1

SOCIAL DEVIATION · Innovation: The individual shares the cultural

goal of the society but reaches this goal through
GROUP 1: STRAIN THEORY illegitimate means. (+,-)
· Ritualists: individuals who have given up hope
In 1938, American sociologist Robert K. Merton of achieving society’s approved goals but still
published "Social Structure and Anomie," arguing that operate according to society’s approved means.
crime arises from societal structures rather than (-,+)
individual backgrounds. He expanded Emile Durkheim's · Retreatists: individuals who have rejected both
a society’s goals and the legitimate means of
concept of Anomie to develop Strain Theory.
obtaining them and live outside conventional
norms altogether. (-,-)
· Rebellion: exists outside of Merton’s system
altogether. Rebels aim to replace societal goals
Anomie means lawless in Greek which refers to a state
with those of their own and devise their own
of normlessness or a lack of moral standards among
means of achieving them.
people. It's a condition where society's values and norms
become unclear or contradictory. Strengths and criticisms of Merton's theory:

-More on a societal level It has inspired the work of many researchers, who have
built on Merton’s ideas and offered their own insights
-developed by Emile Durkheim, who linked it to rapid into deviance and crime. It has been used to create a
social changes and the weakening of traditional social better understanding of the relationship between poverty
bonds and crime, and its underlying causes.

Furthermore, Merton’s theory has been credited

with opening the door for a number of positive
Strain means to draw tight in French refers to the
interventions, such as job training programs, mental
pressure or stress individuals experience when they are
health services, and educational support.
unable to achieve culturally valued goals through
legitimate means.

-more on Individual level experience and responses to Criticism 1: The first major criticism involves aspirations
social structures and delinquency.

-developed by Robert Merton built upon Durkheim's Criticism 2: The second significant criticism was in
concept to explain deviance and crime regards to the relationship between social class and
delinquency.

Criticism 3: The theory argues that strain is not the key

Merton's Strain Theory
driver of deviance. Rather, it is differential opportunities
to engage in deviance.
Merton's theory proposes that any society has important
cultural goals which provide a frame of aspirational
reference. When an individual has internalized a goal and
the legitimate means of achieving that goal are blocked, Agnew's General Strain Theory
the individual is under pressure to resort to illegitimate
means to achieve the goal. General Strain Theory’s core is that individuals who
experience stress or stressors often become upset and
sometimes cope with crime (Agnew & Brezina, 2019).

Five Modes of Adaptation: According to General Strain Theory, strain increases

· Conformity: individuals are following a societal crime because it leads to negative emotions such as
goal through legitimate means. (+,+)
anger, frustration, depression, and fear.
 2
Compared to Merton’s explanations of anomie theory,
the General Strain Theory provides a broader view of
the causes of stress. Strain Theory and Crime

Consequently, there are three types of strain, according Strain theories state that certain strains or stressors lead
to Agnew (Agnew & Brezina, 2019): to negative emotions, which create pressure for
1. Strain from people losing something they corrective action. Crime is one possible response,
value. For example, their money could be stolen, especially when people lack the ability to cope in a legal
a friend may die, or a romantic partner may leave manner; the costs of criminal coping are low, and there
them. is some disposition for criminal coping.
2. Strain from being treated in an adverse or
negative way, such as being verbally or The link between strain and criminal behavior operates
physically abused. partly through negative emotions (Agnew, 1992).
3. Strain from people being unable to achieve Experiencing strain has been linked to a variety of
their goals: for example, being unable to obtain negative emotions, including anger, resentment, anxiety,
the money or respect that they want.
and depression (Brezina, 1996).

General Strain Theory differentiates between strains on

Application and Contributions of Strain Theory in
two different axes: objective vs. subjective strain and
Criminology
experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strains.
· Strain theory provided a framework for
understanding crime across social classes
Objective strain happens because of events and
· Merton’s theory shifted focus from individual
conditions that most people in a given group dislike, pathology to social structures
while subjective strain results from events and · Merton's work sparked research and
conditions disliked by one particular person or the development of various strain-based theories
particular persons being studied.

Applications of Strain Theory in Criminology

Agnew (2002) also differentiates between experienced, · Property crime, Merton’s theory explains
vicarious, and anticipated strain. Experienced strains property crime like theft as individuals seeking
are strains directly experienced by someone. Vicarious material goods they lack legitimate access to.
strains are strains experienced by others, often those · Violent crime strain theory helps understand
that the individual feels protective toward. Finally, motivations behind violent crime like assault and
anticipated strains are strains that individuals expect to homicide for individuals facing significant strain
experience, especially in the near future. like social rejection, abuse, or frustration.
· White-collar crime, IAT applies Merton’s theory
to white-collar crime like fraud and
embezzlement, where the pursuit of financial
In Merton’s theory people do crime when they are unable success can create strain even among the
to reach or accomplish goals. On the other hand, Agnew wealthy.
· Juvenile delinquency strain theory explains
general strain theory, feels strain comes from sources
juvenile delinquency like truancy, vandalism, and
other than economic failure. Agnew’s general strain
gang involvement as coping mechanisms for
theory focuses on a few other types of strain and stress.
young people facing strain from academic
failure, peer rejection or family conflict.
Both theories by Merton and Agnew are similar because
their focus is that social situations and conflicts an Contributions of Strain Theory in Social Work Practice
individual comes in contact with within his/her life, may · Empowerment and advocacy, strain theory
produce crime by emphasizing the goal of success, highlights the need for social work interventions
much more than the means to achieve it. that empower individuals and advocate for
systemic change.
 3
· Focus on Systemic factors, this encourages Before Sutherland introduced his theory, his theory of
social workers to consider the systemic factors differential association, the explanations for criminal
that contribute to the client’s challenges such as behavior were varied and inconsistent. Seeing this as a
poverty, discrimination, or lack of access to weakness, law professor Jerome Michael and
resources. philosopher Mortimer J. Adler published a critique of
· Understanding client motivations, this the field that argued that criminology hadn’t produced
knowledge can inform interventions that any scientifically-backed theories for criminal activity.
address the underlying causes of strain rather Sutherland saw this as a call to arms and used rigorous
than simply focusing on symptoms. scientific methods to develop differential
association theory.
Applications of Strain Theory in Social Work
· Social workers use strain theory to understand
challenges faced by families.
· Strain theory explains the link between social Sutherland’s thinking was influenced by the Chicago
stressors and mental health issues. School of sociologists. In particular, he took cues from
· Strain theory informs social work in criminal three sources: the work of Shaw and McKay, which
justice. investigated the way delinquency in Chicago was
distributed geographically; the work of Sellin, Wirth, and
Sutherland himself, which found that crime in modern
GROUP 2: DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY societies was the result of conflicts between different
cultures; and Sutherland's own work on professional
INTRODUCTION
thieves, which found that in order to become a
professional thief, one must become a member of a
Have you ever asked yourself why certain individuals
group of professional thieves and learn through them.
become criminals? Differential association theory is a
theory in criminology that aims to answer this
Sutherland initially outlined his theory in 1939 in the third
question. This theory was developed by Edwin H.
edition of his book Principles of Criminology. He then
Sutherland, who was a sociologist and a professor. He
revised the theory for the fourth edition of the book in
created the theory to explain the reasons why people
1947. Since then, differential association theory has
commit crime. The theory is based upon the idea that
remained popular in the field of criminology and has
criminals commit crimes based upon their association
sparked a great deal of research. One of the reasons for
with other people.
the theory’s continued pertinence is its broad ability to
explain all kinds of criminal activity, from juvenile
PROPONENT
delinquency to white collar crime.
Edwin Hardin Sutherland was born on August 13 1883
MECHANISM OF LEARNING
and died on October 11, 1950 he was an American
sociologist. He is considered one of the most influential
Learning Through Interaction - According to the
criminologists of the 20th century. He was a sociologist
theory, learning occurs through communication and
of the symbolic interactionist school of thought and is
interaction with others, particularly within close-knit
best known for defining white-collar crime and differential
groups like family, friends, or peers. Individuals observe
association, a general theory of crime and delinquency.
and internalize the behaviors, values, and norms of
Sutherland earned his Ph.D. in sociology from the
those they associate with.
University of Chicago in 1913.
Learning Criminal Behavior - The theory argues that
Sutherland solidified his reputation as one of the
criminal behavior is learned in the same way as any
country's leading criminologists at the University of
other behavior. It is acquired through social interactions
Minnesota, where he worked from 1926 to 1929. During
that expose individuals to values, attitudes, and
this period, he concentrated in sociology as a scientific
definitions favorable to violating the law. When a person
enterprise whose goal was to understand and control
frequently associates with others who encourage or
social problems.
justify criminal behavior, they are more likely to adopt
similar attitudes.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 4
Norms and Values - Individuals learn not only the others. According to this theory, people become
techniques of committing a crime but also the specific criminals not because of their background or personal
motives, rationalizations, and attitudes that justify traits, but because they learn and adopt behaviors and
criminal actions. This involves the internalization of values from the people around them, especially if those
norms that define certain behaviors as acceptable, even people support criminal actions. This theory is useful for
if they are illegal. understanding why crime rates can be higher in certain
communities and can guide efforts in crime prevention
Excess of Definitions - A key concept in the theory is by focusing on changing social interactions and
the "excess of definitions." Sutherland suggested that environments.
individuals become delinquent when they have been
exposed to more values and definitions that are CHARACTERISTICS
favorable to law-breaking than those that are
unfavorable. If the balance tips towards definitions that ● The one who associates with criminals becomes
justify crime, the person is more likely to engage in criminals.
criminal behavior. ● One learns criminal behavior from one close to
the criminals
APPLICATION OF THEORY ● Young children are more likely to learn criminal
behavior than older children.
Peer Influence - This theory is often applied when
explaining how peer groups influence individuals to 9 PRINCIPLES
engage in deviant behavior. For example, if a person
consistently associates with a group that engages in 1. Criminal behavior is learned behavior
theft or drug use, they are more likely to learn and adopt 2. Criminal behavior is learned by interacting with
these behaviors. other people by communicating with words and
gestures.
Family Influence - Families play a significant role in the 3. The main portion of learning the criminal
application of this theory. If a child grows up in an behavior happens among small groups of
environment where criminal behavior is normalized or people.
rationalized by family members, they are more likely to 4. Learning about crime includes learning the
adopt similar behaviors as they mature. techniques of committing a crime, as well as
learning the motivation and attitudes towards
Youth Crime - Differential Association Theory is crime.
frequently applied to explain juvenile delinquency. Young 5. Criminal and non-criminal behavior is an
people, who are more impressionable, may be expression of the same needs and values. In
influenced by their peers to engage in delinquent acts other words, it does not discriminate and any
such as vandalism, theft, or truancy. person of any background can become a
criminal.
Subcultures - In environments where certain 6. Legal codes demonstrate what is 'good' or 'bad'
subcultures exist (e.g., gangs), the norms of these and provide a motivation for crimes. In other
subcultures often involve criminal activities. Individuals words, the law expresses what is right and
who are part of or associate with these subcultures may wrong to an offender.
learn and adopt these behaviors. 7. A person becomes a criminal because of
frequent criminal patterns. For example, if one is
Workplace Deviance - This theory can also be applied exposed to a repeated criminal scenario, this
in a professional setting, where an employee may learn scenario will eventually rub off on others nearby.
unethical practices or fraudulent behaviors from 8. The differential association theory can differ in
colleagues or superiors who engage in such actions. frequency, duration, priority and intensity.
Over time, the individual may come to view these 9. The learning of criminal behavior by association
behaviors as acceptable or even necessary for success. is similar to all other types of learning.

IMPORTANCE KEY ROLES OF SOCIAL WORK

The Differential Association Theory is important because Preventive Role - Social workers can help prevent
it helps explain how people learn criminal behavior from criminal behavior by identifying and addressing risk
 5
factors in individuals' environments. This includes Society or neighborhood is able to invest its citizens or
working with families, schools, and communities to residents with a stake worth protecting, it will have lower
promote positive interactions and discourage behaviors rates of crime vs society where strong bond is not
that might lead to criminal activities. present or relatively low

Intervention - For individuals already engaged in Assumes an individual's behavior is controlled by

criminal behavior, social workers can provide counseling connections a person has to a conventional social order.
and support to help them modify their behavior. This
might involve addressing underlying issues such as Deviance is not caused by the present values, beliefs or
substance abuse, mental health problems, or other motivating factors, but by the absence of values
socioeconomic factors. and beliefs, that normally forbid delinquency

Rehabilitation - Social workers can support individuals The definition of social control theory is a sociological
in the criminal justice system by facilitating their theory that explores the causes of individual
reintegration into society. They may help with job engagement in criminal behavior. It states that
placement, educational opportunities, and building individuals act in certain ways because of the influence
positive social networks to reduce the likelihood of of society. If an individual is attached to society, or to
reoffending. important individuals (parents, friends, etc.) in that
society, they will act in positive, constructive ways. On
Advocacy - Social workers advocate for policy changes the other hand, if individuals are not attached to society,
and systemic reforms to address social inequalities and they will act in destructive ways, including criminal
structural issues that contribute to criminal behavior. This behavior.
includes working to improve access to resources and
support for marginalized communities. Social controls are developed in childhood by parents
and teachers who associate positive behavior with
GROUP 3: SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY rewards and negative behaviors with punishments.

Control Theories As individuals age and as their paradigm changes, their

acceptance of these social controls shifts as well. The
● Look at crime and delinquency differently essential beliefs created through this process, as well as
● Ask why people refrain from violating the law the related values, mores, and interpersonal
even though they are presented with relationships and commitments, create the framework for
opportunities to commit crime personal motivators that encourage people to follow
● Control theories attempt to find factors that keep laws.
an individual from becoming deviant
This theory was developed by Travis Hirschi in the late
Social Control Theory twentieth century and first published by him in 1969. He
stated that the presence or lack of effectiveness of social
Also referred to as Social Bond Theory, or Bonding controls on individuals were key influences in their
Theory decisions to engage in criminal activity. Those who
commit crimes do so because they feel no obligation to
The definition of social control theory is a sociological abide by the rules of a society to which they have no
theory that explores the causes of individual allegiance or connection. Social control theory is also
engagement in criminal behavior. called ''social bond theory.''

According to this theory, the social environment does not

push one toward deviant behavior; rather, it fails to Hirschi's (1969) Social Control Theory
restrain one front a behaving.
Four Main Concepts (ABCI)
Most of us do not engage in deviant or criminal acts
because of strong bonds with or ties to Conventional 1. Attachment to others
mainstream social institutions. If these bonds are weak
or broken, we will be released from society rules and will
be free to deviate.
 6
● Bonds established in close relationships to Deterrence theory has roots in classical criminology, with
conventional others will act as a deterrent to philosophers like Cesare Beccaria,Thomas Hobbes
crime and Jeremy Bentham arguing that the certainty,
● People will consider their relationships and severity, and swiftness of punishment are key to
refrain from crime deterring crime.
● Three areas
DETERRENCE is the prevention of something,
1. Attachment to parents especially war or crime, by having something such as
weapons or punishment to use as a threat.
2. Attachment to peers
THEORY is a supposition or a system of ideas intended
3. Attachment to school to explain something, especially one based on general
principles independent of the thing to be explained.
2. Belief (of laws or rules)
CESARE BECCARIA
● Our belief system pertaining to laws and rules
governs behavior Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco
● An absence of effective beliefs that forbid or and Villareggio, was an Italian criminologist, jurist,
discourage delinquency allows for such behavior philosopher, economist, and politician who is widely
to occur considered one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of
Enlightenment
3. Commitment to conventional lines of action
Born: March 15, 1738 in Italy
● Desire to achieve conventional goals will reduce
delinquency because it will make achieving Death: November 28, 1974
those goals more difficult.
● 3 areas to illustrate the concept Education: University of Pavia

1. Educational Spouse(s): Teresa Blasco, Anna Barbò

2. Occupational Main interests: Criminology

[Link] to adult status THOMAS HOBBES

4. Involvement in conventional activities Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher. Hobbes is

best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he
● Represents the time dimension of commitment expounds an influential formulation of social contract
● If not involved in conventional activities, youth theory. He is considered to be one of the founders of
become free to deviate modern political philosophy.
● Difficult to measure aside from commitment
Born: April 5, 1588, Malmesbury, United Kingdom
How Social Control Theory Can be Utilized by Social
Workers Died: December 4, 1679 National Trust - Hardwick Hall,
United Kingdom
Social workers use this theory to understand the
development of criminal behavior in an individual. Education: Magdalen Hall, Oxford St John's College,
Cambridge (BA)
GROUP 4: DETERRENCE THEORY
Main interests: Political philosophy, history, ethics,
Deterrence theory refers to the scholarship and practice geometry
of how threats of using force by one party can convince
another party to refrain from initiating some other course JEREMY BENTHAM
of action. It is the idea that people can be prevented
from engaging in undesirable behaviors through the Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher, jurist, and
threat of punishment or negative consequence. social reformer regarded as the founder of modern
 7
utilitarianism. Bentham defined as the "fundamental SEVERITY OF PUNISHMENT - The harshness of the
axiom" of his philosophy the principle that "it is the penalty should be sufficient to outweigh the benefits of
greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the the criminal act.
measure of right and wrong."
CELERITY OF PUNISHMENT - The promptness with
Born: February 15, 1748, Houndsditch, London, United which punishment is applied following a crime can
Kingdom enhance its deterrent effect.

Died: June 6, 1832 (age 84 years), Westminster,

London, United Kingdom
ALTERNATIVES TO DETERRENCE
Education: The Queen's College, Oxford (MA)
REHABILITATION - Programs that aim to address the
Main interests: Political philosophy, philosophy of law, underlying causes of crime and help individuals change
ethics, economics their behavior.

TYPES OF DETERRENCE THEORY SOCIAL PROGRAMS - Addressing poverty, inequality,

and lack of opportunity can reduce crime.
GENERAL DETERRENCE - aims to discourage the
general population from committing crimes by making RESTORATIVE JUSTICE - Focuses on repairing harm
examples of specific deterrents. and restoring relationships, rather than solely punishing
offenders.
SPECIFIC DETERRENCE - seeks to prevent
individuals who have already committed crimes from THE ROLE OF DETERRENCE THEORY IN SOCIETY
reoffending.
Deterrence theory informs various aspects of social
APPLICATIONS OF DETERRENCE THEORY policy and criminal justice systems. It underpins the
rationale for the enactment and enforcement of laws,
CRIME PREVENTION guiding the development of legal penalties and
correctional strategies. By emphasizing the role of
The criminal justice system uses deterrence theory, consequences in shaping behavior, deterrence theory
including fines, imprisonment, and death penalty, to aims to maintain social order and reduce the incidence
discourage crime, but their effectiveness in reducing of crime.
rates remains a topic of ongoing debate.
GROUP 5: INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Introduction
Deterrence theory, particularly in nuclear weapons, is ● Social scientists use a variety of research
crucial for international security, with Mutually Assured method to understand human interactions and
Destruction (MAD) being a prime example of deterrence behavior. One of the most commonly used
in action. sociological theories is the interactionist
perspective. This approach provides answers to
PERSONAL BEHAVIOR
how human behavior relates to our social
Deterrence principles are also applied in everyday life. interaction.
For instance, traffic laws and the threat of fines ● In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical
discourage speeding, while security cameras and alarms perspective that understands social processes
deter theft. (such as conflict, cooperation, identity
formation) as emerging from human interaction.
KEY ELEMENTS OF DETERRENCE THEORY ● Scholars of this perspective study how
individuals act within society, and believe that
CERTAINTY OF PUNISHMENT - The likelihood that meaning is produced through the interactions of
punishment will follow a criminal act is believed to be the individuals.
most effective deterrent.
 8
● Interactionist perspective, also referred to as through their interactions with others and their
interactionist theory, means looking at people's understanding of how they are perceived by others.
relationship with different aspects of society as
a response to their interactions with others. Dynamic Social Processes - Social life is seen as
● It involves observing the way a person has been dynamic and constantly changing, as people negotiate
taught to think about a certain experience in meanings and roles through ongoing interactions.
their life, either by watching the way other people
have interacted with the experience before or Key Theorists
how they have reacted or talked about it. ● The idea of Interactionist Perspective Theory is
developed by the contributions of these three
Difference between Interactionism and Interactionist theorists known as George Herbert Mead,
Perspective Charles Horton Cooley, and Herbert Blumer.
● Interactionism is a broader theoretical These three scholars are not only known for
framework that encompasses various having significant contributions in this theory,
perspectives, including the interactionist but also for shaping the field of sociology.
perspective.
● Interactionist perspective is a more specific George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
theoretical approach that emphasizes the active ● Was a philosopher and sociologist who laid the
role of individuals in shaping their social reality foundation for Symbolic Interaction Theory. He
through their interactions. argued that individuals create their sense of self
through interactions with others and society.
Core Concepts Mead believed that language and symbols are
● The interactionist theory emphasises the essential tools in shaping human behavior and
importance of interaction and social those individuals interpret symbols differently
environment in acquiring language, whilst also based on their social interactions.
recognizing that language is innate, suggesting
that children develop language because they Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)
desire to communicate with the world. ● Expanded on the concept of the "looking-glass
self," which posits that individuals develop their
This perspective emphasizes the following concepts: self-identity based on how they believe others
perceive them. Cooley emphasized the role of
Social Construction of Reality - People create and socialization and communication in constructing
maintain their social realities through interactions with one's self-concept and argued that individuals
others. The meanings and interpretations of symbols, use social interactions as mirrors to understand
actions, and social roles are developed through these how others view them.
interactions.
Herbert Blumer (1900-1987)
Symbols and Meaning - Symbols (such as language, ● Was a student of Mead, further developed
gestures, and objects) are central to human Symbolic Interaction Theory by formalizing its
communication and social interaction. The meanings of principles. He coined the term "symbolic
these symbols are not inherent but are created and interactionism" and emphasized that meaning is
shared through social processes. created through social interactions and the
interpretation of symbols. According to Blumer,
Interpretation and Subjectivity - Individuals interpret and humans act towards things based on the
define situations based on their own experiences, meanings they assign to them, and these
beliefs, and interactions with others. This subjective meanings are derived from social interactions.
interpretation influences how they behave and interact
with the world. In conclusion,
George Herbert Mead laid the groundwork for Symbolic
Role of the Self - The self is seen as a product of social Interaction Theory in the early 20th century. Charles
interactions. People develop their sense of identity Horton Cooley expanded on Mead's ideas in the 1920s
 9
with his concept of the looking-glass self. Finally, client's experiences of stigma and
Herbert Blumer solidified and formalized Symbolic discrimination.
Interaction Theory in the mid-20th century. Labeling and Stigma:
● The interactionist perspective sheds light on
Applications/relevance of the interactionist perspective how labels can influence individuals'
in social work self-perceptions and social opportunities. Social
The interactionist perspective, also known as symbolic workers can use this understanding to address
interactionism, offers a valuable lens for social work the negative impacts of stigma and advocate for
practice. Here are some examples of its applications and more inclusive and supportive systems.
relevance: SOCIAL CHANGE:
● By recognizing the power of social interactions
1. Client-Centered Practice: to create and maintain social problems, social
Understanding Individual Perspectives: workers can use the interactionist perspective to
● Social workers can use the interactionist advocate for social change. This involves
perspective to understand the unique challenging harmful social norms, promoting
experiences, perspectives, and interpretations of dialogue and understanding, and empowering
their clients. This helps them develop tailored marginalized communities.
interventions that address the client's specific
needs and goals. For example, a social worker 3. Working with Families and Groups:
working with a client experiencing domestic Family Dynamics:
violence might explore how the client ● The interactionist perspective helps social
understands their situation, their past workers understand how family members
experiences with relationships, and their cultural interact and construct their relationships. This
beliefs about gender roles. knowledge is crucial for facilitating family
Building rapport: therapy, addressing communication
● The interactionist perspective emphasizes the breakdowns, and promoting healthy family
importance of communication and shared functioning.
meaning in building rapport with clients. Social GROUP PROCESSES:
workers can use this understanding to develop ● The interactionist perspective is useful for
trust, empathy, and a collaborative relationship understanding how individuals interact within
with clients. groups, including group dynamics, power
Empowerment: structures, and communication patterns. This
The interactionist perspective recognizes clients' agency knowledge can be applied in group therapy,
and capacity for change. Social workers can use this community organizing, and other group settings.
understanding to empower clients to take ownership of
their lives and make decisions that are right for them. 4. Ethical Considerations:
Respect for Diversity:
2. Understanding Social Problems: ● The interactionist perspective emphasizes the
Social construction of reality: importance of respecting individual differences
● The interactionist perspective highlights how and understanding the diverse meanings people
social problems are not inherent but rather attach to their experiences. This is essential for
socially constructed through shared meanings ethical social work practice, ensuring that
and interpretations. This understanding helps services are culturally sensitive and responsive
social workers recognize the role of social to individual needs.
factors, such as stigma, prejudice, and Non-Judgmental Approach:
discrimination, in shaping individuals' ● It encourages social workers to adopt a
experiences and challenges. For example, a non-judgmental approach, recognizing that
social worker working with a client experiencing individuals' behaviors and choices are often
homelessness might explore how societal influenced by their social contexts and
perceptions of homelessness contribute to the interpretations. This promotes empathy and
 10
understanding, fostering a more supportive and According to this perspective, deviant behavior is a result
therapeutic environment. of societal labels and stigmatization.

In summary, the interactionist perspective provides Who's Edwin Lemert? Edwin M. Lemert (May 8, 1912-
social workers with a powerful framework for November 10, 1996) was a sociology professor at the
understanding the complexities of human behavior and University of California.
social interaction. By applying this perspective, social
workers can provide more effective, client-centered, and Who's Howard Becker? Howard S. Becker (born April 18,
ethical services, promoting individual well-being and 1928, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.-died August 16, 2023, San
social change. Francisco, California) was an American sociologist
known for his studies of occupations, education,
CONCLUSION: deviance, and art.
The interactionist perspective can be a useful theory to
begin to understand how people relate to other people, Howard Becker
things, or experiences because it indicates that the root
of the value we assign to things is found in the society • Howard Becker's (1963) idea is that deviance is a
around us. The interactionist perspective does not consequence of external judgments, or labels, that
account for every influence that may affect a person's modify the individual's self-concept and change the way
perspective but can be an introduction for a sociologist others respond to the labeled person.
to interpret the human experience.
• The central feature of labeling theory is the self-
GROUP 6: LABELING PERSPECTIVE [Link], in which the label corresponds to the
label in terms of delinquent behavior.
WHAT IS LABEL? A word or a phrase that is used to
describe the characteristics or qualities of people, SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
activities, or things, often in a way that is unfair
-Campbridge Dictionary A self-fulfilling prophecy is a sociological term used to
describe a prediction that causes itself to become true
DO YOU EXPERIENCED BEING LABELED? Ex.
Troublemaker, Lazy, Thief, Criminal PRIMARY DEVIANCE and SECONDARY DEVIANCE

The labeling theory notes that people are made to act in PRIMARY DEVIANCE - A primary deviant is a person
a negative way because of the label they are given by who does something that is not acceptable for the first
society. They become deviant based upon the society's time. This act is in most cases done by a person who is
opinion of them. -(Caroline Ntara and Erin Long-Crowell known to comply with societal norms and expectations.
2023).
SECONDARY DEVIANCE is when a person continues
Labeling theory is an approach in the sociology of committing crimes or wrong acts because of the label
deviance that focuses on the ways in which the agents that society has given them. The label makes them
of social control attach stigmatizing stereotypes to behave just like what people call them.
particular groups, and the ways in which the stigmatized
change their behavior once labeled. It occurs as a result of the labeling given to a person
causing them to behave in line with it due to
Labeling theory is one of the most influential theoretical Stigmatization.
approaches that has been systematically applied to
understand mental illness as a social phenomenon. (S. Labeling theory recognizes that labels will vary
Sjöström 2017) Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert depending on the culture, time period, and situation.

-Deviance is defined not by the act itself but by how Labeling theory stems from symbolic interactionism,
society reacts to it. which believes that an individual's sense of self is
 11
formed by their interactions with and the labels ascribed
to them by other people.M Social Workers play an important role to this and
according to the National Association of Social Workers
A person running a busy shop might want to step out (NASW) of (2021). "Social Work: The Profession and Its
briefly. While they are outside the shop, a friend could Impact on Society". This are the following:
pass by and offer to watch the shop for them in order to
allow them to leave. However, if the person offering has • ADVOCACY: Social Workers advocate for individuals
been labelled as a thief, the shop owner might be who have been labeled in ways that might lead to
suspicious that they want to steal from their shop and discrimination or reduced opportunities. They work to
not accept its offer. challenge to ensure fair treatment and advocate for
equitable treatment.
EXAMPLES
• SUPPORT AND COUNSELING: They provide emotional
● When a person commits mistakes, the society support and counseling to individuals affected by
will associate him with the behavior labeling. This helps people to cope with the stigma or
permanently. self-esteem issues that may arise from being labeled.
● Jana was seen drinking at a party and was
posted on the internet. The next day, people • EDUCATION AND AWARENESS: Workers educate
around her treats her as a consistent drinker clients, families Social and communities about the
even when it is her first time to drink negative impacts of labeling.

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH LABELING THEORY? • EMPOWERMENT: Social Workers help clients build
self-confidence and navigate the challenges associated
Labeling theory has become a popular sociological with labeling
approach to the study of deviance, but it has also
received criticism for its inability to explain primary GROUP 7: ETHNOMETHODOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
deviance, its lack of attention to the labeling of
categories of people, and its failure to specify the Ethnomethodology is an approach in sociology that
conditions under which official labeling works. studies the "common-sense" resources, procedures, and
The theory purports that society's establishing someone practices through which members of a society interpret
as a criminal based on deviant behavior (action their everyday Life and how these social interactions,
perceived to violate society's normal standards) may when mutually recognized within particular contexts,
lead others to mistreat the person labeled as a criminal. create orderliness (Williams, 2001).
In other words, individuals may face stigma,
discrimination against them because of the criminal Garfinkel was attempting to understand the way jurors
label. Therefore, the person might become a criminal. knew how to act as jurors. After attempting to
Thus, the focus of the labeling theory is to show that understand the jurors' actions, Garfinkel created the term
society's perception and treatment of others can cause "ethnomethodology" as a way to describe how people
them to commit wrong acts. Therefore, the person 20 use different methods in order to understand the society
might, in turn, become a criminal. they live in.

STIGMA WHAT IS EΤΗΝΟΜΕΤΗHODOLOGY?

Once a person has been labeled by others through Ethno = people; Method = method; Ology = study
secondary deviance, it is common for that person to
incorporate that label into his or her own self-concept. - The study of ordinary members of society in the
They develop a stigma, or a powerfully negative label everyday situations in which they find
that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social themselves and the ways in which they use
identity. common-sense knowledge, procedures, and
considerations to gain an understanding of,
ROLES OF SOCIAL WORKER IN THIS MATTER navigate in, and act on those situations.
 12
- Ethnomethodology's interest is in how ordinary
people make sense of their social world. UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL ORDER: It provides insights
into how social order is created and maintained through
PROPONENT everyday interactions and practices.

Harold Garfinkel was born in Newark, New Jersey on REVEALING HIDDEN RULES: Ethnomethodology
October 29, 1917. Harold passed away from heart failure uncovers the often-unspoken rules and norms that guide
on April 21, 2011, in his home in Los Angeles leaving his behavior in various social contexts.
wife Arlene behind. He was an American sociologist and
ethnomethodologist, who taught at the University of HIGHLIGHTING PARTICIPANT KNOWLEDGE: It
California, Los Angeles. Having developed and emphasizes the importance of individuals' knowledge
established ethnomethodology as a field of inquiry in and methods in understanding and interpreting their
sociology, he is probably best known for Studies in social world.
Ethnomethodology (1967).
CHALLENGING ASSUMPTIONS: It challenges traditional
PRINCIPLE OF ΕΤΗΝΟΜΕΤHODOLOGICAL sociological assumptions about structure and social
PERSPECTIVE order, showing how these are actively produced by
individuals rather than imposed from above.
Ethnomethodology focuses on the capacities of people
as members of a collective rather than their individuating SOCIAL ORDERS
traits as distinct persons. On the contrary,
ethnomethodology frames inquiries and observations Ethnomethodology is a sociological perspective that
into communal interactions, underscoring various focuses on how people create and maintain social order
individuals' understanding of their worlds, rather than in their everyday interactions. Here are some examples of
any theoretical frameworks utilized by social scientists. ethnomethodology in action that will demonstrate how
ethnomethodology can be applied to various social
CONCEPTS OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGICAL contexts to uncover the underlying practices and
PERSPECTIVE understandings that contribute to the maintenance of
social order.
Indexicality - Refers to how the meaning of expressions
and actions is contingent on the specific context in Local Orders and Social Practice:
which they occur. Garfinkel emphasized that what people
say and do in social interactions is not fixed but is ● Greeting rituals:
interpreted in relation to the circumstances of the
interaction, including the participants' shared Ethnomethodologists might study how people greet
understanding and the ongoing situational context. each other in different social contexts, analyzing the
unspoken rules and expectations surrounding greetings,
Reflexivility - Refers to how individuals use their such as handshakes, hugs, or verbal exchanges.
understanding of social norms and practices to make
sense of and respond to their own actions and those of ● Conversation analysis:
others. It involves a self-awareness of how one's own Researchers might examine how conversational
behavior is shaped by and contributes to the broader turn-taking and repair mechanisms function in natural
social context. interactions, uncovering the subtle cues and practices
that allow people to communicate.
Accountability - Refer to how individuals are held
responsible for their actions within a social context. This ● Workplace interactions:
concept involves the ways in which people are expected Ethnomethodologists might observe how employees in a
to explain, justify, or account for their behavior in workplace environment navigate social hierarchies,
interactions with others. coordinate tasks, and negotiate roles and
responsibilities through their everyday interactions.
PURPOSE OF ETHNOMETHODOLOGY PERSPECTIVE:
 13
● Family dynamics:
Studying family interactions reveal how members Empowerment: Social workers can use the insights
establish routines, allocate resources, and manage gained from ethnomethodology to empower clients,
conflicts through their everyday behaviors and helping them to navigate and potentially change the
communication patterns. social systems that affect their lives.

● Public behavior: GROUP 8: CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE

Observing how people behave in public spaces, such as
parks, transportation hubs, or shopping malls, can shed CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE THEORY
light on the unwritten rules and norms. that govern
social interactions in these settings. Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that views
society as a system characterized by power dynamics
● Online communities: and the inevitable presence of conflict. The theory
Ethnomethodologists might examine how individuals emphasizes the role of social inequality, competition for
create and maintain social order in online communities, resources, and class struggle in shaping the social
such as forums or social media platforms, through their [Link] conflict perspective in sociology examines the
use of language, symbols, and interactional practices. power relationships and social inequalities that shape
society. It highlights how conflicts between different
● Cultural rituals and ceremonies: groups can lead to social change.
Analyzing cultural rituals and ceremonies can provide
insights into how social order is constructed and Conflict Perspective Overview Conflict theory emerged
reinforced through shared symbols, performances, and during the mid-19th century, with Karl Marx as a
collective actions. foundational figure. Marx’s analysis of capitalist
societies highlighted the class struggle between the
● Legal proceedings: bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production, and
Ethnomethodologists might study courtroom the proletariat, who sold their labor. He argued that this
interactions to understand how participants, including struggle would ultimately lead to social change. Max
judges, lawyers, witnesses, and jurors, navigate legal Weber built on Marx’s ideas by expanding the theory
proceedings and uphold procedural norms through their beyond economic class, incorporating power dynamics
speech and behavior. related to race, gender, and social identities.

SIGNIFICANCE IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE: Karl Marx was born May 5, 1818, Trier, Rhine province,
Prussia, GermanyDied March 14, 1883, London, England
Ethnomethodology is a perspective that focuses on He was a revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and
understanding how people create and maintain social economist. Karl Marx, has a social theory that posits
order in their everyday lives. In social work practice, the that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of
significance of ethnomethodology lies in its ability to competition for limited resources.
help practitioners understand the underlying social
norms, behaviors, and interactions that shape the lives Karl Marx 2 Classes Conflict Theory
of individuals and communities.
Bourgeoisie (Capitalist Class) This is the class that
Understanding Client Behavior: Ethnomethodology owns the means of production—factories, machinery,
helps social workers see how clients make sense of their land, etc. The bourgeoisie is the capitalist class that
own experiences and how they follow or challenge benefits from the labor of the working class. They have
societal rules. This can inform better strategies for control over resources and production, which allows
intervention. them to generate profit and maintain their economic and
social status.
Cultural Sensitivity: By focusing on the everyday
practices and social norms of different communities, Proletariat (Working Class) This is the working class
social workers can provide services that respect cultural that does not own the means of production and must
values and practices. sell their labor to the bourgeoisie in order to survive. The
 14
proletariat is exploited by the bourgeoisie, as the value of
their labor is greater than the wages they receive, with Economic Hardship - Economic Inequality and Crime.
the surplus value being appropriated by the bourgeoisie This case study explores how economic disparities lead
as profit. to higher crime rates in marginalized communities. It
illustrates the relationship between poverty and criminal
Conflict Between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat behavior, suggesting that individuals may resort to crime
as a means of survival.
The conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
is rooted in the economic structure of capitalism, where Racial Discrimination - Social Movements and Deviance
the interests of capital owners and workers are This case study examines various social movements,
inherently opposed. This conflict is driven by economic such as LGBTQ+ rights and environmental activism. It
exploitation, social inequality, ideological control, and the discusses how these movements challenged societal
potential for class consciousness and collective action. norms and were often labeled as deviant before
Marx theorized that these tensions would ultimately lead achieving mainstream acceptance.
to significant social and economic changes, including
the potential overthrow of the capitalist system and the Political Oppression - Power and the Criminal Justice
establishment of a socialist or communist society. [Link] analysis focuses on how those in power
influence laws and their enforcement. It highlights
Max Weber was born on April 21, 1864 , Erfurt, Prussia issues such as racial profiling and the disproportionate
Germany and died June 14, 1920, in Munich, Germany. impact of the justice system on lower-income
He was a German sociologist and political communities.
[Link] Weber’s conflict theory posits that there
are three main sources of conflict: Economic, Social, and Deviance According to Conflict Perspective Criticisms
Political. and Limitations of the Conflict Perspective

Three main sources of conflict of Max Weber The conflict perspective views deviance as a product of
social and economic inequalities. It emphasizes that
ECONOMIC - Economic conflict arises when people norms and laws are constructed by those in power to
compete for scarce maintain their control and that deviance often reflects
SOCIAL - Social conflict occurs when people have resistance to oppressive conditions. This perspective
different values or beliefs. highlights the unequal application of social control and
POLITICAL - Weber’s analysis includes the role of power advocates for addressing the power imbalances that
and authority in society shape definitions of deviance

3 Key Concepts of Conflict Theory Application to Contemporary Issues - The conflict

perspective can be applied to understand various
Power Dynamics - Examines how power is distributed contemporary issues, such as racial inequality, gender
and maintained among various social groups. disparities, and economic injustice. It provides a
Social Inequality - Focuses on the disparities in wealth, framework to analyze how these issues perpetuate
opportunities, and privileges among different groups. social conflict and inspire movements for change.
Conflict and Change - Suggests that social conflict can
be a catalyst for change, as seen in movements that Application to Social Work - The conflict perspective in
challenge existing norms. social work focuses on understanding and addressing
the power dynamics, inequalities, and conflicts within
Deviance According to Conflict Perspective Criticisms society that affect individuals and communities
and Limitations of the Conflict Perspective Conflict
theory posits that deviance arises from the inequalities Understanding Social Inequality Focus on Power and
in society. Factors contributing to deviance often include Resources: Social workers using the conflict perspective
economic disparity, lack of access to resources, and analyze how power and resources are distributed
systemic oppression . unevenly across different social groups. This involves
Examples: Leading to Deviance AND THE FOLLOWING:
 15
examining how race, class, gender, and other factors
contribute to systemic inequality EMPHASIS: It emphasizes the importance of
questioning dominant cultural narratives and promoting
Addressing Structural Issues: The aim is to address the the voices of marginalized groups
root causes of social problems by challenging systemic
issues rather than just treating symptoms. For instance, VIEW OF POWER: Critical Theory sees power as
a social worker might work on advocacy to address unevenly distributed and used to maintain and
income inequality or discrimination in the workplace. reproduce social inequalities
Understanding Client Context: Social workers using the
conflict perspective pay attention to how clients’ social GOALS: It seeks to challenge and transform power
and economic conditions influence their experiences structures in pursuit of social justice and equality
and challenges. This involves recognizing how structural
factors contribute to clients' difficulties. FRANKFURT SCHOOL OF CRITICAL THEORY

Strengths-Based Approach: They work to identify and ● Was a group of social scientists and
build on clients' strengths while also addressing the researchers who applied Marxism to
systemic barriers philosophy and society.
that impact their lives ● Founded in 1923, they aimed to understand
society using Marxist and other scientific
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION perspectives.
● Their work led to the development of Critical
The conflict perspective offers valuable insights into the Theory, which examined the effects of big
dynamics of power and inequality in society. By businesses, monopolies, electronics,
recognizing the role of social conflict in driving change, technology, and capitalism on human life and
we can better understand the complexities of social society.
relations.. ● They also explored human freedom and
liberation in the context of slavery.
GROUP 9: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE

● Is a family of theories that aim at a critique and CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL THEORY

transformation Is a family of theories that
● Critical theory is a school of thought that views
analyze society's conflicts, contradictions, and
social problems as the result of oppressive
tendencies.
power structures. The following are its basic
● It aims to critique and transform society by
characteristics.
integrating normative perspectives with
● Critical theory is viewed as a Western-Marxist
empirical analysis.
philosophy that views history in terms of class
● Refers to the work of the Frankfurt School, a
struggle.
group of philosophers and social theorists in the
● History is viewed as the history of oppression
Western European Marxist tradition. society by
as opposed to noting any positive outcomes
integrating normative perspectives with
such as societies that survived, thrived,
empirically informed analysis of society's
improved and progressed.
conflicts, contradictions, and tendencies. In a
● Critical theory makes the assumption that
narrow sense, "Critical Theory" (often denoted
systems and history produce unsatisfactory
with capital letters) refers to the work of several
quality of life for the masses such that they are
generations of philosophers and social theorists
miserable victims of oppression. There is no
in the Western European Marxist tradition known
sense that historical or contemporary masses
as the Frankfurt School.
participate in society and culture because it
benefits chem. If the masses are content with a
DEFINITION: Critical Theory is a philosophical and
system, the elite has simply tricked them.
sociological approach to understanding power and
inequality in society
 16
● Where the masses are viewed as powerless in Feminist theory considers the lived experience of any
their own situation, the elite are viewed as all person/people, not just women, with an emphasis on
powerful such that they are completely oppression. The purpose of using a feminist lens is to
responsible for all social problems. Critical enable the discovery of how people interact within
theory views the elite as an oppressive force. systems and possibly offer solutions to confront and
This can be contrasted with views such as eradicate oppressive systems and structures
American pragmatism that accepts the
capitalist elite as an entrepreneurial force that Critical Race Theory: Intellectual and social
creates immense value. movement and loosely organized framework of legal
● Power structures such as societies are viewed analysis based on the premise that race is not a
as systems of control as opposed to systems natural, biologically grounded feature of physically
that create economic value and quality of life distinct subgroups of human beings but a socially
for large populations. constructed (culturally invented) category that is used
to oppress and exploit people of colour.
Max Horkheimer (1895-1973)
Queer Theory: Queer theory is a critical theory that
❖ Born on February 14, 1895 - Stuttgart, Germany
examines and critiques society's definitions of gender
and Died on July 7, 1973 - Nūrnberg
and sexuality, with the goal of revealing the social and
❖ He was a leader of the “Frankfurt School,” a
power structures at play in our everyday lives.
group of philosophers and social scientists
associated with the Institute für
Marxism Critical Theory: Marxism critical theory was
Sozialforschung (Institute of Social Research)
founded by Karl Marx. The ideal is based in class-based
in Frankfurt am Main.
struggle and conflict. Marxism is a political economic
❖ Their writings from the 1930s were crucial in
theory of class conflict and an equitable “classless
developing the epistemological and
society”. Marxism critical theorists focus on who
methodological orientation of Frankfurt School suffers and who benefits.
critical theory
Critical Disability Theory: Critical disability theory
● He studied philosophy at the University of refers to a diverse, interdisciplinary set of theoretical
Frankfurt approaches. The task of critical disability theory is to
● He became director of the university’s Institute analyze disability as a cultural, historical, relative,
for Social Research social, and political phenomenon.
● Under his leadership, the institute attracted
ROLES OF SOCIAL WORKER
talented philosophers and social scientists.
● In his work “Traditional and Critical Theory,” he
contrasted traditional political philosophy and Advocate for Social Justice - Social workers challenge
social science with critical Marxism. systemic inequalities and work to change social
● Argued that traditional approaches to social structures that perpetuate oppression and injustice.
science legitimize oppressive and unjust They advocate for marginalized groups, striving for
practices by describing existing institutions as social and economic justice.
natural or objective. Critical theory, on the
other hand, exposes the false claims of Empowerment - Social workers empower individuals and
legitimacy, justice, and truth by understanding communities by helping them develop the skills and
the historical and social context in which resources needed to advocate for themselves and take
these institutions operate. control of their lives.

TYPES OF CRITICAL THEORY Critical Analysis - Social workers critically analyze

policies and practices to identify their impact on
Feminist Theory: Falls under the umbrella of critical
vulnerable populations. They use this analysis to
theory, which in general has the purpose of
advocate for policy changes that promote equality and
destabilizing systems of power and oppression.
social justice.
 17
Promoting Awareness - Social workers raise awareness BY THE LATE 1800'S, HOWEVER,CHICAGO WAS
of social issues, encouraging individuals and LARGER MADE UP OF CITIZENS WHO DID NOT SPEAK
communities to understand the broader socio-political A COMMON LANGUAGE AND DID NOT SHARED
context that affects their lives. OTHERS CULTURAL VALUES

Change Agent - Social workers act as agents of change THE LEADERS AND PEOPLE OF CHICAGO NEEDED
by challenging oppressive structures and advocating for THEORETICAL GUIDANCE TO DEVELOP SOLUTIONS TO
systemic transformation to improve social conditions. THEIR PROBLEMS, PARTICULARLY REGARDING THE
HIGH RATES OF DELINQUENCY. THIS WAS A KEY
IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL THEORY FACTOR IN WHY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BECAME SO
Critical perspective theories examine how curriculum
IMPORTANT AND DOMINANT IN THE EARLY 1900'S
can both create inequalities and social discrimination,
WHERE ESSENTIALLY, THE MODERN SOCIOLOGY
and how it shapes social ideologies, power, and
DEVELOPED THERE WAS NEEDED MOST TO SOLVE ITS
identities. Feminist and critical race movements have
SOCIAL [Link] CHICAGO PERSPECTIVE
expanded and challenged critical theory, blurring the
BEGAN TO TAKE SHAPE IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
distinction between critical and poststructural
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. IT WAS A
approaches. Recent developments include a renewed
RESPONSE TO THE RAPID URBANIZATION AND
interest in social class, advocacy for critical realist
SOCIAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN AMERICAN CITIES
epistemology, and a critique of global and national
DURING THIS TIME. THE CITY OF CHICAGO, WITH ITS
measurement-based policymaking.
DIVERSE AND DYNAMIC POPULATION, SERVED AS A
UNIQUE LABORATORY FOR SOCIOLOGISTS TO STUDY
GROUP 10: CHICAGO PERSPECTIVE
URBAN LIFE.
The Chicago perspective (sometimes known as the
PROPONENTS
ecological school) refers to a school of thought in
sociology and criminology originating at the university
ROBERT E. FRANK (1864-1944) - Park was an
of Chicago whose work was influential in the early 20th
American sociologist noted for his work on ethnic
century.
minority groups, particularly African Americans, and on
human ecology, a term he is credited with coining. One
The Chicago school is best known for its urban
of the leading figures in what came to be known as the
sociology and for the development of the symbolic
“Chicago school” of sociology, he initiated a great deal
interactionist approach, notably through the work of
of fieldwork in Chicago that explored race relations,
Herbert Blumer. It has focused on human behavior as
migration, ethnic relations, social movements, and
shaped by social structures and physical environmental
social disorganization.
factors, rather than genetic and personal
characteristics.
ERNEST WATSON BURGEES (1886 - 1996) - Ernest W.
Burgess served as the 24th President of the American
HISTORY
Sociological Society. His Presidential Address “Social
Planning and the Mores” was delivered at the
EARLY TO MID 1800'S, MANY LARGE US CITIES HAD
organization’s annual meeting in Chicago in December
NO FORMAL SOCIAL AGENCIES TO HANDLE
1934. Upon his death in 1966, an obituary was
PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION: NO SOCIAL WORKERS,
published in The American Sociologist. Burgess willed
BUILDING INSPECTORS, GARBAGE COLLECTORS, OR
his professional papers to the University of Chicago,
EVEN POLLICE OFFICERS. ONCE POLICE OFFICERS
which maintains this information in its Special
WERE INTRODUCE TO THEIR DUTIES OFTEN
Collections Research Center.
INCLUDED FINDING LOST CHILDREN AND
COLLECTING THE GARBAGE, BECAUSE THERE
CLIFFORD ROBE SHAW (1895-1967) - Shaw was an
WEREN’T OTHER AGENCIES TO PERFORM THESE
American sociologist and criminologist. He was a
TASK.
major figure in the Chicago School of sociology during
 18
the 1930s and 1940s, and is considered to be one of f. The Study of Urban Social Problems - Their research
the most influential figures in American criminology. focused on understanding the root causes of urban
social issues, often exploring how urban environments
HENRY DONALD MCKAY (1899-1980) - Henry was an and social structures contributed to their persistence.
American sociologist and criminologist who, along with This laid the groundwork for subsequent research on
Clifford Shaw, helped to establish the University of urban poverty, crime, and inequality.
Chicago's Sociology Department as the leading
program of its kind in the United States. He and Shaw CONTROVERSIES/CRITICISM/S
were both considered members of the Chicago School
of sociology. He also collaborated with Shaw on two a. Historical Context - The Chicago School emerged
highly influential studies on juvenile delinquency during during a specific historical period, and some argue that
the 1930s and 1940s. Shaw and McKay also developed its findings may not be fully applicable to contemporary
social disorganization theory in a study published in urban settings.
1942
b. Lack of Diversity - the early researchers of the
KEY FEATURES AND CONCEPTS Chicago School were predominantly white. They often
conduct research on marginalized community without
a. Social Disorganization - This theory suggested that proper inclusion or representation of the people they
crime and other social problems were a result of the study.
breakdown of social institutions and the disintegration
of community bonds in urban areas. The school c. Overgeneralization - some critics argue that the
emphasized the importance of studying the social and Chicago School researchers tend to overgeneralize
physical environments in which individuals lived. their findings based on their studies of Chicago's
specific urban environment.
b. Ecological Perspective -This perspective viewed the
city as a complex ecosystem, with different social APPLICATIONS IN SOCIAL WORK
groups occupying distinct ecological niches. It focused
on the interplay between individuals, groups, and their Insights from the Chicago School help Social Workers
physical environment, highlighting the impact of spatial understand how the urban environments, neighborhood
arrangements on social behavior. conditions, and community structures affect and
influence the individual and group behavior. Applying
c. Qualitative Research Methods - Pioneered the use of theories such as social disorganization, differential
methods such as participant observation and association, and human ecology, social workers are
ethnography. This approach allowed for a nuanced better equipped to create community-based
understanding of social phenomena and provided rich interventions, advocate for systemic changes, and
insights into the complexities of urban life. support vulnerable populations in urban settings.

d. Community Studies - Community studies helped in VII. Conclusion (Cha)

understanding the social dynamics, social interactions, In conclusion, the Chicago Perspective on deviance
and social organization within these smaller units, offers an understanding of how social context,
which contributed to a broader understanding of urban environment, and community dynamics influence
life. behaviors that diverge from societal norms.

e. Human Ecology - The Chicago school GROUP 11: GENDER PERSPECTIVE

applied principles of ecology to study human behavior
within urban environments. This approach highlighted Gender - refers to the characteristics of women, men,
the interplay between social factors and urban space, girls and boys that are socially constructed (WHO).
shedding light on how urbanization influences human
behavior and community life. Gender is more fluid – it may or may not depend upon
biological traits. More specifically, it is a concept that
describes how societies determine and manage sex
 19
categories; the cultural meanings attached to men and the social sciences, including gender studies.
women’s roles; and how individuals understand their -Viewing the family as the most integral
identities. component of society, assumptions about
- Gender involves social norms, attitudes and gender roles within marriage assume a
activities that society deems more appropriate prominent place in this perspective.
for one sex over another.
Conflict Theory
Gender and Socialization - According to conflict theory, society is a struggle
- The phrase “boys will be boys” is often used to for dominance among social groups (like
justify behavior such as pushing, shoving, or women versus men) that compete for scarce
other forms of aggression from young boys. The resources.
phrase implies that such behavior is - When sociologists examine gender from this
unchangeable and something that is part of a perspective, we can view men as the dominant
boy’s nature. Aggressive behavior, when it does group and women as the subordinate group.
not inflict significant harm, is often accepted - Friedrich Engels, a German sociologist, studied
from boys and men because it is congruent with family structure and gender roles.
the cultural script for masculinity.
Feminist Theory
Gender Perspective - is a type of conflict theory that examines
- the gender perspective focuses particularly on inequalities in gender-related issues.
gender-based differences in status and power, - It uses the conflict approach to examine the
and considers how such discrimination shapes maintenance of gender roles and inequalities.
the immediate needs, as well as the long-term
interests, of women and men. Symbolic Interactionism
- This is a process that assesses the implications - aims to understand human behavior by
for women and men of any status, condition or analyzing the critical role of symbols in human
action. interaction. This is certainly relevant to the
discussion of masculinity and femininity.
The gender perspective involves three concepts, - When people perform tasks or possess
corresponding to three differentiated processes: characteristics based on the gender role
assigned to them, they are said to be doing
Gender equality as an objective: recognition of gender. This notion is based on the work of West
inequalities and discriminations and the will to overcome and Zimmerman (1987). Whether we are
them, implementing the necessary means for this: expressing our masculinity or femininity, West
promoting social and economic changes, etc. and Zimmerman argue, we are always "doing
gender." Thus, gender is something we do or
The analysis of gender as a tool of knowledge: perform, not something we are.
identifying the needs, the initial situations, the living
conditions, and the position of men and women in a Roles of Social Work in promoting gender equality
differentiated way.
Social workers promote gender equality through various
Gender mainstreaming: how to systematically proceed strategies and practices aimed at addressing social
by incorporating criteria that ensures equality as a injustices and advocating for discriminated people. Here
priority in any action, programme, project or policy. are some key ways they do this:

Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Advocacy: Social workers advocate for policies and
practices that promote gender equality and social
Structural Functionalism justice. This can include lobbying for legislation that
- provided one of the most important perspectives protects the rights of disadvantaged groups, such as the
of sociological research in the twentieth century LGBTQ+ community.
and has been a major influence on research in
 20
Empowerment: They empower individuals and
communities by providing resources, support, and Anxiety, a feeling of dread, fear, or apprehension, often
education. This helps clients gain the skills and with no clear justification. Some anxiety inevitably arises
confidence needed to advocate for themselves and in the course of daily life and is considered normal. But
navigate societal barriers. persistent, intense, chronic, or recurring anxiety not
justified in response to real-life stresses is usually
Cultural Competence: Social workers strive to regarded as a sign of an emotional disorder.
understand and respect the diverse backgrounds of their
clients. By being culturally competent, they can provide Sigmund Freud viewed anxiety as the symptomatic
more effective and equitable services that meet the expression of the inner emotional conflict caused when
unique needs of different populations. a person suppresses (from conscious awareness)
experiences, feelings, or impulses that are too
Community Organizing: Social workers often engage in threatening or disturbing to live with.
community organizing to bring people together to
address common issues. This collective action can help An anxiety disorder may develop where anxiety is
to raise awareness of gender inequalities and push for insufficiently managed, characterized by a continuing or
systemic change. periodic state of anxiety or diffuse fear that is not
restricted to definite situations or objects.
Education and Awareness: They educate clients and the
broader community about social justice issues, helping HISTORY OF ANXIETY DISORDER
to raise awareness of inequalities and the importance of
equity. Ancient Greece and Rome: Philosophers and physicians
like Hippocrates, Cicero, and Seneca recognized anxiety
Direct Services: By providing direct services such as as a distinct medical condition. They described
counseling, housing assistance, and healthcare access, symptoms we now associate with anxiety, such as
social workers help individuals overcome barriers that irrational fears and persistent worry.
contribute to inequality.
Ancient India: Writings from 5.000 BC suggest the
Research and Policy Development: Social workers presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
engage in research to better understand social issues demonstrating early awareness of trauma-related
and develop evidence-based policies that promote equity anxiety.
and inclusion.
Medieval and Early Modern Periods: Anxiety was not
Interdisciplinary Collaboration: They often work with classified as a separate illness during this time.
other professionals and organizations to address However, reports of anxiety-related symptoms continued
complex social issues, ensuring a holistic approach to to emerge, often described under broader terms like
promoting equality. "melancholia" or "vapors."

Through these methods, social workers play a crucial 17th Century: Robert Burton's "The Anatomy of
role in fostering a more equitable society. Melancholy provided a detailed description of anxiety.
contributing to a growing understanding of its
GROUP 12: ANXIETY DISORDER complexities.

[Link] Anxiety Disorder 18th Century: Boissier de Sauvages' nosology

introduced the term "panophobia," which encompassed
According to the World Health Organization, everyone intense fears and anxieties, potentially foreshadowing
can feel anxious sometimes, but people with anxiety modern diagnoses like generalized anxiety disorder and
disorders often experience fear and worry that is both hypochondria.
intense and excessive. These feelings are typically
accompanied by physical tension and other behavioral 19th Century: The concept of "neurasthenia" emerged,
and cognitive symptoms. encompassing a broad range of anxious symptoms. This
 21
era also saw the work of Emil Kraepelin, who focused on ● Experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) problems
the presence of severe anxiety in manic- depressive ● Having difficulty controlling worry
illness, anticipating the "anxious distress" specifier in ● Having the urge to avoid things that trigger
DSM-5 for bipolar disorders. anxiety

20th Century: The first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [Link] Types of Anxiety Disorder
of Mental Disorders (DSM) was published in 1952,
providing a standardized framework for classifying 1. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
mental illnesses, including anxiety disorders. The)
emerged as a prominent approach, focusing on Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) usually involves
identifying and modifying negative thought patterns and persistent and excessive feeling of anxiety or dread,
behaviors which can interfere with daily life. It is not the same as
occasionally worrying about things or experiencing
Treatment Approaches: Early treatments for anxiety anxiety due to stressful life events. People living with
included herbal remedies, hydropathy, and even harmful GAD experience frequent anxiety for months, if not
drugs like opium. The 20th century saw the development years. Often the worries focus on everyday things such
of more effective treatments, including: as job responsibilities, family health or minor matters
such as chores, car repairs, or appointments.
Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
emerged as a prominent approach, focusing on 2. Panic Disorder
identifying and modifying negative thought patterns and
behaviors. People with panic disorder have frequent and
unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden
Medication: The discovery of drugs like periods of intense fear, discomfort, or sense of losing
benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, and later, control even when there is no clear danger or trigger. Not
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and everyone who experiences a panic attack will develop
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) panic disorder.
revolutionized the treatment of anxiety.
People with panic disorder often worry about when the
[Link] causes anxiety? next attack will happen and actively try to prevent future
attacks by avoiding places, situations, or behaviors they
● past or childhood experiences associate with panic attacks. Panic attacks can occur as
● your current life situation frequently as several times a day or as rarely
● physical and mental health problems as a few times a year.
● drugs and medication
3. Phobia-related disorders
[Link]
A phobia is an intense fear of—or hatred to— specific
Common anxiety signs and symptoms include: objects or situations. Although it can be realistic to be
anxious in some circumstances, the fear people with
● Feeling nervous, restless or tense phobias feel is out of proportion to the actual danger
● Having a sense of impending danger, panic or caused by the situation or object.
doom
● Having an increased heart rate Types of phobias and phobia-related disorders:
● Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)
● Sweating a. Specific Phobia
● Trembling b. Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
● Feeling weak or tired c. Agoraphobia
● Trouble concentrating or thinking about anything d. Separation Anxiety Disorder
other than the present worry e. Selective Mutism
● Having trouble sleeping
 22
There are several types of phobias and phobia-related normal language skills. Selective mutism usually occurs
disorders: before the age of 5 and is often associated with extreme
shyness, fear of social embarrassment, compulsive
Specific phobias (sometimes called simple phobias): As traits, withdrawal, clinging behavior, and temper
the name suggests, people who have a specific phobia tantrums. People diagnosed with selective mutism are
have an intense fear of, or feel intense anxiety about, often also diagnosed with other anxiety disorders.
specific types of objects or situations. Some examples
of specific phobias include the fear of: V. The Role of Social Workers in Addressing Anxiety
• Flying
• Heights Social Workers are uniquely positioned to address
• Specific animals, such as spiders, dogs, or snakes anxiety in their clients, employing a holistic approach
• Receiving injections that considers the individual’s environment, history, and
• Blood personal strengths. Their role involves:

Social anxiety disorder (previously called social ● Assessment and Identification: Carefully
phobia): A person with social anxiety disorder has evaluating clients to identify anxiety, its triggers,
significant anxiety and discomfort about being and its manifestations.
embarrassed, humiliated, rejected or looked down on in ● Strategy Development: Crafting personalized
social interactions. People with this disorder will try to intervention plans that incorporate
avoid the situation or endure it with great anxiety. Social evidence-based therapies tailored to the client’s
anxiety disorder can manifest in a range of situations, specific needs.
such as within the workplace or the school environment.
Common examples are extreme fear of public speaking, Innovative Therapies and Strategies
meeting new people or eating/drinking in public.
To combat anxiety effectively, Social Workers can draw
Agoraphobia: Agoraphobia is the fear of being in from a repertoire of cutting-edge therapies, each offering
situations where escape may be difficult or unique benefits:
embarrassing, or help might not be available in the event
of panic symptoms. ● Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Aims to
change negative thought patterns and behaviors
A person with agoraphobia experiences this fear in two contributing to anxiety.
or more of the following situations:
● Using public transportation Core Principles: CBT operates on the premise that
● Being in open spaces negative thoughts and patterns of behavior contribute to
● Being in enclosed places the development and maintenance of anxiety. By
● Standing in line or being in a crowd identifying, challenging, and altering these thoughts and
● Being outside the home alone behaviors, individuals can significantly reduce anxiety
levels.
Separation anxiety disorder: Separation anxiety is often
thought of as something that only children deal with. Application in Social Work:
However, adults can also be diagnosed with separation
anxiety disorder. People with separation anxiety disorder ● Identifying specific negative thought patterns
fear being away from the people they are close to. They and behaviors affecting the client.
often worry that something bad might happen to their ● Utilizing techniques such as cognitive
loved ones while they are not together. This fear makes restructuring to challenge and change these
them avoid being alone or away from their loved patterns.
[Link] may have bad dreams about being separated ● Implementing behavioral experiments to test the
or feel unwell when separation is about to happen. validity of certain beliefs and fears.

Selective mutism: Selective mutism occurs when people ● Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR):
fail to speak in specific social situations despite having Utilizes mindfulness meditation and yoga to
 23
enhance present-moment awareness and Manic vs. Hypomania vs Depression
reduce stress.
The word "manic" describes the times when someone
Key Features: with bipolar disorder shows an extreme level of activity,
● Emphasizes the importance of mindfulness in energy, mood, or behavior.
everyday life.
● Teaches clients to observe their thoughts and Symptoms of mania:
feelings without judgment.
● Happiness, hopefulness, and excitement
Social Work Practice: ● Sudden changes from being joyful to being
irritable, angry, and hostile
● Incorporating mindfulness exercises into ● Restlessness
sessions to help clients become more aware of ● Rapid speech and poor concentration
their anxiety triggers. ● Increased energy and less need for sleep
● Guiding clients in the practice of mindful ● Unusually high sex drive
breathing and meditation to manage acute ● Making grand and unrealistic plans
anxiety symptoms.
"Hypomania" describes milder symptoms of mania, in
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): which someone does not have delusions or
Encourages clients to accept their thoughts and feelings hallucinations, and their high symptoms do not interfere
while committing to actions aligned with their values. with their everyday life. It can feel more manageable
than mania. You will usually be able to continue with
Essential Concepts: your daily activities without these being too badly
affected. But other people may notice a change in your
● Utilizes acceptance and mindfulness strategies mood and behaviour.
alongside commitment and behavior change
strategies. Symptoms of hypomania can include:
● Focuses on values and committed action to help
clients live a meaningful life in the face of ● Happy, euphoric or a sense of wellbeing
anxiety. ● Very excited, like you can't get your words out
fast enough
Utilization in Social Work: ● Irritable and agitated
● Facilitating the exploration of personal values ● Spending money excessively
and how anxiety interferes with living according ● Losing social inhibitions or taking risks
to these values.
● Developing mindfulness skills to help clients The word "depressive" describes the same as those
engage with the present moment more fully. described in major depressive disorder or clinical
depression, a condition in which someone never has
GROUP 13: BIPOLAR DISORDER manic or hypomanic episodes.

Definition of Bipolar Disorder During depressive periods, a person with bipolar disorder
may have:
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder, characterized
by repeated episodes of depression and unnaturally ● Loss of energy
elevated mood along with changes in levels of energy ● Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness
and activity. These episodes may last from several days ● Less enjoyment of things they once liked
to weeks. Also known as bipolar affective disorder, ● Trouble concentrating
manic depressive illness or manic depression, BD can ● Forgetfulness
lead to drastic changes in thinking, judgment, memory, ● Talking slowly
behavior, and sleep. ● Less of a sex drive
 24
History of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar 2 - You've had at least one major depressive
episode and at least one hypomanic episode. But you've
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, never had a manic episode.
has been recognized in various forms for thousands of
years, but its understanding and classification have Cyclothymia - This type involves periods of manic and
evolved over time. The ancient Greeks, particularly depressive behavior that last at least 2 years in adults or
Hippocrates (460-370 B.C) in the 5th century BCE, 1 year in children and teens. The symptoms aren’t as
described symptoms resembling what we now call intense as bipolar disorder I or bipolar disorder II.
bipolar disorder, associating them with imbalances in
bodily fluids. Rapid cycling bipolar - it means that four or more manic,
hypomanic, or depressive episodes have taken place
The modern conceptualization of bipolar disorder began within a twelve-month period.
to take shape in the 19th century. French psychiatrist
Jean-Pierre Falret (November 30, 1794 - January 28, Bipolar with mixed features - refers to the presence of
1870) is often credited with providing one of the earliest high and low symptoms occurring at the same time, or
comprehensive descriptions of the disorder in 1851. He as part of a single episode, in people experiencing an
described the condition as "la folie circulaire" (circular episode of mania or depression.
insanity), which highlighted the cyclical nature of mood
episodes. Bipolar with seasonal pattern or most commonly known
as Seasonal Affective Disorder - it refers to the episodes
Later, Emil Kraepelin (February 15, 1856 - October 7, of mania that may be linked to a specific season. One
1926) , a German psychiatrist in the late 19th and early major example is that spring and summer can bring on
20th centuries, made significant contributions by symptoms of mania or hypomania, anxiety, agitation and
categorizing and classifying mood disorders. Kraepelin irritability. They may also experience depression during
distinguished between manic-depressive illness and the fall and winter months.
other forms of mental illness, laying the groundwork for
the current understanding of bipolar disorder. Unspecified bipolar - is a type of bipolar disorder where
the symptoms do not meet the criteria for another type
Etiology of Bipolar Disorder
Is Borderline Personality Disorder the same as Bipolar
Bipolar disorder appears to develop from a combination Disorder? The answer is NO. Those with this disorder
of factors, according to the NIMH have extremely intense emotions that can shift rapidly
from a negative, depressed state to an elated one, but
Genetic factors: Bipolar disorder is more common in with a predominance of negative feeling states. In this
people who have a family member with the condition. psychiatric illness, the extreme and intense mood
Several genetic features may be involved. swings often are precipitated by reactions to events
(“trigger events”) that are disproportionate to the event
Biological traits: Imbalances in neurotransmitters or and that someone else might take in stride. The illness is
hormones that affect the brain may play a role. also characterized by rejection-sensitivity, chaotic
relationships, and an overall difficulty in managing
Environmental factors: Life events, such as abuse, emotions.
mental stress, a significant loss, or another traumatic
event, may trigger an initial episode. Medications

Types of Bipolar Disorder Several medicines are used to treat bipolar disorder. The
types and doses of medicines prescribed are based on
Bipolar 1 - You've had at least one manic episode that your symptoms. Usually you'll need a mood stabilizer or
may come before or after hypomanic or major an antipsychotic medicine that functions as a mood
depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may cause a stabilizer
break from reality. This is called psychosis.
It may include:
 25
Fact: Bipolar disorder is more common in adults, but it
● Mood stabilizing may also affect children.
● Antipsychotics
● Antidepressant Myth #4: Substance use causes bipolar disorder
● Antidepressant-antipsychotic combination.
● Anti-anxiety medications or sleep medicines, Fact: Substance use alone doesn’t cause bipolar
such as sedatives like benzodiazepines disorder on its own, but it may increase symptoms.

Treatments Myth #5: People with bipolar disorder are violent

Psychotherapy Fact: Untreated bipolar disorder may raise your risk of

aggressive behavior, but most people with the condition
● Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy aren’t violent or dangerous.
(IPSRT). This is based on the idea that having a
daily routine for everything, from sleeping to Functions of Social Worker in terms of Bipolar Disorder
eating, can help keep your mood stable.
● Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This helps Clinical social work is a healthcare profession based on
you replace bad habits and actions with more theories and methods of prevention and treatment in
positive alternatives. It also can help you learn to providing mental-health/healthcare services, with special
manage stress and other negative triggers. focus on behavioral and bio-psychosocial problems and
disorders. Clinical social work’s unique attributes include
Psychoeducation. Learning more and teaching family use of the person-in-environment perspective, respect
members about bipolar disorder can help give you for the primacy of client rights and strong therapeutic
support when episodes happen. alliance between client and practitioner. The knowledge
base of clinical social work includes theories of
Family-focused therapy. This sets up a support system biological, psychological and social development,
to help with treatment and helps your loved ones diversity and cultural competency, interpersonal
recognize the beginning of an episode. relationships, family and group dynamics, mental
disorders, addictions, impacts of illness, trauma or injury
Electroconvulsive Therapy. Small doses of electricity and the effects of the physical, social and cultural
shock the brain and set off a small seizure to kind of environment.
reboot it and change the balance of certain chemicals.
Assessing and Diagnosing Mental Health Problems:
Misconceptions and Facts about Bipolar Disorder Clinical social workers are trained to assess their client's
psychological, social, and emotional needs. Through
Myth #1: Bipolar disorder looks the same in everyone interviews, observation, and questionnaires, they can
who has it evaluate the symptoms of mental illness and make an
accurate diagnosis. They may also use other
Fact: Bipolar disorder affects different people in different assessment tools, such as psychometric or
ways. In general, it causes unusual shifts in mood, psychological assessments, to better understand the
energy, and activity levels. But the frequency and individual's mental health condition.
intensity of symptoms can vary.
Provide Support and Treatment: Clinical Social workers
Myth #2: Bipolar disorder is easy to diagnose treat mental health issues in various ways, depending on
the individual's needs. This can include counseling,
Fact: Bipolar disorder can cause similar symptoms as cognitive behavioral therapy, or psychotherapy. They
some other mental health conditions, which can make it work closely with other healthcare professionals, such
challenging to diagnose. as psychiatrists and psychologists, to ensure treatments
are tailored to the individual's needs.
Myth #3: Bipolar disorder only affects adults
 26
Advocate and Connect Clients With Resources: Clinical
social workers also advocate for their clients on both the
individual and community levels to ensure their rights
are upheld. They may work with local, state, or federal
agencies to access additional resources for those in
need.

Provide Education On Mental Health Issues: Clinical

social workers are responsible for educating individuals
on mental health issues to help them make informed
decisions about their treatment and care. They do this by
providing accurate information on different mental
health conditions, including depression, anxiety, bipolar
disorder, and schizophrenia. They also provide
information on treatments such as medication, therapy,
lifestyle changes, and support networks.