

Psychological (Adjective)

- Related to the mental and emotional state of a person.

Reliance (Noun)

- Dependence on or trust in someone or something.

Page 7
Repercussion (Noun)

- An unintended consequence occurs sometime after an event or action,

especially an unwelcome one.

Self-Esteem (Noun)

- Confidence in one's worth or abilities; and self-respect.

Page 8
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes a review of foreign and local literature and studies, a
theoretical framework, a conceptual framework, and a research hypothesis.

Foreign Literature

The adolescence phase has received wide scholarly attention more than other
phases of life because of its importance and influence on the individual. It is a stage of
life during which an individual gives significant attention to self, peer acceptance and
conformity, self-image, and other related issues. According to Krzymowski, J. (2024).
Social media has a pervasive impact on body image in the United States, influencing
one’s mental, physical, and social health. Body image issues encompass negative
feelings and experiences related to one's physical appearance and are characterized by
a preoccupation with perceived physical defects. This occurrence is especially common
among youth. The harmful effects of constant exposure to idealized images, unrealistic
beauty standards, and the influence of social media influencers are wide-ranging and
severe. This brief focuses on the United States because of the competitive culture, the
high cosmetic surgery rates, and leadership in social media use. Contributing factors
such as comparative culture, social comparison theory, and the impact of influencers are
all responsible for the spread of social media’s negative effects. Negative consequences
include risky health behaviors, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and the correlation
with suicidal thoughts and attempts. The social impairments, such as interpersonal
problems, low self-esteem, and bullying, are correlated to barriers to social connection.
Interventions such as CBT therapy are being implemented to help the youth of America
adapt to healthy habits of social media use and improve their self-image. By
implementing professional therapy, there is hope that we can increase the benefits of
addictive technology and minimize its harmful outcomes. As stated in the study of
Gambelli, C. (2024) Idealized body photographs are frequently posted on social media
sites like Instagram, which encourages social comparison and lowers self-esteem in
those between the ages of 18 and 35. Instagram's body positivity trend promotes
acceptance of a range of looks to challenge unattainable beauty standards. This study
looks at how young adults' social comparison behaviors and self-esteem are affected
when they are exposed to body-positive rather than ideal body image content on
Instagram.

Page 9
In previous studies in this field of study were majorly descriptive surveys (Koleoso et
al., 2018; Asagba et al., 2016; Boberová & Husárová, 2021). Surveys can reveal
important information about people’s behaviors and attitudes, but they cannot establish
cause-and-effect relationships. There is a paucity of experimental research that
attempts to modify negative body image among Nigerian adolescents with negative
body image. It, therefore, becomes imperative to examine the effectiveness of self-
control and social interaction skills interventions in reducing the negative body image of
adolescents with low health literacy in Catholic secondary schools in southwest
Nigeria. It is expected that the outcome of this study will provide answers to whether
the two treatments are effective in modifying negative body image as well as which of
the treatments is more effective in achieving the result. According to Acar, I. H.,
Avcılar, G., Yazıcı, G., & Bostancı, S. (2020). Adolescents’ emotional problems and
excessive social media use could deteriorate their self-esteem. The present study
aimed to investigate the contributions of adolescents’ emotional problems and social
media addiction to their self-esteem, with a particular interest in testing the mediating
role of social media addiction on the association between emotional problems and self-
esteem. Participants were 221 adolescents (49.3% female) aged 13 to 17 years (M =
15.86, SD = 0.91). Participants reported on their emotional problems, social media
addiction, and self-esteem. Results from regression analyses showed that the higher
levels of emotional problems and social media addiction were related to lower levels of
self-esteem. In addition, social media addiction partiality mediated the association
between emotional problems and self-esteem, indicating that adolescents with higher
levels of emotional problems tended to report higher levels of social media addiction,
and, in turn, this tendency was related to lower levels of self-esteem. According to
Abdellatif, M. (2022). When users are informed about other people's lives updated via
social media postings, they may unknowingly engage in social comparison. The
number of followers, likes, comments, and retweets generated by social media offers
omnipresent comparison information and accessible feedback. Such information
enables individuals to establish fast impressions of others. As well, young people who
spend more time on social media have a higher risk of depression. Comparing oneself
to others is a significant component of the problem. which leads to envy and reduced
self-esteem. People often use social media to gauge popularity by comparing the
number of comments, "likes," and images with their friends on social media.

Page 10
Local Literature

The widespread use of Facebook among students has raised concerns about
its impact on their mental health and social interactions. According to Getalado, J.
(2019). There were 67 million accounts on Facebook in the country, matching the total
number of internet users who spent an average of 3 hours and 57 minutes a day. With
all this time spent, it allows users to communicate, share information, and build up a
self-image in the online world. In this regard, the usage of smartphones by students and
their easy access to mainstream media, especially on Facebook, and having less face-
to-face communication affect their interaction. Students who have a strong Facebook
presence that may display psychological disorders like anti-social behaviors seldom
participate in school activities or are not participating at all. This can be quite dangerous.
Facebook usage might also cause them stress, anxiety, or, at worst, depression. They
are more vulnerable to possible dangers that may affect their self-esteem. Social media
help to make social comparisons that lead to psychological distress in individuals that
may result in lowering the overall level of self-esteem. But then again they use it to cope
with the feeling of sameness with peers. The excessive use of Facebook increases the
possibilities of personal socializing, either positive or negative, thus affecting their
performance in school. According to Tartaglia, S. (2016), as cited by Bergman M.
(2024), highlighting that as social media continues to grow in popularity, the
consequences of heavy online use have become increasingly clear. While social media
can have many positive effects, researchers are aware that it’s balanced by negative
effects that can have long-term impacts on teens’ mental health and overall well-being.
For instance, some studies have shown a correlation between social media and online
networking sites and a teen’s self-esteem. Specifically, Facebook has been pinpointed
in studies as a social networking site that tends to attract adolescents with lower self-
esteem, exacerbating the problem as they engage in higher levels of social comparison,
thereby adopting an even further skewed self-image. In psychology, self-esteem is
defined as the positive or negative evaluation of the self, and many theories have
suggested that maintaining or raising it is a basic human need. Scholars have found
contradictory results regarding the relationship between self-esteem and Facebook use
of three different modalities of using Facebook, i.e., social interaction, simulation, and
search for relations. The first is the use of the social network for interaction with friends
and for self-expression. High self-esteem was found to be a predictor of this modality of
using Facebook. In contrast, people who use Facebook to simulate a self-image online
that differs from reality have low self-esteem.

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According to Myra T. S. et al. (2018). The study was conducted during the first semester
of the school year 2017-2018 at the College of Information Technology and Computing
Sciences of Quirino State University, Diffun Campus, covering the information
technology and office administration students. It aimed to identify the influences of
Facebook use on the studies of college students. Specifically, the study aimed to
determine the profile, the respondents’ status by length as Facebook user/member,
frequency of log-in to Facebook, hours spent on Facebook, purpose of usage, the self-
perceived assessment of students on the influence of Facebook use to studies, and the
significant differences in students self-perceived assessment on the influence of
Facebook use to studies. Data were analyzed using frequency count, mean,
percentage, t-test, and F-test. The majority of the respondents were female, 19-20 years
old, and were in their third year. All the respondents had Facebook accounts, and most
of them had been members for more than a year already; they used Facebook every
day, and at least once a week they spent 1–5 hours a week communicating with their
friends. Respondents agreed that Facebook can be used for communication,
educational purposes, and entertainment. Females displayed a higher mean on the level
of agreement on the influences of Facebook on studies than males. The higher the age,
the lower the level of agreement on the influences of Facebook on studies. Significant
differences existed in the influences of Facebook on studies when respondents were
grouped by sex, age, and grade level. According to Reynilda Salandanan, P. D., & Tricia
Mae C. Zafra. (2017), as cited by Mindajao, B. (2024). Despite the convenience being
brought about by different technological advancements, such as social media, studies
have revealed that social media has both positively and negatively impacted the self-
esteem of its users. About this problem, this study aims to investigate the relationship
between the social media usage of the respondents, the Grades 10 and 11 female
students of SPUQC, and their self-esteem. To determine the relationship between
adolescents’ social media usage, the researcher used the Social Networking Time Use
Scale (SONTUS), a 29-item scale that measures the time they spend on social media.
The researcher also used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), which is a 10-item
scale intended to measure self-esteem, which is answered using a four-point Likert
scale. The results of the questionnaires were computed using the mean and standard
deviation for the descriptive statistics. The researcher also used Pearson’s Product
Moment Correlation (Pearson’s R) to measure how the selected variables significantly
relate to the respondents’ self-esteem. Lastly, Cronbach’s alpha was used to establish
the reliability of the SONTUS scale and Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. The results
revealed that even though both sets of respondents from Grades 10 and 11 have
SONTUS scores ranging from average to high, they still obtained a generally high self-
esteem score. The findings of the study indicate that social media usage is not the sole
factor that contributes to the self-esteem of the respondents.

Page 12
These results also show that high social media usage does not necessarily mean that
the users of these social media platforms have low self-esteem. Results also indicate
that the respondents’ self-esteem is significantly correlated with all 5 SONTUS
components. Each SONTUS component is also significantly correlated with one
another. Social media has been widely accessible to all with the advent of new
technology, specifically mobile devices. Many researchers are studying related to social
media's effects on the different walks and aspects of life. The study aims to profile and
identify the extent of social media addiction among senior high school students of
Butuan City School of Arts and Trades-Philippines in January 2020. The study was
administered to 513 senior high school students with social media accounts. It was
found that 294 out of 513 are social media addicts and mostly use Facebook. The
majority of social media addicts are female, grade 12 students, and 18 years of age.
According to Van den Eijnden et al. (2016), as cited by Carr (2021), This increasing
reliance on social media has raised public health concerns regarding its impact on
psychological well-being. Receiving particular attention are the psychological symptoms
of individuals who frequently use social media. Several definitions and measures have
been put forth to describe maladaptive, addiction-like social media use, such as
"compulsive," "problematic," "addictive," or “disordered“ use. For example, social media
addiction has been defined as “being overly concerned about social media, driven by an
uncontrollable motivation to log on to or use social media, and devoting so much time
and effort to social media that it impairs other important life areas.”

Page 13
Foreign Studies

A growing amount of studies have concentrated on the possible drawbacks of

Facebook use, especially for youths. According to Rahman, M. & Ahmed, O. (2018). In
present days, negative outcomes related to Facebook get huge attention from
researchers. A large group of emerging and young adults are using Facebook. The
present study was aimed at investigating the role of Facebook use and Facebook
addiction on mental health. This study was conducted on a sample of 209 students from
Chittagong University who were selected through a non-probability sampling design.
Results showed that females spent more time on Facebook than males. Significant
correlations existed between Facebook use, Facebook addiction, and mental health.
Conditional process analysis revealed a partially mediated relationship among these
variables. This mediated relationship is also moderated by gender. Facebook use and
addiction both negatively predict mental health. In terms of Facebook addiction scores,
the higher group significantly differed from the lower group in Facebook use and mental
health. As stated by Stangl, F. J., Riedl, R., Kiemeswenger, R., & Montag, C. (2023).
Social networking sites (SNS), with Facebook as a prominent example, have become an
integral part of our daily lives, and more than four billion people worldwide use SNS.
However, the overuse of SNS also poses both psychological and physiological risks. In
the present article, we review the scientific literature on the risk of Facebook overuse.
Addressing this topic is critical because evidence indicates the development of
problematic Facebook use (“Facebook addiction”) due to excessive and uncontrolled
use behavior with various psychological and physiological effects. We conducted a
review to examine the scope, range, and nature of prior empirical research on the
negative psychological and physiological effects of Facebook use. Our literature search
process revealed a total of 232 papers showing that Facebook use is associated with
eight major psychological effects (perceived anxiety, perceived depression, perceived
loneliness, perceived eating disorders, perceived self-esteem, perceived life satisfaction,
perceived insomnia, and perceived stress) and three physiological effects (physiological
stress, human brain alteration, and affective experience state). The review also
describes how Facebook use is associated with these effects and provides additional
details on the reviewed literature, including research design, sample, age, and
measures. Please note that the term “Facebook use” represents an umbrella term in the
present work, and in the respective sections it will be made clear what kind of Facebook
use is associated with a myriad of investigated psychological variables. Overall, findings
indicate that certain kinds of Facebook use may come along with significant risks, both
psychologically and physiologically. Based on our review, we also identify potential
avenues for future research.

Page 14
As stated by Hassan Syed Abrar & Ghulam Safdar (2022). In recent times, social media,
especially Facebook, has become a popular tool among youth. Where social media can
benefit youth, there is also a chance of problems for youngsters. The core aim of the
current research study was to know about “Relationship between Self-esteem and
Problematic Use of Facebook." The study was survey-based, and data was collected
from students of Foundation University Islamabad using random sampling technique.
The sample size of the study was n=313 students, including male and female. The study
concluded that Facebook use is a more favorite hobby of youth, especially university
students who spend a lot of time on social media. Using Facebook alone and at night
was found common among youngster. In a similar study by Wang, T.-J., Kang, C.-L.,
Tsai, J.-L., Song, W.-T., & Lien, A. S.-Y. (2021). Modern technology has changed the
way we live. Statistics released in 2020 reveal there are 5.2 billion mobile phone users,
4.66 billion internet users, and 4.14 billion social media users worldwide. While there are
many social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Twitter),
Facebook is the largest globally, with 1.82 billion daily active users as of the third quarter
of 2020. The global FB demographic data of 2020 shows that young adults aged 18–34
account for 55% of the total users, of which 43.5% are female. Taiwan has over 20
million internet users, 93% of whom access it on smartphones; Facebook is the most
popular social media platform with over 19 million users, 98.5% of whom access it on
their phones. Facebook’s fast communication and instant reply function are important to
its users and have impacted university students’ daily lives. For youths, using or
browsing Facebook is an important social communication behavior. This has had a
profound effect on their social skills, thanks to rapid information delivery, opinion
exchange, and sharing of research results. In other words, the inclusion of social
activity, discussion on course content, multifunctionality, high usage rate, and
convenience of mobility make Facebook popular among university students; it plays a
vital role in their daily lives, to the extent of causing dependence or addiction. According
to Buran Köse, Ö., & Doğan, A. (2018). Social media occupies more and more space in
the daily lives of contemporary young adults. As online interactions have become more
common than face-to-face interactions, social media has started to majorly impact
individuals’ ways of living, communication, language, interests, and psychology. As
social media has begun to majorly impact individuals’ ways of living, communication,
language, interests, and psychology, we aim to analyze the relations between social
media addiction and self-esteem level in this study, as well as other relational variables.
Previous studies have examined gender, personality, social support, sociability, self-
esteem, and social media addiction. Studies in Turkey regarding social media addiction
are quite limited and insufficient in terms of social media addiction’s relationship with
self-esteem, surveillance behavior, and the effects of the number of friends/followers.
This paper aims to indicate the psychological factors that mold social media addiction in
young adults in Turkey, pointing out their importance, and producing scientific proof for
the literature.
Page 15
Local Studies

The widespread use of social media has significantly changed the dynamics
of human interaction, especially among the youth. According to Mindajao, B. (2021).
Social media has become pervasive, impacting our society's social fabric and changing
the nature of social relationships, especially for young people. All over the world, young
individuals aged below 24 have the highest number of social media users, according to
the latest report of the website Data Reportal on the 2019 Global Digital Report. Based
on the age range, most of these users belonged to junior and senior high school
students. In the same report, the country has the most significant number of users in
the Philippines. In the Philippines, 46% of its 107 million population are active social
media users with an average browsing time of 10 hours and 2 minutes per day. Daily,
Filipinos are browsing primarily on social media platforms such as YouTube and
Facebook. A big chunk of social media users access the internet through mobile
devices. The population using mobile phones was around 65.3% and is forecast to
grow to about 70 percent in 2020. Attributed to the increase in social media use among
Filipino students is the proliferation of cheap mobile phones. Due to the decrease in
mobile phones' price with browsing capabilities, parents, even in the lower class, can
now afford to provide for their children. Though parents' intentions are clear in
providing phones to their children, one cannot assure that students appropriately
execute these intentions. In a similar study by Flores, A. et al. (2022), social media,
especially Facebook, has gained immense popularity in the last decade. and its power
has left certain long-lasting effects on people. This study was all about the impact of
Facebook on the self-esteem of grade 12 students at Mabini Farm School. This study
aims at finding whether the impact of Facebook will increase or decrease the users'
self-esteem. To test the hypothesis, grade 12 students selected from three
specializations at Mabini Farm School were surveyed. through questionnaires, and
they participated in the study with their age ranges of 17–21 years old and above. The
statistical tool used was a checklist, which consists of three parts. The first part
includes their data, the second part is the time they’ve spent using Facebook, and the
third part is the survey questionnaire itself, so it will be easy to answer. The result of
the study reveals that all of the respondents, which are the grade 12 students at Mabini
Farm School, have lower self-esteem towards using Facebook. The researchers
recommend some programs and suggestions to school administrators about this study
to further discuss what Facebook or any social networking sites may cause to people’s
self-esteem and, most importantly, to the students in order to help them reshape their
self-esteem.

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According to Carballo, R. C., Helardez, J. M., Nasara, R. C., Canchico, F. D., &
Bangeles, D. M. (2024). The influence of social media use on body image and self-
esteem among senior high school students in Davao City is undoubtedly detrimental.
With the incessant bombardment of unrealistic beauty standards and flawless portrayals
on platforms like Instagram and TikTok, young individuals are constantly comparing
themselves to unattainable ideals. Self-esteem plays a pivotal role in various domains of
life. High self-esteem is associated with resilience, optimism, and better stress
management. Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to pursue their goals,
cope with setbacks, and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships. Conversely, low
self-esteem is linked to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and eating
disorders. It can hinder academic and professional achievement, as well as contribute to
social withdrawal and relationship problems. Body image is a multifaceted construct that
encompasses an individual's perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about their own body. It
is influenced by the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors and
has significant implications for mental and physical health. In contemporary society,
where media portrayals of idealized body types are ubiquitous, understanding body
image has become increasingly important. According to Abellera et al. (2013), as cited
by Cherry (2019), self-esteem, on the other hand, is a psychological term that describes
a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value, as well as how much he or she
likes and appreciates. Self-esteem is frequently considered a strong and long-lasting
personality feature. It can encompass a variety of self-perceptions, such as assessing
one's personality, values, feelings, and behaviors. Self-esteem rises during childhood
but falls during adolescence, according to research. The usage of social media has
exploded in recent years, and research into how it affects self-esteem has grown more
widespread. According to Atienza, A. D. (2022). In the Philippines, social media usage is
particularly prevalent, with approximately 76 million Filipinos actively using social media,
accounting for a significant 71% of the entire population. These users spend an average
of 4 hours per day across various social media platforms. Notably, the largest group of
social media users in the country falls within the 18-24 age range, and females exhibit
higher participation rates than males on platforms such as Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram,
and Facebook. Young Filipino women emerge as the primary users and consumers of
social media, which serves as a modality for them to express their self-identity and
social identity. However, the content shared on social media platforms can contribute to
both negative and positive perceptions, particularly regarding body image and social
comparison.

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Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored in the theoretical "Social Comparison Theory,"

proponent by Leon Festinger in 1952, a concept connected in social psychology that
is a constitutional framework for understanding how individuals determine their own
social and personal worth based on how they compare to others (Main, 2023).
Additionally, these comparisons have an impact not only on self-worth or self-
esteem but also on our mental health and how we understand social comparison
processes, which are part of daily life. Lastly, Festinger suggested that people have
a primary instinct to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others. (Main,
2023).

Another theory that supports this study, "Self-Determination Theory," is a

psychological framework that examines the complexities of human motivation and
behavior. Edward Deci and Richard Ryan proposed this in the early 1980s. Self-
determination theory (SDT) theorizes how social contexts may support or frustrate
human functioning based on the social environment's ability to satisfy participants' basic
psychological needs. Specifically, SDT suggests that humans have three basic
psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness to others (Deci & Ryan,
1985, 2000).

Social Comparison Self-Determination

Theory Theory

Page 18
The connection between "Social Comparison Theory" (SCT) and "Self Determination
Theory" (SDT) is impacting our self-esteem. SCT talks about how when we compare
ourselves to others, especially unrealistic portrayals on Facebook, it can negatively
impact our self-esteem. Seeing others achieving more in life, looking better, or living
more fulfilling lives can make us feel imperfection, leading to lessening our sense of
competence and relatedness. However, SDT discusses that feeling competent,
autonomous, and connected to others (relatedness) is important for well-being and
motivation. Consequently, social comparisons on Facebook that make us feel less
confident or less connected can undermine these fundamental needs.

Conceptual Framework

In this context, the following section presents the conceptual framework of

research on the overuse of Facebook: comparing oneself to unrealistic images affecting
the self-esteem of senior high school students at the JPI City of San Jose Del Monte
Campus, Inc. The researchers used the IPO model to identify the study's inputs,
processes, and outputs, providing a structured approach to analyze and improve the
system.

Figure 1.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Demographic Profile: Data Gathering Procudures: The anticipated outcomes

of this research:
1.1 Age
Face to Face survey
1.2 Gender Determine how comparing
Questionnaires
1.3 Grade level oneself to unrealistic
images affects students'
1.4 Strand self-esteem.
Understand the patterns of
behavior, such as
2. Impacts of overuse of
excessive comparing or
Facebook and comparing Facebook use, that lead to
low self-esteem.
oneself to unrealistic
Improve how to limit
images affecting students' screen time using
self-esteem. Facebook.
Increase students' self-
esteem.

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Research Hypothesis

In this context, the following sections present the research hypothesis of a

study on the impacts of overusing Facebook and comparing oneself to unrealistic
images affecting the self-esteem of senior high students at the JPI City of San Jose
Del Monte Campus, Inc. Based on the research hypothesis, the alternative and null
hypotheses are presented.

Alternative Hypothesis (H/1)

Overuse of Facebook and comparison to unrealistic images significantly

affect the self-esteem of senior high students at the JPI City of San Jose Del Monte
Campus, Inc. Exposure to unrealistic portrayals and constant comparison can lower
self-esteem, contributing to negative self-perception and a decrease in overall self-
confidence. This research aims to explore these impacts and provide
recommendations for addressing these challenges in the student's digital lives.

Null Hypothesis (H/0)

There is no significant effect of overuse of Facebook and comparison to

unrealistic images on the self-esteem of senior high students at the JPI City of San
Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc. Despite the prevalence of social media use, the findings
suggest that self-esteem levels remain unaffected, aligning with studies that find no
significant correlation between Facebook usage and psychological outcomes.

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 Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter includes the research method, research design, population, and
sample, sampling procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure, and
statistical treatment.

Research Method

This study employs quantitative research methodologies to address the

research topics being examined. The quantitative technique was selected due to its
effectiveness in measuring data and doing statistical analysis on variables.
Specifically, the study uses a correlational, non-experimental research approach to
investigate correlations between variables related to the research problem.

Rather than emphasizing qualitative interpretations or observable insights,

quantitative research concentrates on numerical data and statistical analysis. Predicting
results, analyzing correlations between variables, and extrapolating results to broader
populations are all made easier using this method. A predetermined theory or
hypothesis is tested in quantitative research, and the results are used to determine
whether to accept or reject the hypothesis (Sreekumar, D., 2023). Using instruments like
surveys and record analysis, researchers collect numerical data objectively for
quantitative studies. They then arrange the structured data into a database for study.

Because it offers a quantifiable, impartial approach to working with numerical

data through statistical analysis, the quantitative method was selected for this
investigation. This methodology facilitates hypothesis testing, result generalization, and
replication assistance. The quantitative approach will help gather quantifiable data on
the effects of gaming in this study, and statistics will be used to assess how it affects
senior high school students' science education. The objectives and research questions
of the study are well-aligned with this technique.

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Research Design

The study utilized a correlational research design to examine the relationships

between variables involved in the phenomenon under investigation. Unlike descriptive
research, which provides a detailed overview, correlational research allows for an
analysis of the relationships between two or more variables to understand how they may
be associated without implying causation (James & Lewis, 2022). In correlational
research, researchers do not manipulate variables or establish cause-and-effect links;
instead, they examine data to determine the nature and strength of associations
between factors.

This design is well-suited to the study's focus on the impact of digital

gamification on science learning among senior high school students, particularly in
evaluating the relationships between gamification techniques and variables such as
student motivation, engagement, and performance. By using a correlational design,
the study can gather quantitative data through tools like surveys and record analysis
to explore potential links between gamification and improvements in science learning.
For example, a study by Wang and Lee (2023) utilized a similar correlational design
to analyze the impact of educational technology on student engagement and found
significant positive relationships between tech usage and engagement levels. The
findings here will provide insight into how gamification techniques may correlate with
key science learning outcomes among the targeted student group, offering a well-
rounded view of these interrelations.

Population and sample (respondents of the study)

Fifty (50) male and female senior high school students in grade 12 at JPI City
of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc. will be the study's selected respondents. Our
survey will only be conducted at JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc., where
people's self-esteem is impacted by Facebook overuse and comparing themselves to
unrealistic images. These respondents possess the understanding to offer insightful
information about Facebook overuse and the negative effects of comparing oneself to
unrealistic images on one's self-esteem. By answering the questionnaires that were
given to them, they gave the researchers the information they needed. The researchers
hope to collect a wide variety of viewpoints by collecting data from these respondents.

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Sampling procedure

Instead of using probability, sampling was used to get a representative

sample for this quantitative investigation. Probability sampling gives each member of
the target population a calculable chance of being selected, enabling researchers to
draw statistical conclusions about the population characteristics from the example. A
probability sampling method is any sampling technique that uses any kind of random
selection (Trochim, W. M. 2022).

Convenience sampling was specifically chosen to collect data for this study
because we wished to use pre-existing student groups that had already been exposed
to it. Convenience sampling is the process of choosing individuals who are most
accessible, available, and close to the researchers in order to obtain information from
them rather than choosing them at random from a given population (FleetWood, D.
2023).

This sampling technique was modified by the researchers in order to collect

information from a sizable and varied student body. Because it depends more on
participant availability and willingness than on researcher selection or influence, this
sample technique was chosen to reduce potential biases. The quantitative study's goals
on "the overuse of Facebook comparing oneself to unrealistic images affecting the self-
esteem" are met by employing this robust sampling process, which yields accurate and
reliable data.

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Research instrument

A form called the questionnaire is used by the researchers to gather

information from the participants in this study. A list of questions represents a
questionnaire, which is a research tool. designed to gather information regarding
respondents' viewpoints, experiences, behaviors, or points of opinion on a certain
topic (Bhandari, P. 2023). One way to think of questionnaires is as a type of written
interview. They can be conducted in person, over the phone, online, or through the
mail. (S. McLeod, 2023). In particular, a questionnaire survey will be employed as
the research tool used to gather data for this study.

The questionnaire will either be sent via Messenger or be a printed paper with
a number of questions pertaining to the research topic. The primary objective kind of
rating scale that can be useful in a range of situations is the Likert scale, which
assesses people's feelings and levels of agreement (Solmaz, 2023). Strongly agree,
agree, disagree, strongly disagree, disagree, and fair-minded/neutral are the five points
on the 5-point scale used in the questionnaire. Participants were asked to score their
agreement with statements regarding the negative effects of overuse of Facebook and
comparing oneself to unrealistic images on one's self-esteem using a Likert scale. The
Likert scale approach makes it possible to gather quantitative data that can
subsequently be statistically assessed to determine the correlations between self-
esteem and comparing oneself to unrealistic images. Assessing students' agreement
with straightforward statements provides quantifiable information that is suitable for
thorough quantitative analysis and fits in with this study's inference-based methodology.

The table below shows the interpretation of the mean score.

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Data gathering procedure

The researchers of this study will gather data through questionnaires given to
learners within the City of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan. The primary instrument for data
collection is a questionnaire, carefully designed and physically printed or via Google
Form distribution among the learners at the JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus,
Inc. Recognizing the negative effect of overuse of Facebook comparing oneself to
unrealistic images affecting self-esteem, researchers take great care to protect study
participants' dignity and well-being. A formal approval letter was developed and
approved by the JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc. before the study
interviews, which allowed students to be surveyed. Following the letter's approval, the
researcher started to work on revising the research questionnaire that was approved by
the researcher’s subject adviser and head coordinator.

The researchers developed a short set of questions essential to the research.

The questionnaire comprises a concise set of carefully chosen questions that align with
the research objectives. These questions are meant to collect useful and relevant
information that can help with their research. The questionnaire will be printed and
copies made for distribution. The researchers will be separated into two groups to
provide questionnaires to selected sections of JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus,
Inc. To evaluate our study, our research team will conduct surveys on November 8,
2024 (Friday). The researchers developed a short set of questions essential to the
research. This strategic division of labor ensures a broad distribution of the
questionnaires. Upon it, the researchers then proceeded to all sections of grade 12
students in a selected section, JPI City of San Jose Del Monte Campus, Inc., with
permission of the irrespective advisers and given the letter of approval. Before
administering the questionnaire, the purpose of the research will be explained to
potential student respondents and written consent obtained from those willing to
participate. They will be informed that participation is completely voluntary.

The printed questionnaire or via Google Form survey will then be distributed to
consenting respondents in class to be filled out anonymously. Students will work their
way through the Likert scale, answering 5-point scales (strongly agree, agree, fair-
minded/neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) to each question based on their
experiences. The filled-out questionnaires will be collected by the researchers for
analysis. The Likert scale questionnaire instrument is used in this data collection
strategy to gain insights directly from learners in a quantifiable, ethical manner. By using
this organized method, researchers hope to collect detailed and trustworthy information.
The answers they get from these questionnaires will be very important in deciding the
results of their research and might even add to the larger discussion on this topic.

Page 25
 Moreover, the research team was on hand during the questionnaire process to
assist respondents as needed and to capture any observations. Efforts were made to
establish a relaxing environment conducive to open sharing. As students finished the
questionnaire, the researchers circulated to clear up any confusion while remaining as
calm as possible. Throughout, detailed notes were collected on criteria such as question
flow, timing, and comprehension. Once finished, the researchers warmly thanked each
participant for their time and consideration, emphasizing how their involvement would
make a significant addition to the research. The completed questionnaire sheets were
collected by the study team after administration for in-depth analysis. Each response
was reviewed and organized methodically to initiate the data analysis process. The 5-
point scale responses were tallied and quantified using Likert scale questionnaire-
specific statistical procedures. To determine the proportion of the 5-point scale
responses in the sample, frequency counts and percentages were generated for each
survey item. During the post-collection phase, great care was taken to systematically
transform the raw questionnaire data into usable insights to assess the impact of
overusing Facebook on self-esteem.

Statistical Treatment

This research aims to determine if the overuse of Facebook and comparing

oneself to unrealistic images affects the self-esteem of a senior high school student. A
survey on a 5-point Likert scale was used to collect quantitative data from a sample of
50 students.

The was examined using:

Frequency/simple percentages

A number out of 100 that represents a percentage or fraction of the total.

Determine by dividing a value's frequency by the total number of values.

Page 26
 Central tendency measures:

• Mean

The data set's average value. To calculate, divide the total number of
values by the total number of values.

• Median

A data set's middle value. Sort the data numerically, then find the
middle value.

• Mode

The value that appears most frequently in a data set. Determine the
most likely value that occurs.

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 Dispersion measures:

• Range

Difference between the maximum and minimum values. Subtract the

lowest value from the highest value.

• Variance

Measurement of the data set. Compute by adding together all of

divided by one less than the number of squared deviations from the mean of
principles.

• Standard deviation

The variance's square root. determines the distance between data

points. from the average mean.

Page 28
 Where:

x = individual data points

μ = mean

N = total number of data points

These statistical methods are combined, the data can be quantitatively

synthesized and possible changes in the stated can be thoroughly evaluated. This will
make it simpler to make adjustments and conclusions on how senior high school
students' self-esteem is impacted by excessive Facebook use and self-comparison
with unrealistic images.

The researchers collected, totaled, and summarized the information they had
obtained. To guarantee the credibility of the results, statistical analysis was performed
on the data collected from the surveys.

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