Certificate This is to certify that Shri/Kum. futet__Devinshevner sstaneshbhor Registration ll Noro syo3gsi2 of- nice ! Engineering has satisfactorily completed 7 Term - Work, in Applied Mechanics [Code : 3300008] Term/Year Institute Date of Submission — $$ $$$ ae Head Signature of Faculty q of Applied Mechanics Department Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO. 1 LAW _OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES. o AIM: : To verify the Law of Parallelogram of forces through experiment. (Q EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS : Drawing board, thread, pan, weights, paper, slotted weights ‘THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : ‘The law states that ‘If two forces acting at a point be by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the through the same point represents, in magnitude and direction, scale, pulley or Universal Force Table with represented in magnitude and direction, diagonal of the parallelogram passing the resultant of the two forces’. P Fig. 1a) Fig. 1(b) R= JP?+Q+2PQCos0 a= tan" [Q Sin 8 / (P + Q Cos 0)} P, Q = two forces R = Resultant of P and Q 6 = Angle between P and Q a = Angle between P and R PROCEDURE - (When drawing board is used) : 1. Place the drawing board in vertical position. 2. Attach the pulleys at left and right comer as shown in figure 1(¢) 3, Pass the thread on these pulleys as shown in figure 1(¢). 4, Attach the pan at all three ends. | 5. Stick a paper temporarily on drawing board behind the thread. | & Put some weights on each pan such that angle is not very acute or obtuse. 7 ihe giretion of each thread and also note the weights on each pan, in the lines. | Mark Take out the paper and joi — mn Scanned with CamScannerWUFBIW(2 D OBSERVATIONS : (When drawing board is used) ‘Angle between SN. Force Force P gms Rigms | P&Q ++ | ie (When Universal Force Table is used) Magnitude of forces Position of forces . 7 Q R Q SAMPLE CALCULATION : cukare pesunance F277 sta} Fe hse | eorce ipngie > a bee lenay lawt} ares | era ago al co [Be 3 les BH? | [a.29 Jo,0° Ra Scanned with CamScannerLAW OF PARALLELOGRAM 0) [seats Tien = Posten jlo rv!- R= Vp Fe fraces @ = \ CP +10 y+? C152) (100) (WW © = 2M 9u dont = Ose Pros @ > [e® Sinerd So + [eos 60 > OOF ve tan! cout) v= tan! [Link] . Orbe tus ft P=280 99 a= [509m Reaoogw 62 53 eed F FORCES p> yoo yy ee Ob FOHAS(2 Scanned with CamScannerar 2OEFOHIGSNE -{ a RESULT : ‘Analytical R= 728 a= 20,22 Graphical R= 3409W) as Yo, 0° Experimental R= W009 g= 760 v OQ CONCLUSION : 4 or posforrens acele Pxperemen? (uu OF fuyaltele guar? Foye) oH verotes of L/ - Date Signature + The values of R & ot are very’near and difference is due to (A) Non co planarity of forces. (2) Error in marking the direction of forces (3) Friction in pulleys. Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO. 2 LAW _OF POLYGON OF FORCES Q aM: To verify the Law of Polygon of forces through éxperiment. Q EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS : Drawing board, thread, pan, weights, paper,’ scale, and pulleys or Universal Force Table with Slotted weights Q THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : The law states that “If a number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in magnitude and direction, by the:sides of a polygon taken in order, then the resultant of all these forces is represented, in magnitude ‘and direction, by the closing side of the polygon, taken in opposite order.” b Fig. 2(a) Space dia Q PROCEDURE : (When drawing board is used) . Place the drawing board in vertical position. yp . Attach the pulleys at left, right top and bottom points arbitrarily. . Attach threads to a ring and:pass’the threads-on these pulleys as shown in figure 2(c) }. Attach the pan at all ends. . Stick a paper temporarily on drawing board behind the ring. . Put some weights on each pan such that angle is not very acute or obtuse. [Link] centre and direction of each thread and also note the wei; . Take: out the paper and join the lines, . Transfer these lines in your manual page, . Measure all the angles. : ~ Mark all forces as Fy, Fa Fs, and Fy. in, order. . Select a suitable scale and draw poly; as sides of polygon . . Since all these forces are in equilibritim'the ‘polygon’ shall ‘be closed one, . If the polygon is not closed one calculate the closing . Compare the values of closing error. Fig. 2(b) Vector dia ights on each pan, ‘gon as shown in figure 2(b) considering all forces i error by analytical and graphical method. ~~ Scanned with CamScannerQ OBSERVATION TABLE : "ANGLE BETWEEN Ler | [- _ Poa | [oe] @ SAMPLE CALCULATION : Calculate closing error by following equation to verify result. Q CLOSING ERROR = ,(5H)’ + (ZV) St] | ponces Ange —_ | Reatsonce Ty] | Folry | es Fa | 6 Ov 63|u | 2, [250 |as0 pee pr? St tra leq | HS i rw | goo] 252| 250] 3°°/64 [Ro jp. [oes Ld = € 300 casstt rsecaiset BOCs Here 33° osingt + 205M [30f UOT ye RESUS (27 £390 COS 3 6S" 1 (PF ZOOS N SES fank> El ae Pe mn Cee FE 2 (aw Pent 3H ES RR, Scanned with CamScanner9 on pos asle ‘O RESULT : ‘Analytical 292, 4) ° “Closing, Error = eRe? s Graphical 29.5 Closing Error = 93+ Experimental Closing Error = 0 } GQ CONCLUSION : F poaforrins dfove Geterment souor PHI? or ene? ey verteca! |G NOTE : The value of closing error is very small and is due to (1) Non co planarity of forces. (2) Error in marking the direction of forces (3) Friction in pulleys. 5 Bs _ — at Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO. 3. * [LAMPS THEOREM (VARIFICATION) OAM: To verify Lami’s Theorem through experiment. OQ EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS : ‘ Drawing board, thread, pan, weights, paper, scale, and’ pulleys or Universal Force Table, O THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : Le The theorem states that ‘If three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle included between the other two forces. 2 P Fig. 4 Q _R Mathematically E> = inp * Siny Q: PROCEDURE : (When drawing board is used) 1. Place the drawing board in vertical positiqn. 2. Attach the pulleys at left and right comer. }; Pass the thread on these pulleys’as shown in figure 1(c) I--Attach the pan-at all-three ends. 4 Stick a paper temporarily on drawing board behind the thread, Put some weights on each pan such that angle is not very acute ‘or obtuse." . Mark the direction of each thread and alio note the weights on each pan, . Take out the paper and join the lines and transfer these lines in your manual page. ). Measure all three angles. ts 1. Calculate the value of —_ Sing ~ Scanned with CamScanner20614 03 1962— yr (When Universal Force Table is used) iS 1. Make the Universal Force table horizontal with the help of Spirit level. is 2. Attach three pulleys at such position that angle between any two is not very acute angle, 3, Pass the thread on these pulleys as shown in figure and attach pan to each thread, 4, Put some weights on each pan ( or hang slotted weights with each thread) anal ae the weights such that the ring is exactly in the centre under the effect of all these three forces. Consider, one force as P and next forces as Q, R. . Note down the position of pulleys and the forces (weights) applied. ae 7. Calculate the value of OBSERVATIONS : OBS. FORCES ANGLE BETWEEN No. P Q R P&Q Q&R R&P 2. [ra [tse |aoo 0% Us Ww [ woo [uo | co (wo 160 Q SAMPLE CALCULATION : Calculate Pure UWIsi « "3 Sica smog S Ups v REE Scanned with CamScanner239s! & LAMI’S THEOREM (Verification) rR { P>uvogMm Sf Scanned with CamScannerQ RESULT : Pp 52 sR .' maz ~ slg SINS? “ AUK =HgS6 > $06.3) |] O CONCLUSION : Date 5 PQ. oR Q NOTE : The value of <=» Sinff> Siny Should be constant if not the difference is due to (1) Non co planarity of forces. (2) Error in marking the direction of forces 3) Friction in pulleys. | Scanned with CamScannerREACTIONS OF A BEAM (USING PARALLEL FORCE APPARATUS) | o AIM: To find the support reactions of simply supported beam experimentally EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS : Parallel Force Apparatus (Compression Spring Type) slotted weights, Q THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : ‘The beam is said to be a simply supported bea exist. In this experiment this condition is achieved b) beam is in static equilibrium, conditions of equilibrium can be apy 2 EV =0 and ?M=0 weight hangers scale m when only vertical reactions at supports yy applying only vertical forces. Since the plied to find reactions at 7 s TTT Fig. 4: PARALLEL FORCE APPARATUS PROCEDURE : (1) Note down the init left and right. (2) For one point I gms.) to the weight hanger. {@) Note down the weight attached and its distance from left support balances both left and right. two weight hangers at any position and note down the weights, (4) For two point load attach , i ite distance from left support and readings of compression balances both left and right. (5) For three point load attach three weight hangers at any position and note down the weights, ie distanee from left support and readings ‘of compression balances both left and right. (6) Find the experimental value of reactions of the supports by subtracting the initial readings of compression balances from the final readings. tial readings of Parallel Force Apparatus (compression balances) both joad put one weight hanger and attach some weights (in multiple of 100 ‘and readings of compression Scanned with CamScanner(7) Also find reactions by applying conditions of equilibrium ZV=0and M=0 (8) Compare the experimental and theoretical values of support reactions. Q SAMPLE CALCULATION : ev tov Wy tte Pey.o adfh—1o 20-10 +P B= O Ret Rp evo —G Erg = ~Co.28x13) “C20KeSD —C/OKA POTN (RB Ra 22° Ry #20792 Ry e402? Plage 20 pyr tO = Wea ——eEe a Scanned with CamScanner21 Fostasie 1ysy wisn souareyid “T2q “dutoo Jo “pros [CHIU = souepeg worssoxduso3 Jo ynoo asta °Z = 71 = umoq amp Jo weds “7 + NOLLYAUASO O Scanned with CamScannera a | ' “ LOU) FO3/ 9812, Q RESULT : - fy e2Y ppg = vor Q CONCLUSION : Date Signature Q NOTE : The difference in experimental and theoretical values may be due to least count of scale of compression balance since in some balances it is 500 grams, Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO. 5 REACTIONS OF A BEAM GRAPHICAL) To find Reactions of a beam graphically. Q EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS : Set squares, roller scale etc, Q THEORETICAL BACKGROUND : The forces acting on beam and reactions are always in static equilibrium and unknown os can be computed by applying conditions of equilibrium i. e. J H = 0, ZV = 0, M=0 Also the reactions can be found out graphically using Funicular Polygon. PROCEDURE : = First draw space diagram to some scale. Extend the line of action of forces downwards. = To the right side of space diagram, take suitable point a, From a, draw ab parallel to AB, be parallel to BC, cd parallel to CD. = Select suitable point 0. Join oa, ob, oc, od. => Now take suitable point P; on the line of action of RA. From P, draw line P, Pz, parallel to line oa of the vector diagram. Similarly, draw P, P3 parallel to ob, Ps P, parallel to oc, Py Ps parallel to od. = Join P, and Ps. = Now in the vector diagram draw line oe, parallel line P, Ps. = Now, measure ae and de. ae = Ra, de = Rp es — Scanned with CamScannerJO SITY AML PLY SUPPORTED. BEAM REACTIONS OF SIM! SCALE (C11 OV X AXIS 1 Cm = y axis 1. Cm= Scanned with CamScannerUPHLOBNAS(Y REACTIONS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM X AXIS 1 Cm= Y AXIS 1 Cm = Ree 2tenele™ -1V Ry > 2.3.67 KLOw 7UN Scanned with CamScannerQ RESULT : - 20v eam -! > Bean Leto che Tt « Re i Jel, Bee DM, RB ® 34 Q CONCLUSION : Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT NO. 6 CENTROID OF LAMINA AIM: The ‘determination of the centroid of a lamina. OBJECT : To determine the position of the centroid of a lamina. APPARATUS : A circular lamina of plywood with three removable discs and six equi-spaced samll holes, to suspend the lamina on the pin of the stand, sheet of drawing paper, plum bob. PROCEDURE : S 1, Study the apparatus supplied and draw sketches of its main parts. 2. Attach one sheet of drawing paper to the lamina. check that the three discs are in position and hang the lamina from any one of the small holes. Make sure that the lamina oscillates freely. If not adjust the position of the pin to make the lamina oscillate freely. 3. Hang the plumb bob and the string on the pin in front of the lamina, keeping the string close to the lamina. When the lamina is at rest. Mark a line on the paper to show the position of the string. 4, Rehang the Imina from the next small hole and after checking that the lamina can swing freely repeat step 3 of the procedure. 5. Repeat the expriment for each of the hole for remaining outer holes. 6. Ifall sources of errors could be eliminated then the six lines would pass through a common point hich is called the centroid of the lamina, 7. Because of errors of measurements. The six lines are not passing through a common point, then you will‘ observe a small area formed by six lines. Then locate the center of the area, which will be the centroid obtained experimently, mark it as G1. 8. Remove one of the three discs and repeat the step 3 to 7. Mark the new set of lines with different colours, Mark it as G2. 9. Observe the shift-between G1 and G2 if any. 10. Remove one more disc (remianed-in step 8) and repeat the expremental step 3 to 7. Mark this as G3, so that the changed centroid position can be related to G1 and G2. 11, Remove one more disc (remained in step 10) and repeat the experimental steps 3 to 7 mark this as G4 so that the changed centroid position can be related to. Gl, G2 and G3. Scanned with camScannerPosition of disc Difference between C.G and reference point in mm All disc placed as One disc removed Soo Two disc removed unm All disc removed 0.5 mr Q CONCLUSION : Poo Thes Cx Patron Wp are akorofend oly ceed of aovelg of fhe lomimd ond con deypyrne chawlesec of Cae C& OOS [a5 ON fhe veracal lime fron O-heve the © 03 herrgir > rece) ‘Signature v Scanned with CamScannerCOEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (USING HORIZONTAL PLANE) To find Coefficient of Friction for different contact surfaces (Horizontal surface). 1 EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS : (Q AIM: Friction apparatus, specimen of different material (Box), pan, thread, weights, spirit level. Q THEORETICAL BACKGROUND :., When a body moves on a rough surface a resistance develops at the contact surface which ‘opposes the motion. This resistance is known as Frictional Resistance or Force of friction or simply Friction. This resistance is due to interlocking property of particles on the surface. When a body on a rough horizontal plane is just to slide due to a horizontal force all forces are assumed to be in equilibrium and at this condition applied force is equal to frictional resistance. Laws of friction : The laws of dry friction are . 1. The frictional force is always opposite'td the motidn'of the, body. 2, ;The ratio of frictional resistance to the normal reaction is always constant. 3. The frictional force is independent of the area of contact. )' =< i 4, The coefficient of static friction is always greater than coefficient of dyriamic; friction Fig. 7(@) P =F Where —P- Applied Force F — Frictional Resistance F=pRAnd R=W Where |, R — Normal Reaction ‘ w — Weight of specimen (Box) 1 — Coefficient of Friction 7s ee er “Scanned with CamScanner_@ PROCEDURE . Make the friction apparatus horizontal using spirit level. . Place the wooden box on the top surface. . Attach a pan using thread and pass the thread on the pulley. . Put a very small weight ori the pan and see the movement of box. If it does m the plane go on increasing the weight in the pan till the box starts sliding, ; . Note down the weight of the box (including weights in the box) ie. W and the weight in the pan (including the weight of the pan) ie. P Repeat steps 4 and 5 for different W 7. Calculate [1 for each observation and find out average 8. Plot a graph between P & W passing through origin the slope of the line will give value of pt (Plot P on Y axis). jot slide on OBSERVATIONS : (A) Contact Surface .: Weight of box = 724 9 Weight of pan = 23-977 W = weight of box +,weight placed in the box P = weight of pan + weight in the pan Total Weight Total Weight ‘Average H | Ht from graph including including pan P gms. jot (yt Lct t+ ur nt yp wtand=f=G w— Fig. 710) Scanned with CamScanner