--=~=-- -- --- - -- ---- -- - ----

2.36 Algebra

1. Find the Yalues of a ifi - 2(a - lh + {2a + I) = Ohns

positive roots.
2-. If the equation (a - 5}/ + ~(a - IO}Y + a + IO = O lrns
roots of opposite sign. then find the ,·alues of a.
3. If both the roots of./ - m +a = 0 are o-reater than 2 then
find the Yalue.s of a. "' ·
.$. If both the roots of ax 2 + ar + I = 0 are less than I. then
find the eiliausriYe rnnge of values of a.
5. lfboth the roots ofx 2 +ax+ 2 = 0 ljes in the inten-:1I {O. 3).
then find the eiliaustiYe range of Yalues ofa.
6. If a.. ~ are the roots of/ - 3x +a = 0. a E Rand ex < I < /3, =0
l'2
then find the values of a.
d1°2 -d2a1
7. If a is the root (having the least absolute value) of the
equation .-r2-bx - 1 =0 (b E RJ . then prove that - I < cx< O.
8. lf a < b < c < d, then show that the quadratic equation EXAMP LE 2,3
_u(Y- a)(:Y - c) + },(x - b)(x - d) = 0 has real roots for all Let s be a square of unit area. Consider any quadrilateral,
real ,u and )_ which has one vertex on each side of S. .If a, h, c, and d
denote the lengths of the sides of the quadrilateral, prove that
9. Find the values of a for which the equation
sin4 x -'- a sin2 x + 1 = 0 will have a solution. 2 ::; a2 + b2 + c2 + J ::; 4.

ANSW.E RS
y
1. a~4 2. -I0 < a < 5
3. No such a ex.i:,-rs. 4. a E (-oo,-1/2 ) U [4, 00) (0, I) • /4 r+j (I , I)
5. a E(- ~1,-2✓2J 6. a < 2 9. a E (-oo, -2)
T d I
a=--=-=~----- Solved Examples _f1I x'
J yi
o_ P-f - -+j
T X
(1 , 0)
EXAMP LE 2.1
1- p
If [x2 - 2x + a] = Ohas no solution, then find the values of a y'
(where [•]represents the greatest integer). From the figure
SoL- Wehave[x2-2x + a]=O a2=p2+ (1-s)2
? • ? ?
⇒ x2 - 2x + a E [0, l) b- = (l - pt + q-
So, equation has no solution if x2 - 2x + a i [O, l ). c-? = ( 1 - q)2 + ,.-?
x2- 2x + a < 0 V x E R, which is not possible . cf= (l - ,-)2 + s2
So, x2 - 2x + a < I V x E R a2 + b2 + c2 + J = [p 2 + (1 - p )2] + [q2 + ( l - q)2]
⇒ x2 - 2x + a - I ~ 0, V x E R
. ?
+ [r- ,n
+ (l - ? + [s-? + (1 - st]')
, where p, q, r, s E [O, I]
Now, D50 Now consider the function
⇒ 4 - 4 (a-l)5 0 y=x2+ (l-x)2,0 ::;x:s;I
⇒
⇒
2 - a50 2
⇒ a~2 y = 2x2 - 2x + l = 2 (x-J_) + J_
2 2
⇒ a E [2, oo)
Hence, minimum value is 1/2 when x = 1/2 and maximum value
. EXAM PLE 2.2 is at x = 1, which is 1. Therefore, mini111W11 value of a2 + b2 +
c2 + J is 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 = 2 and maximum value is l +I
If a1.x3 + b1x1- + c1x + d1 = 0 and a2x3 + b2J- + c2x + d2 = 0 have
+I+ 1 = 4.
a pair of repeated roots common, then prove that
3a1 2b1 CI IEXAM PLE'. 2.4 !I
I
~~-~~
3a2 2b2
G~-0 ~
c2

~~-~~
=0 Show that the minimum value of (x + a) (x + b) / (x + c), where
· a> c, b > c, is (✓a - c + ✓b - c )2 for real values of x > -c.
 Theory of Equations 2.3 7

~ en expressio n is (x + a) (x + b) I (x + c) . EXAMP LE 2.7

sol,
-+ c == y. Then Using f(x) = (a 1x + bi}1 +(a 2x + b l + · · · + (a,,x + bn)2,
1.,et .r prove that (a 1b 1 + a2b2 + · · · + anbn) ~ (cl. + di +
~ = (y+(a-c ))( y +(b-c)) + ~)
(bf+ b~ + · · · + b~).
(x-+c) Y
2
y +[(a-c) +(b-c)) y+(a-c) (b-c) Sol. Given,
f(x) = (a 1x + bi}1 + (a 2x + b2 )2 + · · · + (a,.,x + bn)2 (l)
y
or r( x) = (af + a~ + · ·· + a;,)x 2 + 2(a 1h 1 + a2b1 + ···
(a-c)(b -c) . 2
= y + - ~ ~ ~ +~-tj+ ~-~ + a 11 b 11 )x + (b 1 + b22 + · · · + b,,)
2
(2)
y
From ( l ),.f(x) 2". 0, V x E R. Hence, from (2), we have
2 (af +a~+ •· · + a;,)x 2 + 2(a 1b 1 + a 2 b 2 + ·· · + anbn)x
\ C
=L".v- (a-c)(b -c) ] [ ]2
y + ~+~ + ( bf + b~ + · · · + b~) 2". 0 V x E R
Discrimi nant of its correspo nding equation is
2". [✓a - c + ✓b - c ) 2 D~O (": coefficie nt of x2 is positive)
Hence. the least value is [✓a-:-- c + ✓b - c )2 . ⇒ 4(a 1b 1 + a 2 b 2 + · · · + a 11 bn)2

EXAMPL E 2. S
~ 4 (af +di+ · · · + a;) (bf+ h~ + · · · + b~)
or (a 1b 1 + a 2 b2 + · · · + anbn)2
Letf(x), g(x) and h(x) be quadratic polynom ials having positive
leading coefficien ts and real and distinct roots. If each pair of
~(of+ di+ · · · + a;) (bf+ bi + · · · + b~)
them has a common root, then prove that the roots of J (x) + EXAMP LE 2.B
g(x) + h(x) = 0 are always real and distinct.
2
Find the value(s) of a for which function /(x) a:x +3x-4
.SOI. Letf(x) = a 1(x - a) (x - /3 ); =- ----
has range of all real numbers . 3x-x2 + a
g (x) = aix - /3) (x - y);
, 2
and h (x) = alx - y) (x - a) ; a:x +3x-4
So!~ 'l Let y =
where a 1, a 2 , a 3 are positive. · 3x-4x 2 +a
⇒ (a+ 4y) x 2 + (3 - 3y)x - 4 - ay = 0
Let f (x) + g(x) + h(x) = F(x)
Now, x is real. So,
⇒ F(a) = a 2 (a- /3)(a- y)
D2".0
F(/3) = a3 (/3 - y)(/3 - a)
⇒ 9(1 - y)2 + 4(a + 4y) (4 + ay) ~ 0
F (y) = a 1 (y- a)(y- /3 )
⇒ (9 + 16a)y2 + (-18 + 4a 2 + 64)y + (9 + 16a) ~ 0. V v E R
⇒ F(a) F(/3) F(y) = - a 1a2aicx - /3)2 (/3- y)2(y- a.)2 < 0
(": _v takes all reaJ vaJues)
So, roots of F(x) = 0 are real and distinct. ⇒ 9+ 16a > Oand(4a 2 +46)2-4 (9+ 16a)2so
EXAMP LE 2.6 9
⇒ a> - -
16
If the slope of one of the pairs of lines represent ed by equation 2
and (4a + 46 - l 8 - 32a)(4a2+ 46 + 18 + 32a)
a3x! + 2hxy + b3y2 = 0 is square of the other, then prove that $ 0
ab (a+ b) = -2h . ⇒
9 ') ')
a> - and(a- - 8a+7)(a -+8a+ 16)$0
16
Sol a3x2 + 2hxy + b 3 y =0 9

J
⇒ a> - - and I $ a $ 7 or a = -4
⇒ ~ i)
3 16
3
b ( + 2h ( + 0 =O ⇒ 1 $a$7

Lines are y = mx, where m = m 1 and m 2 . EXAMP LE 2.9

=:} b 3 m 2 +2hm +a3=0 (l) Let a, b, and c be real numbers such that a + 2b + c
Given that slope of one line is square of the other line.
= -4 . Find
the maximum value of (ab+ be+ ca).
So, roots are a and d.
Sol. Given,
=:} a.3 =a3/b3 c,+ 2b + c = 4 or a = 4 - 2h - c·
==} a= alb; which satisfies the equation (1) Let oh + he + Cl/ = x or "(h + c) + be = x
2 or (4 - 2/J - c)(h +c) + hl· = x
So, b 3 !:_ + 2h !!.. + a 3 = 0
2
b b or 4h + 4c - 2h 2 - 2hc - he - c 2 + he = x
2
or 2h - 4h + 2/Jc - 4c + c 2 + x = 0
ab2 + a2 b + 2h = 0
or 2b 2 + 2(c - 2)/J - 4c + c 2 + x = 0
ab (a+ b) = -2h
 2.38 Algebra

Since b E R. so EX AM PLE 2. 1 2
4(c - 2i - 4 x 2(-4c + c: + x) 2: 0 Prove that if 2o0) .,,. 15u • th en •111 t·l;c rort~ f ~ o,,,x4 I 1c t1
2 , ' , r, X -
c2 - 4c + 4 + 8c - 2c: - 2r ~ 0
1
I hx + ex I r/ · Oca nnothc rcal. ltis g1vc nthata O I
or 1 //,
o, ' J,r,c"
or c2 - -k + 2,· - 4 ::; 0 Sol. Lei
Since l ' E R. so .·/ '( .r ) r' a0 r4 I inx 1
1
I ht J I r·r I d
\6 - 4('.!x - 41 ~ 0 :=:- r ::; 4 f'(x) ."ir' 1
411(1 I) I 9rir} I 2hx I ('

⇒
1
ma.,x(ti/i + Ix ~ ac) ""' 4 f"(x ) 20.r 12ar/ I I 811x 1 2h
⇒ f'"(x ) "" (,Ox 2 24arr I 18a
2
E XAMPLE 2. 1 0 .. ⇒ f'"(x) - G( l0x - 4arrx I Ja) .. .() ,
1 ., ,•. + I = 0 hns l'xactly two distinct pos1t1ve
.J..
'
. the poss1'bl e rea 1
lt•xd -1Jcc . + :,- + .a., .. , -o )t,;•" then find From Rollc's theorem, we know th;.it between any 1w0 Hint~ r\f
and twl' d1st.1nct negnh, t: t t " . the equatio n/(x) = 0, there cx ist<i at lea cit one mot of /' (x ) - r1
,11lues of k. Di scriminant of polynomial (I) is

Sol. The g-i,·en t'lJUat10n

. · ( .2
1s \ ·'
+ __!_) + 2k( r +
x: ·
.!.)
x
+ 1 = 0.
⇒
D = I Gar,2 - 4 J" IO Y 3a
D = 8(2aJ - I Sa) < 0 (A s 2aJ - I So , . , () given!
Hence,/"'(x) = 0 has non -rea l roots.
0T
Therefore,/"(x) = 0 has not all rea l roots.
With similar reasoning all the roots of.f'(x ) = 0 and f (xJ = () ar~
2 not all real.
Puttin£: .r .J.. .!. = i . the abow equation reduces to t + 21..1 - I = 0
~ X
EXA M PLE 2 .1 3
I l
'\c>~ . nc>knon· that x-'- - 2'2 ifx > O.and x+-<-2 ifx < O. Find the value of ' a ' for which the tangent to the curve
X X
.f(x) =(a+ 2) x 3 - 3ax2 + 9a.x - I never makes an acute angle
So. one of the roots of r - 2/.., - 1 = 0 will lie in (-00 , - 2) and with positive x-axis.
ome. root inc::. 00 ).

· (-:'. I < 0 \ I Sol. We have

-
o;-
-= - -M- -1 <O
i: > 3 4
'tJ7 f(x) = (a+ 2)x3 - 3a.2 ~ 9a-c - I
Slope of tangent to the curve at any point on it is
2
-mo f l':. 1<0 J'(x) = J(a + 2) x - 6ax - 9a
According to th e question.
- ~ - 4k I,,.., 0
3(a + 2)x2 - 6m + 9a S: 0 for all x E R
or k--- - 3 4
a + 2 < 0 and discriminant ::; 0
Hence. J: E o.
⇒ a < - 2 and - Rt/ - 2-la S: 0
=, a < - 2a nda(o r 3) ~ 0
~ XAMPL£ 2 . 1 1
⇒ a < - 2 and o ~ - 3 or a ~ 0
Fmd the ·. alu~ of o for whi ch the equa tion
⇒ (I S:-3
I tr
o sm J" - - = sin 2x - 9 w,1 1 have real solution.
4) EXAMPLE 2. 1 4

Prove th at for all u, b e R, the fun~tion / l r) = 3.r - -i./..,. ('.t:

4
{ Tl
u i.m .r.,. - ~ lfl 2x ~ 9
4 ) 1 <1x I I> has exac tly ono point wlwrt· lkri" ,Hi""' b1:.~om-.·s ~ro.

(I
r;:, f im ;r ., u ,i .r J ( !,JIJ .\ ➔ (;.( I !, ..i f , I
'
K Sol, W..:. ha\ c
J2 / (I) 1 \ ,I -h I I () \ .' I <LI i f,

Pulimf!, ttm.r .. U JJ,,.t ! , Lt,c c£./UtJ IJ 1)11 b1.:wmt-b

I
- {) I • % I
(J v✓ ,t;t C /2,... , ,-12 ""
i/1
121( \ ! \ I Il f t1

.J2 ,( I I
Since th e rwdut.;I CJf r1A-1I 11, ~ l,1)1I, u,r,1 •. u 11 , 11 f) f l1 1: 111 ( 12 l h ) \ I I) LI
d\
which mean.b there J!> 1_,11ly 1m1: ,wt"' ( J,. IL J ·1 !1111, ,
I

⇒
j(- .Ji)j( ,/5_) /
{2 -r a + 8){2 - {J l k ) ,... (J
u ) I! ,
'"',h I \ ,Ill ll11·1~·a, 111g fl lll ( llllll

or (a -+ 10)(10 - a) ,,,. () Hui 'Ii I'> a 1111 ly1101111al 11l\kgn:c J.

,b
or a < - 10 and a > I 0 S1J , ll lia:, ~xuc1l y u 11c real root. Thus. derivative becomes zero 31
⇒ /a/> JO cx,11.:1l y 011..:. point.