What is SCIENCE? What is Scientific Method?
- Latin “Scientia” - Mathematical and Experimental
- English meaning “Knowledge” techniques
- Methodical and Systematic - Construction and Testing of a scientific
- Study about how the universe behaves hypothesis
through Observation and Experiment
- Solving problems: Scientific Method What is Research?
- Inquiry process with defined parameters
What is TECHNOLOGY?
- Greek “Techne” 3 Characteristics of Scientific Method?
- English meaning: Art, skill, cunning of - Orderly and Systematic process
hand - Controlled external factors
- Application of scientific knowledge - Findings are based on empirical evidences
What is Science, Technology & Society? 7 Steps in Scientific Method?
- Study of how Society, Politics, and Culture - State the Problem
affects scientific research and - Formulate Hypothesis
technological innovations - Test Hypothesis
- Seeks to understand the ways of science - Gather Data
and technology affect our lives and - Analyze and Interpret Data
communities - Draw Conclusion
- Communicate Result
STS?
- 3 Disciples: History of Science, Philosophy Research Process?
of Science, Sociology of Science - It doesn’t end
- Young field - Scientific method and Research Cycle
Science contributes to Technology in 6 ways? Limitation of Scientific Method?
- Direct source of ideas - Moral & Ethical problems
- Source of tools and techniques - Human complexity
- Research instrumentation - Measurement problems
- Practice of research - External variable control problems
- Assessment of technology
- Enables more efficient strategies
Technology contributes to Science in 2 ways?
- Fertile source of novel scientific questions
- Source of unavailable instrumentation and
techniques
What are the problems during the Ancient Fertile Crescent?
Times? - The Cradle of Civilization
- Transportation and Navigation
- Communication Mesopotamia?
- Security and Protection - Ancient words “meso” and “potamos”
- Health - Between the Tigris and Euphrates River
- Architecture and Engineering - Agricultural production
- Mass production
- Aesthetic Sumerian Civilization (circa 4100-1750 BCE)?
- Records keeping - Explored the Scientific Hypothesis
- Technological Innovation
Pre-historic Science? - Developed: Mathematics, Astrology, and
- Primitive man Astronomy
- Earth is flat and limitless - “Wheel” for better pottery in less time
- Observed changing of seasons based on - “Sail” cloth invention for ships
the shifting of the sun - “Cuneiform” picture writing system on
- Recognized distinction between living and clay
non-living things - Farming: Irrigation and Dikes
- Practiced instinctive therapeutics
Babylonian Civilization (circa 2300 BCE)?
Stone Age? - “Astronomy” melding of science and
- Science & Technology in Ancient Age religion
- Stone tools are their technology - Decisions and predictions are based on the
Celestial bodies
Paleolithic Age? - Created Lunisolar calendar
- Definition “Old Stone Age” - Made a Map of the world
- Paleo means “old”
- Lithic means “stone age” Ancient Egyptian Civilization?
- Lasted 2.5M to 800 BCE - Created the Egyptian handheld mirrors
- Arrival of Hominids; species that walked and toothbrush
upright - Temple of Luxor and Pyramids of Giza
- Astronomy is for spiritual and practical
Mesolithic Age? purposes
- Meaning “Middle Stone Age” - Made the “Star clock” and “Merkhet”
- Used small and sharp stone tools: Spears - Medicine is tied to magic
and Arrows - “Mummification” form of embalming
- Lived near rivers/ bodies of water about
10000 BC Ancient Mesoamerican Civilization?
- Agriculture was introduced - Meaning “Middle North and South
- Food-gathering & food-production society America”; now Mexico and Central
America
Neolithic Age? - Most densely populated region
- The “New Stone Age” - Olmec, Maya, Aztecs, and Inca
- Began 8000 BCE Civilizations
- Neolithic Revolution
- Settlers: Agrarian communities
Olmec Civilization? Aryan Empire - Indian Civilization?
- Located in the Gulf Coast of Mexico; - The Nomadic people around the Indus
rainforest and lowlands River
- Earliest civilization in Mesoamerica - Created weapons with iron technology
- Led by Kings and Priests - Ruler knows as “Raja” or the prince
- Trading networks - Developed the “Sanskrit” writing
- Considered a Cultural Hearth - Hinduism religion
- Huge head sculptures - Created the “Caste System”
- The “untouchables” are considered
Maya Civilization? outside the social order
- Were an Agriculture-based Society: Corn,
beans, and squash Mauryan Empire – Indian Civilization?
- Crafts are pottery and weaving - Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
- Built system of roads to connect to other - The greatest ruler was “Asoka”
cities - Built hospitals and schools and temples to
- Ziggurats and observatories for honor Buddha
astronomy - Buddhism religion
- Created a 365-day Calendar by watching
stars Gupta Empire – Indian Civilization?
- First used the zero “0” - Founded by Chandragupta
- Rubber to make shoes, clothing and balls - Expanded through War and Trade
for games - The “Golden Age of India”: Built
universities, Charted the stars, knew the
Aztec Civilization? earth is round, discovered the ideas of
- Also known as the “Toltec empire” zero and infinity
- Are fierce warriors that used military - Fell due to Hun invasion in the Himalayas
- Collects tax from people they conquer
- Priest was most respected Zhou Dynasty – Chinese Civilization?
- Prayed to the “Sun god” - Gave land to nobles for military service
- Used human sacrifices - Belief called “Mandate of Heaven”
- Contributions: Bridges and Dental school - 2 Religions: Confucianism and Daoism
Inca Civilization? Qin Dynasty – Chinese Civilization?
- Developed in the “Andes” mountain, now - One ruler rejected Confucianism;
known as Peru introduced Legalism as punishment
- Ruled by an Emperor - Divided China into districts
- Built Terraces for irrigation of crops - Built the Great Wall of China
- Grown corns and potatoes
- Record counting tool called “quipus” Han Dynasty – Chinese Civilization?
- Created a test for government officials
- Invented: paper, glazed ceramics, silk
weaving
- Had trading route including the Silk Road
- Use Camels to carry goods to Rome
- Buddhism was introduced from India
Ancient Greek? Copernican Model?
- Favored Deductive process - Nicolas Copernicus was a Polish Catholic
- Pythagoras of Samos: Pythagorean cleric
theorem, identified the morning and - Earth rotates from east to west
evening star as Venus - Aesthetically pleasing
- Hippocrates: founder of modern - Wasn’t proven that the Sun is the center
medicine; built medical school in Kos of the universe
- Aristotle: classification of animals; - Opposed by the Catholic church
nomenclature genus and difference
- Technologies: Water Mill, Old Crane, Galileo Galilei?
Antikythera Mechanism - Italian mathematician and philosopher
- Saw the pits and mountains of the moon
Ancient Roman? and the spots of the sun (causing him his
- Refinements of Greek ideas blindness)
- Cato the Elder: famous orator, wrote “De - Supported by the catholic church
agricultura” - Proved that the Heliocentric theory of
- Lucretius: wrote the most influential Copernicus was correct
poem “De rerum natura”
- Built: Aqueduct, Basilica, Portable sundial, Charles Darwin?
Coin bearing Capricorn sign, Oxen driven - Was introduced to the evolutionary ideas
wheeled plough for harvest of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck by Robert Grant
- Great contributions to the field of - Developed the “Theory of Evolution”
medicine - Explored the Galapagos Island for 5 years
- Identified the “Galapagos Giant Tortoise”
Renaissance Period? and “Darwin’s Finches”
- The “Rebirth” in Technology - Realized that Natural selection/survival of
the fittest explains the process of
Scientific Revolution? evolution: Organic and Inorganic evolution
- Unfolded in Europe in 1550-1700
- Contribution in Physics: Parabolic motion, Sigmund Freud?
Newton Law of Inertia, Thermometer, - First to study human motivation
Telescope - Father of “psychoanalysis”
- “ID”: raw instinct; seeks pleasure
The Information Age? - “EGO”: conscious part of the mind
- The “Digital age” - “Superego”: the conscience that manage
- Progress in electronics and computers the ego according to standard and
- Advancement in Biology and Genetics morality
- DAPRA
- Artificial Intelligence
The Beginning of Modern Astronomy?
- End of the Middle Age/Dark Age
- 3 models of the universe: Geocentric
model, Ptolemaic model, Copernican
model
The Spanish Period? Carlos Garcia?
- Trading to other countries - Replaced the National Science Board with
- Ships travel to Asia travel around the the National Science Development Board
“Cape of Good Hope” at the southern
Africa Diosdado Macapagal?
- Suez Canal was opened on 1869 to travel - Lifted the government controls on foreign
from the Philippines to Europe vice-versa exchange
- Fr. Ignacio de Mercado became the first - Reason for the unlimited importation and
Filipino Botanist Filipino colonial mentality
- Trinidad Pardo de Tavera recommended
the first government medical school
- Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero was the first Pre-Martial Law Years
Filipino licensed pharmacist
Ferdinand Marcos Sr.?
The American Period? - Emphasized economic and rural
- Schurman Commission established free development goals
public educational system - MSDB drafted a science and technology
- Taft Commission started the gradual plan for the country
Filipinization
- Bureau of Science was established for
Filipinos to undertake research Post Martial Law Years
- University of the Philippines was
established, following the College of Corazon Aquino?
Agriculture - Inherited the economic crisis
- Jones Law – DANR - Organized the PCGG
- Created the Commission on Human Rights
- Reorganized the Department of Science
The War Years and Technology
Manuel L. Quezon? Fidel Ramos?
- President during the WWII - Envisioned the country to be where all are
- National scientist focused on food provided for a better life
processing - DOST refocused on the 15 leading edges
sectors that contributes to the GNP
Manuel Roxas?
- Had policies to rebuild the economy
- Bell Trade Relations Act provided free
trades between Philippines and US
Post War Years:
Philippine Science & Technology
Elpidio Quirino?
- Seek help from the US
- President Truman proposed the Bell
Mission economic survey
Ramon Magsaysay? ~PQP~
- Focused on the upliftment of the rural
people
