CCIT4085

▪ Data and Information

▪ Benefits of using Information Technology and Computers

▪ Trends:
▪ Internet of Things (IoT)
▪ Big Data
▪ Cloud Computing
▪ Automation
▪ Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

▪ What is Information Literacy?

1.1 - Information Technology, Computers and Information Literacy
▪ The Process of Information Search and Models
2

Data and Information

Data: raw, no meaning
e.g. data in a spreadsheet

Conceptually, information is the message being conveyed.

This concept has numerous other meanings in different
contexts.

Information: data that are processed

Generally speaking, information is a series of meaningful and integrated to be meaningful, e.g.
and useful facts. average, maximum, differences,
chart, etc.
Russ Ackoff “From Data to Wisdom”, Journal of Applied Systems

To better understand the concept, let’s consider some Knowledge: useful patterns from
Analysis, Volume 16, 1989 p 3-9

related terms: organized data and information, e.g.

▪ data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. IF <condition(s)> THEN <result>

20210123 Wisdom: evaluate the discovered

knowledge and make
 data or information? 3 recommendation for the future.

Examples
Topic: Daily temperature
Data: Daily temperatures recorded over a region for a year
Information: Both raw data and information can have different forms (or types)
Knowledge: Examples: text, numbers, images, audio, or video.

Wisdom:
In order to make raw data become useful information, a process
Topic: Supermarket is required to "handle" and "digest" some forms of raw data and
Data: Purchased record of each customer e.g. {Egg, Coke, Chips, Ham} "convert" them into some forms of useful information.
over a year
Information: 1st Purchase: {Egg, Coke, Chips}, 2nd Purchase: {Coke, Ham, These five steps together is called the information processing
Chips}, 3rd Purchase: {Coke, Chips}… cycle:
Knowledge: ▪ input, process, output, store, and communicate
Wisdom:
5 6

1
 ▪ Input – data is acquired or gathered and entered into the computer system. The
data is validated by checking for completeness and accuracy. Data in this case refers
to unprocessed text, numbers, images, video or audio.
▪ Processing – the operations performed on the data to produce information. The
Central Processing Unit (CPU) in the computer is responsible for processing data.
▪ Output – presentation of the information to the user, and it should in the required
format. Output can be viewed, printed or heard and communicated to those that
require it. This can be in the form of softcopy, hardcopy, audio or video output.
▪ Storage – saving data or output for future use. Data and information stored on
secondary storage (external memory) is not lost when the computer is switched off.
▪ Communication – computers are able to communicate with other computers and
so can receive and send information. This communication can be in the form of e-
mails, instant messaging (IM), Short text messaging (SMS), multi-media service
Information Processing Cycle (MMS), video conferencing, blogs or social networking.
7
Source: https://technofrequency.wordpress.com/2014/09/18/the-information-processing-cycle/

Input data -> Scan [ data? ]

A computer processes data into

information. In this simplified example,
then item ordered, item price, quantity
ordered, and amount received all
represent data. The computer
processes the data to produce the
cash register receipt (information).

Output information -> Print [ information? ]

Source: https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=information-processing-cycle_1 10

First try: A computer is a typical kind of information technologies.

Information technologies are devices or systems that can capture Take computer as an example, there are many advantages of
(input), process, exchange, store, and/or present data or information. using them:
▪ Speed: huge processing speed
Not good enough.
The postal system, a filing cabinet, a library, a mathematical formula, a ▪ Reliability: (quite) reliable hardware and software
VCR recorder can all fit in the above description, however, they are not ▪ Consistency: consistent results
information technologies.
▪ Storage: huge storage capacity and many different media
A better answer: ▪ Communication: easy to be connected
Information technologies can be considered as electronic systems of
hardware and software that can capture, digitally process, exchange,
store, and/or present data or information.
11 12

2
Computer Applications in Society Computer Applications in Society

Education 教育 Science 科學
In some schools, students have mobile computers on their desks Cameras small enough to swallow (A camera pill) – take pictures
during classroom lectures. inside your body to detect polyps, cancers, and other abnormalities.

Finance ⾦融 Publishing 出版
With online banking, users access account balances, pay bills, and Many magazine and newspaper publishers make the content of their
copy monthly transactions from the bank’s computer. publications available online.

Government 政府
Police officers have in-vehicle computers and mobile devices to Travel 旅遊
access emergency, missing person, and criminal records in computer This handheld navigation device gives users turn-by-turn voice-
networks. prompted directions to a destination.

Health Care 保健
Doctors, nurses, technicians, and other medical staff use computers Manufacturing 製造業
and computerized devices to assist with medical tests. Automotive factories use industrial robots to weld car bodies.

True or False True or False

Q. Information is a collection of unprocessed items, which can

include text, numbers, images, audio and video. Q. Computers have the disadvantages of fast speeds, high failure
rates, producing consistent results, storing small amounts of data,
and communicating with others.

15 16

CHECKPOINT

1. Which of the following help make Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become more
powerful, accessible and widespread.
recommendation for the future?
Innovation and technology are drivers for economic growth and the key to
enhance competitiveness.
A. Wisdom
Remarkable changes are highlighted from current technology trends:
B. Knowledge ▪ Internet of Things (IoT)

C. Information ▪ Big Data

▪ Cloud Computing
D. Data ▪ Automation

▪ Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

18

3
 The Internet is no longer just a network of computers, servers and
mobile devices. IoT comprises all sorts of devices connected to
the Internet, including household appliances, security cameras,
transportation systems, medical devices, home entertainment
systems, etc.

Trillion dollar industry with billions of dollars of capital investment

into IoT. It reshaped the consumer experience, increased
automation, gathered information in a better way. The potential is
virtually limitless.

Source: www.edureka.co

19 20

▪ If programmed appropriately, smart devices are able to evaluate

▪ A sensor needs to be connected to a network so that the gathered
data that is provided to them and modify processes or settings “on
data can be stored and shared.
the fly”.
▪ Controllers are responsible for collecting data from sensors and
▪ If provided with sufficient data, they can “learn” and modify their
providing network or Internet connectivity.
own code based on the new parameters.
▪ Controllers may have the ability to make immediate decisions, or they
▪ Smart cities use sensors to control many of their infrastructure may send data to a more powerful computer for analysis.
systems such as traffic flow, parking, water utilization, and hydro.
▪ Sensors often work together with a device called an actuator.
▪ Self-driving cars are equipped with many ultrasound sensors,
cameras, precision GPSs, and computers. ▪ Actuators take electrical input and transform the input into physical
action.
▪ The Cloud - Data centers or groups of connected servers used to
store and analyze data, provide access to on-line applications, and ▪ Artificial Intelligence (AI) - devices have the ability to “think” on
provide backup services. their own.
21 22

CHECKPOINT

2. In the context of IoT, ____ are Big data refers to:

responsible for taking electrical inputs ▪ a large volume of data
▪ structured or unstructured
and transforming the inputs into ▪ can be analyzed for better decisions
physical actions.
Characteristics of big data:
A. controllers ▪ Volume 容量
▪ Velocity 速度
B. GPS
▪ Variety 多樣化
C. actuators ▪ Variability 可變性

D. sensors ▪ Complexity 錯綜複雜

24

4
 ▪ Variety: data comes in all types of formats
▪ Volume - organizations collect data from different sources ▪ structured data, numeric data
▪ Business transactions ▪ unstructured documents
▪ Social media ▪ email
▪ Information from sensor ▪ video, audio
▪ machine-to-machine data ▪ stock ticker data, financial transaction

▪ Velocity: data streams in at an unprecedented speed and must be ▪ Variability

dealt with in a timely manner ▪ data flows can be highly inconsistent with periodic peaks
▪ RFID tags ▪ daily, seasonal and event-triggered peak data loads can be
▪ sensors
challenging to manage
▪ smart metering 25 26

▪ Complexity Collecting and analyzing data enables:

▪ data comes from multiple sources ▪ cost reductions

▪ difficult to link, match, cleanse and transform data across ▪ time reductions
systems
▪ new product development and optimized offerings
▪ it is necessary to connect and correlate relationships,
hierarchies and multiple data linkages ▪ smart decision making

27 28

Government

Banking ▪ managing utilities

▪ understand customers and boost their satisfaction
▪ running agencies
▪ minimize risk and fraud
▪ dealing with traffic congestion
▪ maintain regulatory compliance
▪ preventing crimes
Education
▪ must also address issues of transparency and privacy
▪ identify at-risk students
▪ ensure students are making adequate progress
▪ implement a better system for evaluation and support of
teachers

29 30

5
 Manufacturing
Health Care ▪ boost quality and output

▪ Patient records ▪ minimize waste

▪ solve problems faster
▪ Treatment plans
▪ make more agile business decisions
▪ Prescription information
Retail
▪ when big data is managed effectively, health care providers
▪ Retailers need to know
can uncover hidden insights that improve patient care
▪ the best way market to customers
▪ the most effective way to handle transactions
▪ the most strategic way to bring back lapsed business

31 32

▪ Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large

data sets.
▪ Distributed data processing takes the large volume of data
▪ Themined data must be analyzed and presented to
and breaks it into smaller pieces.
managers and decision makers.
▪ These smaller pieces are distributed in many locations to be
processed by many computers. ▪ Popular charts include line, column, bar, pie, and scatter.

▪ Each computer in the distributed architecture analyzes its part

of the Big Data picture (horizontal scaling).

Source: vitalflux.com 33 34
Source: www.pcmag.com

CHECKPOINT

3. ____, which means data comes in all

types of formats, is one of the
Data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and characteristics of big data.
modeling data to uncover useful information.

Having a strategy helps a business determine the type of analysis required A. Variability
and the best tool to do the analysis.

Tools and applications range from using an Excel spreadsheet or Google

B. Velocity
Analytics for small to medium data samples, to the applications dedicated to
manipulating and analyzing really big datasets.
C. Variety
Examples: Knime, OpenRefine, Orange, and RapidMiner D. Complexity

35

6
 The cloud is a collection of data centers or groups of connected
servers.
Cloud services for individuals include:

▪ storage of data, such as pictures, music, movies, and

emails
▪ access many applications instead of downloading onto local
device

▪ access data and applications anywhere, anytime, and on

any device

Source: en.wikipedia.org 37 38

CHECKPOINT

4. The _____ refers to a collection of data

Cloud Services for an enterprise include:
centers or groups of connected
▪ access to organizational data anywhere and at any time.
servers.
▪ streamlines the IT operations of an organization.

▪ eliminates or reduces the need for onsite IT equipment, A. Big Data

maintenance, and management.
B. IoT
▪ reduces cost for equipment, energy, physical plant
requirements, and personnel training needs. C. cloud
D. network

39

Automation is any process that is self-driven, reduces, and

How is Automation being Used?
eventually eliminates, the need for human intervention.
▪ Smart Home Automation
The IoT opens up a new world in which tasks previously ▪ Smart Buildings
requiring human intervention can become automated. ▪ Industrial IoT and Smart Factories
▪ Smart Cities

Examples of Automation ▪ Smart Grid

▪ Smart Cars
Robots are used in dangerous conditions such as mining,
firefighting, and welding car bodies in automotive factories. ▪ Stores and Services
▪ Medical Diagnosis and Surgery
self-serve checkouts at stores
▪ Aircraft Auto-Pilot
automatic building environmental controls
autonomous cars and planes.
41 42

7
 Artificial Intelligence Playing
Chess With Human

Source: towardsdatascience.com 43 Source: www.datasciencecentral.com 44

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence demonstrated by Common uses of ML technology include:
machines.
▪ Speech Recognition – used in digital assistants.
▪ AI uses intelligent agents that can perceive their environment and
make decisions. ▪ Product Recommendation - Systems build up a customer profile and
▪ AI refers to systems that mimic cognitive functions normally recommend products or services based on previous patterns.
associated with human minds such as learning and problem
solving. ▪ Shape Recognition - Programs exist that allow crude hand-drawn
diagrams and notes to be converted to more formal diagrams and
text.
Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of AI that uses statistical
techniques to give computers the ability to “learn” from their ▪ Credit Card Fraud Detection - A profile is constructed about the
environment.
purchasing patterns of a client.
▪ This enables computers to improve on a particular task without
being specifically programmed for that task. ▪ Facial Recognition
45 46

Neural networks, a key component of machine learning, are ▪ Generative AI is a type of artificial intelligence that
computational models inspired by the human brain, designed to creates new content, such as text, images, music, or
recognize patterns and solve complex problems. other media, by learning patterns from existing data.
▪ Composed of layers of interconnected nodes that process data
▪ Applications: Chatbots, art creation, music composition,
▪ Learn from examples and improve over time content generation
▪ Applications: image recognition, speech processing, predictive
analytics

47 48

8
 Vision of the Innovation, Technology and Industry Bureau
Core Technologies:
▪ Develop Hong Kong as an international innovation and
▪ Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) technology centre

➢ Two networks (generator and discriminator) work Missions

together to create realistic outputs ▪ Diversify economy
▪ Create high-quality jobs
▪ Transformer Models
▪ Improve quality of life
➢ Use self-attention to process and generate sequences,
▪ Contribute to meeting the needs of the country
like language translation

49 50

CHECKPOINT

Mission of Innovation and Technology Commission

5. ______, in general, refers to the
▪ Spearhead Hong Kong's drive to become a world-class, knowledge-based
economy intelligence demonstrated by
▪ Promote and support applied research and development, and technology
transfer and application
machines.
▪ Foster an innovation and technology culture in the community, and promote
technological entrepreneurship
▪ Facilitate the provision of infrastructure and development of human resources A. Deep Learning
to support innovation and technology
▪ Formulate, develop and implement the Government's policies, programmes B. Machine Learning
and measures to promote innovation and technology
▪ Promote internationally accepted standards and conformity assessment C. Artificial Intelligence
services to underpin technological development and international trade
▪ Develop high calibre and motivated staff to contribute to Hong Kong's
technological advancement
D. Automation

51

An information literate individual should be able to:

Information Literacy - a set of abilities requiring individuals to: ▪ determine the extent of information needed
▪ recognize when information is needed ▪ access the needed information effectively and efficiently
▪ evaluate information and its sources critically
▪ have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed
▪ incorporate selected information into one’s knowledge base
information
▪ use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose
(source: American Library Association) ▪ understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of
information, and access and use information ethically and legally
source: alair.ala.org

What is Information Literacy? (time: 5:36)

Source: https://youtu.be/hbe6xBibOL4
53 54

9
 ▪ Information literacy, while showing significant overlap with
▪ Information literacy is related to information technology skills, but information technology skills, is a distinct and broader area of
has broader implications for the individual, the educational competence.
system, and for society.
▪ Increasingly, information technology skills are interwoven with, and
▪ Information technology skills enable an individual to use support, information literacy.
computers, software applications, databases, and other
▪ “Computer literacy” is concerned with rote learning (死記硬背的學習)
technologies to achieve a wide variety of academic, work-
of specific hardware and software applications, while “fluency with
related, and personal goals.
technology” focuses on understanding the underlying concepts of
▪ Information literate individuals necessarily develop some technology and applying problem-solving and critical thinking to
technology skills. using technology.

55 56

▪ Information literacy focuses on content, communication, analysis,

information searching, and evaluation.

▪ Information technology “fluency” focuses on a deep understanding

of technology.

▪ “Fluency” with information technology may require more

intellectual abilities than the rote learning of software and
hardware associated with “computer literacy”, but the focus is still
on the technology itself.

source: https://libguides.madisoncollege.edu/InfoLitStudents
57 58
5 Components of Information Literacy (time: 4:26)
Source: https://youtu.be/1ronp6Iue9w

CHECKPOINT

6. Information literacy required ▪ The information search process (ISP) is a six-stage process of
individuals to: information seeking behavior in library and information science.
▪ The ISP was first suggested by Carol Kuhlthau in 1991.
A. recognize when information is needed
B. evaluate information
C. use information effectively
D. All of the above

Carol Kuhlthau's Information Search Process Model (time: 3:52)

Source: https://youtu.be/bhthgqqXuXA
60

10
 The model of the ISP is articulated in a holistic view of information seeking 4. Formulation, when a focused perspective is formed and uncertainty
from the user’s perspective in six stages: diminishes as confidence begins to increase.

1. Initiation, when a person first becomes aware of a lack of knowledge or 5. Collection, when information pertinent to the focused perspective is
understanding and feelings of uncertainty and apprehension are gathered and uncertainty subsides as interest and involvement
common. deepens.

2. Selection, when a general area, topic, or problem is identified and initial 6. Presentation, when the search is completed with a new
uncertainty often gives way to a brief sense of optimism and a readiness understanding enabling the person to explain his or her learning to
others or in someway put the learning to use.
to begin the search.

3. Exploration, when inconsistent, incompatible information is

encountered and uncertainty, confusion, and doubt frequently increase
and people find themselves “in the dip” of confidence.

61 Information Search Process Presentation (time 2:49) 62

Source: https://youtu.be/QOj4-U3yYso

▪ To enable students to master the necessary skills to comprehend,

locate, analyze, critically evaluate and synthesize information and
apply their knowledge to inform decisions and problem solving

▪ To develop students as reflective learners who are able to plan,

reflect upon and regulate their process of inquiry in a rapidly
changing, information-based environment

▪ To enable students to appreciate that being an independent learner

will contribute to personal growth, enjoyment and lifelong learning

▪ To empower students with greater autonomy and social

responsibility over the use of information in their individual as well
as collaborative learning

source: www.edb.gov.hk 63 64

CHECKPOINT

7. Which of the following is NOT a stage ▪ Big Data (www.sas.com)

of the ISP model? ▪ Innovation, Technology and Industry Bureau

(https://www.itib.gov.hk/en/about_us/role.html)
▪ Innovation and Technology Commission
A. Initiation (https://www.itc.gov.hk/en/about/mission_values.html)
▪ https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu-system/primary-
B. Creation secondary/applicable-to-primary-secondary/it-in-edu/Information-
Literacy/IL2005E.pdf
C. Formulation
▪ https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/edu-system/primary-
D. Presentation secondary/applicable-to-primary-secondary/it-in-edu/Information-
Literacy/IL20180516E.pdf

66

11
Lab 1 Microsoft Forms: Create an ITF Survey Form

67

Lab 1 - ITF Survey Form Generate the SHORTEN URL

Q5

1
(Move to Q1)
3

Q6 2

(select RANKING format)

(select DATE format)

69 70
Copy the SHORTEN URL and submit it to SOUL

To Do List

1. Complete Lab 1, submit the SHORTEN URL to “Submission – Lab 1” on SOUL

2. Do the Tutorial Ex 1.1 on SOUL (1 attempt only)

ZERO marks will be given to LATE submission or PLAGIARISM

Submit the SHORTEN URL to “Submission – Lab 1” on SOUL 71 72

12