Artificial Intelligence
Mr. Ankit Patel
Asst. Professor/HOD CSE Dept.
(Dr. [Link] College of Engineering & Technology)
Unit 1
Topics to be covered...
Definition of AI
Branches of AI
Role of Machine Intelligence
Types of Artificial Intelligence
Future of Artificial Intelligence
Evolution of AI
Intelligent Agents & It's Types
Agent Environment in AI
Characteristics and application of Learning Agents
Problem Solving Approach to Typical AI problems
Happy Ending!
Definition of AI
Definition of AI
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer to do tasks that are usually done by
humans because they require human intelligence.
The capacity given by humans to machine to memorize and learn from experience, to think
and create, to speak, to judge and make decisions.
Definition of AI
AI programming focuses on three cognitive skills:
Learning: Focuses on acquiring data and creating rules(algorithm) for how to turn the
data into actionable information.
Reasoning: Focuses on choosing the right algorithm to reach a desired outcome.
Self-correction: Designed to continually fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide
the most accurate results possible.
Goal of AI:
To create expert systems
To implement human intelligence in machines
Branches of AI
Branches of AI
Machine Learning
Deep Learning
Natural Language Processing
Robotics
Expert Systems
Fuzzy Logic
Branches of AI
Machine Learning:
Machine Learning is the science of getting machines to interpret, process and analyze data
in order to solve real-world problems.
Branches of AI
Deep Learning:
Process of implementing Neural Networks on high dimensional data to gain insights and
form solutions.
Deep Learning is the logic behind the face verification algorithm on Facebook, self-driving
cars, virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa and so on.
Branches of AI
Natural Language Processing:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to the science of drawing insights from natural
human language in order to communicate with machines and grow businesses.
Twitter uses NLP to filter out terroristic language in their tweets, Amazon uses NLP to
understand customer reviews and improve user experience.
Branches of AI
Robotics:
Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence which focuses on different branches and
application of robots. AI Robots are artificial agents acting in a real-world environment to
produce results by taking accountable actions.
Branches of AI
Fuzzy Logic:
Fuzzy logic is a computing approach based on the principles of “degrees of truth” instead of
the usual modern computer logic i.e. boolean in nature.
Fuzzy logic is used in the medical fields to solve complex problems that involve decision
making. They are also used in automatic gearboxes, vehicle environment control and so on.
Role of Machine
Intelligence in Human life
Role of Machine Intelligence in human life
Two Categories for AI Usage
i) Software/Methodology:
Prominent examples of AI software used in everyday life include voice assistants, image
recognition for face unlock in mobile phones, and ML-based financial fraud detection. AI
software usually involves just downloading software with AI capabilities from an online
store and requires no peripheral devices.
ii) Embodied:
The hardware side of AI includes its utilization in drones, self-driven vehicles, assembly-
line robots, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This involves the design of specific devices
that are based on AI capabilities.
Role of Machine Intelligence in human life
Navigation and Travel
The work of AI programmers behind navigation apps like Google Maps and Waze never
ends.
Yottabytes of geographical data which is updated every second can only be effectively
cross-checked by ML algorithms unleashed on satellite images.
Smart Input Keyboards:
The latest versions of mobile keyboard apps combine the provisions of autocorrection and
language detection to provide a user-friendly experience.
Role of Machine Intelligence in human life
Internet of Things:
IoT deals with devices interacting with the internet, the AI part helps these devices to learn
from data.
The five broad steps involved in IoT-enabling are - create, communicate, aggregate, analyze
and act.
Security and Surveillance:
It is nearly impossible for a human being to keep a constant eye on too many monitors of a
CCTV network at the same time. So, naturally, we have felt the need to automate such
surveillance tasks and further enhance them by leveraging machine learning methodologies.
Types of Artificial
Intelligence
Types of Artificial Intelligence
1. Purely Reactive
2. Limited Memory
3. Theory of Mind
4. Self-Aware
Types of Artificial Intelligence
1. Purely Reactive
These machines do not have any memory or data to work with, specializing in just one field
of work.
For example, in a chess game, the machine observes the moves and makes the best
possible decision to win.
2. Limited Memory
These machines collect previous data and continue adding it to their memory. They have
enough memory or experience to make proper decisions, but memory is minimal.
For example, this machine can suggest a restaurant based on the location data that has
been gathered.
Types of Artificial Intelligence
3. Theory of Mind
This kind of AI can understand thoughts and emotions, as well as interact socially.
However, a machine based on this type is yet to be built.
A "theory of mind" machine can think emotionally and can respond with emotions.
For example: Ai like Sofia.
4. Self-Aware
Self-aware machines are the future generation of these new technologies.
They will be intelligent, sentient, and conscious.
These These types of machines can be called human equivalents.
For example: A robot 'arm' made by a group from Columbia University.
Future of Artificial
Intelligence
Future of Artificial Intelligence
Evolution of AI
Evolution of AI
Beginning of AI (1993)
AI knowledge-based expert system (1970)
Machine learning (1998)
Formal
Informal
Supervised learning (2004)
Spam filters
Facial recognition
Unsupervised learning
Clustering algorithm
Market segmentation
Genetic programming
Future of AI
Intelligent Agents
& It's Types
Intelligent Agents
An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which acts upon an environment using sensors
and actuators for achieving goals.
An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to achieve their goals
Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:
Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.
Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.
Intelligent Agents Types
Simple reflex agent
Model-based reflex agent
Goal-based agents
Utility-based agents
1. Simple reflex agent
The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take decisions on the basis
of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history.
The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps the current
state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt in the room.
Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
They have very limited intelligence
They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current state
Mostly too big to generate and to store.
Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
1. Simple reflex agent
2. Model-based reflex agent
The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment, and track the
situation.
A model-based agent has two important factors:
Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is called a Model-
based agent.
Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept history.
These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based on the model
they perform actions.
2. Model-based reflex agent
3. Goal-based agents
The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to decide for an
agent to what to do.
The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the "goal"
information.
They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions before deciding
whether the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of different scenario are called
searching and planning, which makes an agent proactive.
3. Goal-based agents
4. Utility-based agents
These agents are similar to the goal-based agent.
Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal.
The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives, and an
agent has to choose in order to perform the best action.
The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently each action
achieves the goals.
4. Utility-based agents
5. Learning agents
A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past experiences, or it
has learning capabilities.
It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically through
learning.
A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning from
environment
Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how well the
agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions that will lead
to new and informative experiences.
5. Learning agents
Agent Environment
in AI
Agent Environment in AI
An environment is everything in the world which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part of
an agent itself. An environment can be described as a situation in which an agent is
present.
The environment is where agent lives, operate and provide the agent with something to
sense and act upon it. An environment is mostly said to be non-feministic.
Features of Environment
Fully observable vs Partially Observable
Static vs Dynamic
Discrete vs Continuous
Deterministic vs Stochastic
Single-agent vs Multi-agent
Episodic vs sequential
Known vs Unknown
Accessible vs Inaccessible
1. Fully observable vs Partially Observable
If an agent sensor can sense or access the complete state of an environment at each point
of time then it is a fully observable environment, else it is partially observable.
An agent with no sensors in all environments then such an environment is called as
unobservable.
2. Deterministic vs Stochastic:
If an agent's current state and selected action can completely determine the next state of
the environment, then such environment is called a deterministic environment.
A stochastic environment is random in nature and cannot be determined completely by an
agent.
3. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
If only one agent is involved in an environment, and operating by itself then such an
environment is called single agent environment.
However, if multiple agents are operating in an environment, then such an environment is
called a multi-agent environment.
4. Static vs Dynamic
If the environment can change itself while an agent is deliberating then such environment is
called a dynamic environment else it is called a static environment.
Static environments are easy to deal because an agent does not need to continue looking at
the world while deciding for an action.
Example: Taxi driving(DE), Crossword puzzles(SE).
5. Accessible vs Inaccessible
If an agent can obtain complete and accurate information about the state's environment,
then such an environment is called an Accessible environment else it is called inaccessible.
An empty room whose state can be defined by its temperature is an example of an
accessible environment.
Information about an event on earth is an example of Inaccessible environment.
Characteristics and application
of Learning Agents
Characteristics
1. Situatedness: When an agent receive some form of sensory input from its environment, it
then perform some actions that change its environment in some way.
2. Autonomy: This agent characteristics means that an agent is able to act without direct
intervention from humans or other agents this type of agent has almost complete control
over its own actions and internal state
3. Adaptivity: This agent characteristics means that it is capable of reacting flexibility to
changes within its environment.
4. Sociability: This type of characteristics means that the agent is capable of interacting in a
peer to peer manner with other agents or humans.
Applications
Classification
prediction
Search engines
Computer vision
Self driving car
Recognition of gestures.
Problem Solving Approach to
Typical AI problems
Problem-solving agent steps
According to computer science, a problem-solving is a part of artificial intelligence which
encompasses a number of techniques such as algorithms, heuristics to solve a problem.
Goal Formulation: It is the first and simplest step in problem-solving. It organizes the
steps/sequence required to formulate one goal out of multiple goals as well as actions to
achieve that goal.
Problem Formulation: It is the most important step of problem-solving which decides what
actions should be taken to achieve the formulated goal.
Initial State: It is the starting state or initial step of the agent towards its goal.
Actions: It is the description of the possible actions available to the agent.
Transition Model: It describes what each action does.
Goal Test: It determines if the given state is a goal state.
Path cost: It assigns a numeric cost to each path that follows the goal. The problem-
solving agent selects a cost function, which reflects its performance measure.
Remember, an optimal solution has the lowest path cost among all the solutions.
Problem-solving agent steps
Search: It identifies all the best possible sequence of actions to reach the goal state from
the current state. It takes a problem as an input and returns solution as its output.
Solution: It finds the best algorithm out of various algorithms, which may be proven as the
best optimal solution.
Execution: It executes the best optimal solution from the searching algorithms to reach the
goal state from the current state.
Happy Ending!
