l50. Atorch bulb is rated 5 Vand 600 mA.

10 S2 20 6)

Calculate its (i)| power (i) resistance and

(ü) energy consumed when it is lighted
25 2

for 4 hours. [CBSE2005)

151. If a 12 Vbattery is connectedto the H
arrangement of resistances given below, 12V
162. An electric bulbi8 rated at 200
calculate: What is its resistance? Pive V-100 W
() the total of the guch
effective resistance burn for 4 hours. What is the bulbA
arrangement and
(ü) the total current flowing in the circuit. energy consumed? Calculate
the rate is 50paise unit.
theelectcostric,alif
[CBSE2005)

Answers
and electrons flow are opposite to each
and
1. 1.6 x10-1C charge iss of= 1 electron other.
9. The resistivity of pure metals is
1Ccharge is of =
1.6x110-l9electron.
than resistivity of alloys with which lesser
No. of electrons = 6.25 x 106
alloys are made. these
10. Ohm-m
2. Resistance of a conductor: 11. The wire used
in element of
(2) is directly proportional to its length...(1) heater has high resistance and high electric
R«p melting point where as a fuse wire has a
() 1s inversely proportional to its area or low resistance and low melting point
cross section. 12. P =60 W, t=1s
Rol e.. (2) Energy =(VI)t
A E= Pxt=60x 1J
On combining (1) and (2), we get
E= 60 J
Rc P 13. Schematic diagram isas:
potential. 1.5 V
3. Volt is the SI unit of electric
4. Potential difference b/w two point is said
of work done in
to be 1 volt ifthe amount
bringinglCcharge between them isl J.
a conductor
5. If the physical conditions of through a
remain same then current W
conductor is directly proportional to the
ends of 10 2 15 2
potential difference b/w the two
are used
the conductor.
14. Copper and aluminium wires
I « V’V= IR electric transmission due to their low
for
filament
6. Tungsten is used for making resistivity.
because ofits high melting point and low 15. Gold,Silver, Copper etc. metals are good
resistivity. conductor of heat.
electric
7. (a) Ammeter is used to measure
current. 16. Electric circuit is the arrangement in
(6) Ammeter is connected in series
in an which electric current can flow when
electric circuit. circuit is switched on. In open circuit
8. Electrons flows from negative terminal to there is no flow of current as the switch
positive terminal where as current flows in
from +ve terminal to -ve terminal in isoff. In closed circuit a current flows
external circuit i.e. Conventional current the circuit when switch is on.

308 Chapterwise ScIENCE-X

 resistancesare combined in
parallel 24. R5)
IIthe
getthelowest
resistance. It can be
Iz we,
then
shall
combination: agsurned as
semi circular elementa
two
l
paralle/
1 1 are connected acros%
In 1
1 4
R, R, B, diameter AB.
R R, Total resistances of couple
6+3+2+1 wire 5 6.
1 1 1
12
+
24 24
Resistanceof two sernicircular elenenta
8
R
24 Both the
12 OR R=-S2
12 parallel.
elements are connected in
OR R 24
1
1.122 4
OR R=22/ R' R, R, 5 5 5
used to make element of 5
Nichromeis OR
because nichrome is an 4
electricheeater
which has high melting point and 25. As heat produced =1'Rt
alloy
highresistances. Electric cables are made of thick good
Resistanceiss directly
proportional to the conductor where as filaments are made
oftheconductor.
Iflength becomes of thin tungsten wire whose resistances
length
resistance also become halfofits is high. The resistance of electric cables
balfthe
initialvalue. is very less. So heat produced in cable is
conductor increases much lesser than filaments.
n The resistance of a
with rise in temperature. 26. Given.
electriccircuit con
91. Schematic diagram of P, = 50W P,= 25 W
resistances.
taining cells, key and three Let their resistances are R, and B,
52 102 15 2 respectively.
W
P= OR R=
R P

R,= 50
-2 and R, = 25
25 1 1
or R, = 2
R, 50 2
1.5 V 1.5 V
1
ie. 50 W bulb has resistance than 25 W
1 2
22. As R= IfV is constant. Then Rc bulb.
P P
e. more power, lesser be the resistance 27.
and vice versa. A
Toaster has lesser power (1 KW) than OR Resistivity p=R:
electric heater (2 KW) therefore resistance If A= 1, l= 1 then
of amaterial
of
toaster is more than resistances of p= Ri.e. resistivity this
of a conductor of
23. heater. isthe resistance
and area of cross
material whose length
Tungs ten has high resistance and high
melting point. section both are unity.

ELECTRIcITY 309
 32. 31. 30. 29. 28.
33.
E-X
ise310 parallel
Resistance isThe OR OR But Given: Given: OR OR
(a) BOurceWhen volume
unity. is of
voltmeter. Resistivity
1 device P= a
Battery l mA
A heater n= n= coulomb
Q=
ne Q=
Q=1Ax t conductor
then in I
l ls I= I=3A R= 20
A ohmR=
=1 = = = 4 l=
anwhich 6.25 e 1 4s 2-
of A, 10 of
micro milli 1 is Voltmeter
electric
bulb cm
connected 10-19
×1.6 x ’Q=Ixt t=ls 4 12 Q= 20
x=
cm, material a OR
of
I=
.:. is A
ampere
ampere I= V= 220VolV= R= used 10 1C 12C A=2 this
2I=
.2 A t
Rheostat circuit. electrons.
R 1100 220 IR 1100 10 2 material is
is to
with connected
measure cm2 cm? the
= = 100 220 OR Q
10"A. 10 resistance
the A1
A whose
same I
p.d.
R V in

[Link] 37. 36. 35. (ü) 34.

39.
random conductor.. B-Rheostat
C-Cell Bulb
A
Circuit
D (load) In voltmeterAn 3. 2. The
resistivity
[Link]. The filament
high (i)
average
difference.
potential
absonceelectron
theirThough This (D)
Heatknow th e connected
parallelan in
is
in resistance
high. electric
circuit. across
an
in
very Its pointsmeasure two It Tungsten
effect electric
Ammeter [Link]. Voltmeter copper
is resistance resistivity
notion « H« given: used
velocity Theirof there «t R produced
[² that of
applied
present conductor)
passed in circuit)
(Time
(Resistance (Square P.D. to and electric
H=
and
is are (being ofhig h and is
is is aluminium used
large
in in for inVIt an lamp
of a in is An very Its current an
measurein
electric It conductivity. high
Hence
[Link] electric
a in low. electric
circuit. is ideal
which of the carrylns
current or series) connected
seriesammeter
in
conductor, resistance is Ammeter
used melting because
number
motion the current H=1R B voltmeter making
in to
conductor
heater. current
an
have
in of in point. it
the but free the low has the
is is
 *. 45. 4. A3. 42. )
element. gh Connecting
these of
an 18 maintain conductor.
Potential chargesacross When Given Asection As At their ()wireofX. 0.
produced
alloy good poinlectric
t, material versa. high wire curIX
resistance wires S2 R=
the a 625R= P P= (iü) resistance
So constituentsAlloys Y
Similarly rentmotion the ACIOS when isno
whose
conductivity, difference the(electrons)potential = iron thicklesser
temperature has Area then and Yelin
two 100 high
ectroofns the cur eant
while is charge 100 (250) R to have two the
wire must be c ends
resistivity
heat negligible ends W resistivity. wire the 1 times i R PA By lengtofh are ofcharge potential
R=
OR
to flowing
heating difference
has used i.e. highers
pure = cross-section conductsame o r move of
has
haveresistance 2 of the
is to is will of
applied 250 x Volt250V= more alloys resistance OR 21 producesdifference
produced i.e. move.
low 100 as in in
ishence the () lower metals.
resistivity wire conductor,
resistance
elemnent move P element
high area do Ry erial a
conductor.
high,
matX-
resistivity by
conductor, is not = = direction.
625 S2= resistance. and an is
no a applied melting of thanthat 2 A/
indue cell in Ry electric applied
heat
is of crossoxidise. than it
the the an vice The sets
to of of to But

[Link] 48, 47.

..Hence
<Rg RAthan B. [Link] 1 cross-8ection
Therefore
current
reading.
A
:. Current1 2, BÍ: Length
Current Voltage
12
Ra
I=R=1+ R= 2,3 in of
3
B3 in 2 A
and B
A V
l|
resistance
B. . A
in |BVolC t = across each R 13V R+ S2
S Current
Hence of i8
A, resistances
3
H C resistance 6 greaterA
is 2 3 +2= Ry andB
is 22 8&C=,x3=, B 2 +
CTRICITY more same. A. 62 Rg A, in of
will A A> thanis
1 are issame.
than is resistance
A givelesser B.
is same, connected
current thicker 3 hipgher Area
311 Volt than
i.e. of of
 1h A, e., read1ng in A, is higher than 54. An ammeter which
tending in A,. in a circuit is connectedmeasure the
A Voltmeter is used to in series. current
difference acros8 a measure
conductrpotential
connected in parallel to it.
65. The resistivity of C
80 it is suitable forsarmple js
making maximum
50. (1) high resistivity (2) high melting
element.
56. (a) Due to (1) high
melting point tungstenresistivity
heating
is used and high
point and does not oxidise at very high filaments of electric lamp. for making
temperature. (b) high resistivity, and high
51. More slope of V-I graph means more
resistance, slope of Cis maximum. Hence
than their constituents
which do not oxidise at
melting
pure point
metals
high t
its resistance is maximum. So it is for
series combination of two resistors.
57. (Ü) The other two bulbs
tchange
will
B, gets fused. There is no
emper
glow aeven
tureif.
in glow
of B, and B.
Here V= 4.5 V
and I=3A
JB
V 4.5
V
I 3
(volts)
Rp = 1.5 2
I(amperes) For parallel combination,
52. Resistance of cylindrical conductor 1 1,1 1
depends upon its length and cross Rp R R, R,
sectional area. 1 1 11
When conductor is stretched its radius +
decreases but the volume of the conductor 1.5 RRR
in both the cases will be same. If length 1
1.5 R R=4.5Q
is stretched to twice.

l,= 21, For B

4.5 = Ix 4.5
As l,A, =l,Ag 1A = I
l,A,= 2l,Ag For B3
A= 2 4.5 = Ix 4.5 ’ 1A =I
Ag Current in ammeter (A) = 1A+ 1A =2A
Now, R, = PA, and R, =p
YA, A,
= 2x A,
=2x2 =4
R, A,
R, =4 R|
53. (a) Tungsten is used in making filament.
(6) Its high resistivity and high melting
point. HHE
312 Chapterwise ScIENCE-X
 When B, get fused then current in B, and
1
-

1 1 2
B, will be same A, =
A, =1A OR R, 2
R, 9 9 9
A,= 0 (as B, is fused)
58.( ) R,912 sA
R, =92

Now R, and R, are is series

9 27
R, R Rey = R+R, = 9+ 2 =
W Rg = 13.5 Q
A
combination of resistances, the
In seriesremains (ti) To get 6 2 resistance
(ü)current same.
Volt. R, and R, are in
59, Rating of bulbV=5.0 Series
I= 100 mA, I= 100 x 10-A, I= 0.1 A
VxI
() Power of bulb= R, = 9+9= 18 2
P= 5.0 x 0.1 W’ P=0.5 W R, and Rg are in parallelso,
1 1 1
(ü) V= IR, R= I
R=
5.0
Ohm R= 50
Re R, R,
0.1 1 11 1+2 3
60. Given I= 0.2 AV= 220 Volt, t= 1 hr. R 18 9 18 18
Q=? I=
t
OR Q=Ixt and R =62
R,=92 R,=92
.Q=0.2A x 1hr = 0.2 x 60 x 60 A-s
Q=720 C R=92
61. Given:
OR
I= 0.5 A, V= 200 volt 63. (a) Joules Law of Heating:
t= l hr; t= 3600s When a current I is passed through a
Q= Ixt resistor R for time t then heat produced
Q= 0.5x 3600 A.s. Hoc|'
Q= 1800 C cR
62, Q= It ct
Given I = 0.4 A. V= 200 Volt H«l'Rt OR H= I'R:
t= 1hr =3600s
Q= 0.4 x 3600 C (6) Given two bulbs of 100 W- 220 V and
60 W - 220 V.
Q= 1440 C
63. (i) Current in lst bulb:
R,=92
R, =9 2 P 100 A
220
Rg=92 5
OR I = =0.45 A
Resistor R, and R, are in parallel combi-
nation.
11
Current in second bulb:

ELECTRICITY313
 () When a low current is passed
duration, through a for a
conductor, shorheatt,
60
A
V 220 produced is almost negligible
no [Link] in its and henee
OR L, = 11 A = 0.27A

64. (a) Factors on which resistance of a wire

(ii) When heavy current is
the conductor for 30 8. passed
be get heated and its
[Link]
depends: resistivity change.
may
resistance
and
() Resistance is directly proportional to 67. SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
length.
(ü)Resistance is inversely proportional to
area of cross-section.
1 Ifq= 1 0C, t= 1s
Rol, R«A them I= 1A
If 1 Ccharge flows in 1s in a
Roc OR R=p conductor
then magnitude of current is said to
A 1A. be
(6)Metal are good conductor due to having 9lxt
9= ne ORn=
large number of free electrons and their e

low resistivity. 1A x ls 100

Glass is a bad conductor because it has no
n=
1.6x10-19 -x108
16
free electrons and its resistivity is higher. n=6.25x1018|
(c) Alloys are commonly used in electrical
heating devices due to their high 68. )In series combination if the flament
resistivity and high melting point which of one lamp breaks then the circuit will
produces more heat. be broken and hence other lamps stops
65. We know for identical wire more length glowing.
more resistance and vice versa slope of B B
wire A is more than B. Hence resistance
of A is more and its length also.

-B

(iü) In parallel combination of lamps if the

element of one lamp breaks then other
two will continue to glow.
66. Electrical resistance is the property of a
conductor by virtue of which it opposes B,
the flow of current through it. It is equal
to the ratio of the potential difference
B
applied across its ends to the current
flowing through it.
R=
I

314 Chapterwise SCIENCE-X

 volt from the graph 72. (a) When a current is passed
When V=10 through a
2
AV 8-6, conductor, the atoms or molecule of the
R= AI 4-3 conductor produce an hindrance in the
path of flow of electron. This hindrance
n»R= 22 in the path of fiow of charge is called
R= resistance of the Conductor.
1
(b) Asubstance which allow to pasg the
charges through thern easily is called a
conductor.
V6 Resistor: Aconductor having some value
(Voly) of resistance is called a resistor.
4 Resistance: It is the property of any
conductor by virtue of which it opposes
the flow of charge through it.
1 2 3 73. Given: R=6SN, V= 12 Volt, I =?
I(A) V 12
I= A ’ l=2 A
volt R 6
when V= 10 When length becomes twice = 2L
OR I= area of cross-section = A,
then V= IR
I=5A then L, A, =L, A, OR LA,= 2LA,
A, 1
W=40.J OR
0. Given:V= 20 Volt, A 2
W= Pxt
L
W= VxIxt R= pA,
W= Vx 2L A
W= VxQ
t R p A, R, Bg2X A,
= 2 x 2 =4
40 = 20 x Q R,
OR Q= 2C R, =4R
New resistance becomes four times.
2 74. (a) Let initial length, area of crosS-section
n=
1.6x10-19 and resistance of wire are l, A and R
respectively. When length is stretched
OR n=1.25x1019 two times, let its area of cross-section
becomes A'. Its initial volume of wire =
TL. () SI unit of resistance is ohm (2)
final volume of the wire.
1V
19= Al= A 21
1A
W) The resistance of a conductor is said to A' 1 A
OR = OR A'=
be l ohm if a current of one amp flows A 2 2

hrough it when a potential differences (2) 2lx2

01 l volt is applied across it. R= p =p A
A'

R= 0.8 "

200 × 10-3
R'=4 R
R=42
ELECTRIcITY 315
 (a) Current. in resistances
(6) Resistivity does not change because it 18
conductor.
220 separately
A = 10 A.
?
property of the material of a 22
75. R= 10 N (6) Current in series cornbination
Rg = 22+ 22 = 44 )
A,= A 220
Ig= =5A
= 10 2 44
(c) Current in parallel combination
10 1 1, 1 2
OR 22 2222 R, 11o
A
220
For new wire, = 20 A.
L, = 3l, A, = 4 A 11

31 3 l 78. (a) Given: P = 2kW: = 2000 W,t= 2h

R= Pa Electric energy E=Pxt=2 x 2=4k,
AA (6) Total energy consumed in month of
3 15 (having 30 days) June
R= 4
R= 4 x10=22 Electric kettle
= (4 x 30) kWh = 120 kWh
R, =7.5 Q = 120 units.
Cost of running electric kettle:
76. In the given circuit 2 2, 2Q resistances =120x3=360.
are in parallel. 79. Given: Lamp one 100 W, 220 V, Lamp 2
R, = 12. 60 W,220 V.
22
W
Let their resistances are R, and R
12
WW R=
32 22 P
1Q
220 x 220
32
R= 100
; R, =484 2
220 × 220 2420
60 -; R, = 3
12, 12 resistances also are in parallel. In circuit
R,= 0.5 2. R and R, are connected in parallel.
The circuit can be reduced as, 1 1
32 12 0.5 2
R 484 2420
605
R=
2
V 220 x 2 A
I=
R 605
I= 0.727 A
Now all resistances are in series
combination. 80. First Bulb:
R= 3+3+1+0.5 =7.5 Q 90 W- 120 V
77. Given: V = 220 Volt 120 x 120
R = 22 S2 Rp = 22 2 R= P, 90

316 Chapterwise ScIENCE-X

 R,= 160A
R.
120
V,
1, R, 160
=0.76A/

Socond
Bulb:
60W-120y
y² 120 x 120
Applied total potential Sum of the
60 potentials across each resistor.
R,= 240Q. V-V,+V,+V,
IR,,= IR +IR, +IR,
V 120
240 OR R =R+ R, +R,
83. Given:
L, =0.5A. (a) R= 102 of length L. and area of cross
section A.
offirst bulb has more power than
)Power
secondbulb, so first bulb will consume (ü) When only length is doubledR = 20 2
moreenergy. (ü) When only diameter is doubled.
nichrome wire
8L.V-Igraph for Roc
1 1
A D
1 1 R
.: R" « 4D2 R
(Volt)
V (2D) 4
10
R"= -= 2.5 Q
4
(6) Alloys have high resistivity more than
their constituent pure metals and do not
I(Ampere) Oxide at high temperature easily.
Given: 84. Given:
l= 625 mm = 0.625 m PA =1.62 x 10-8 Qm,
PR = 520x 10 m
R= 42
(i) For filament of electric bulb resistivity
p= 4.8 x 10 Ohm -m must be higher i.e. 520x 10 Qm. So
A=? element B is used for filament.
(ü)For electric transmission resistivity must
R=p
A
OR AR be lower which is of element A.
85. If the physical conditions of a conductor
are kept same then current is directly
A= 4.8 x 10 x 0.625 proportional to the potential difference
4
across the ends of the conductor V x I.
A=0.75x 10 m OR V= RI
%. Three I= 0.2 A, V= 0.8 Volt, R-?
resistors R.. Ro and Kg aro 0.8
connect ed in series. Therefore current
each resistor is same. Let current in
R=
I 0.2
Ohm.

the circuit is R=42

I.
 87. 86.
90. 89. (iii) (iü) 88. (6)
combination. (i) [Link] pc
OR
A. We
The conductivity. high
electricity for (a)
(a) when
across if According
it. OR R Electric rate
Its Ammeter Potential
.. Heat .. H=Heat [Link].
a AIf inI transmission
know Copper
conductor V=
In current SI of 15 inI 10 Resistance R
theresistivity
H H'produced
H= produced
|R, nR
=R,= series unit flow N 10 2 resistances So the
I= that
R, pot. a
Volt, 1 I current resistor difference2 manganin due or
= and wire,
to is reading
of 0.3 resistor 2 1 2 aluminium
R
R+difference ofhas Ampere.
Ohm' s OR=
H by is of to
combination + one I=lA charge +0.2 15 Rt series R= their
R..... Ry may = combination by manganin more and
a = Q individual
amp
t resistance 0.5 15 =
across of wire P: low
then lawthrough
be = are Rs two [Link] distribution
n....
of 0.2 =
A 10 2 H
flows A 0.5 is resistivity wires
times R: V=defined 0.3 =
A = wires thicker is
volt l A. each in R+
R IR of more
=1Ohmn. a parallel resistors
R=2R resistor are
through
is of circuit. is
as are
applied 1 3 thanthan and used
Ohm the V R of
it

(6) 91.(a) (6)

92. (C) combination:
parallelIn
Power Given conditions
potential
conductor OR Given
urrent. OR constant
opposite (a) P= 25
W Ohm's
direction
The is resistor.
variable
wtA V«I R,R 1 R, 1 R, 1 R,
1.R=
5 2 R= R R3 4 1
1 12 R
at R= R=?rating R,
R
R =
P= P=
to 110 difference then = n
is Law 124+3+1 1,1 1 31+1+..........
times 1,1,R 1 R, 1
the 4100 R P OR
directly of + 2, +
volt whenPower of current 12 Rp
OR
direction bulb a
states + 1 1
W Ry
110110 × Vconductor 1 +
of 220 xV=
across
= 2 3 R
484 100 proportional =
flow consummed 220 RI passing that Rg 1 4
110 2, R times
.....+ n
of V
of 484 S2
=Volt its if
100 the Rg
[Link] are 1
nventielonalectrons =? physical =
W to kept 12
the 9
a
 95, 94.
Given:(6)
Given: Graph
straight
line. If i.e. V=5
Volt| OR As
resistance
Calculationof
Plotting I in ampere we poinositive Potential
nlJt .isamountelectricon(a)
R= VolV= V
R=42 1.t4 I= V(Volt) b/w plot IR
ocV= I=
500
of I JC-1V=
5 V=V=? 100J,W= charge .
correct of 0.8I=
3 A C,
I V 0.35I(Ampere) a W t Q
and Vgraph workfield t=
HB 0.35 A
graph 1.4 from difference is 600 500 10
I: donein
Ohm'
said mts x
b/w Q=
20
C one A
20100 tob/w =
V point
bringing be 10
and JC-1 two
to volt 1 60=
I, another points
it unit a if 600
is the
in s

(6) 97. (3) (2) 96.

isOR OR 40 But from The inrange
byammeter. of battery.
series
All with
Precaution:
(a)Current the
every i.e.,measure By
more W-
R,R., onework
applyingwhich Letconnection Rh magnitude inchanging
< R R= R= P= VIt.
W= t QV.
W=
than R, 240 R partseries
=I end is A
40 V dene current I must of the
i.e.,
40
25 240 × P
to a the
OR p.d. (1) combination
the current the
OR 40 resistance of
ResistanceW another in R not mustConnect m R,
bulb. 25 () is circuit, currentposition
R,5 Q= bringing be
ICITY R,= R,
= W- acrosspassed greater be
It of tight. Rg in
8 the
240 the of K remains the is it.
of 240 x P, Ra
25 V
a the for the ammeter foundEvery of
25 conductor
charge than current ammeter,
W [Link]
319 bulb time same. same
the time
Q t in in
 101. 100. (6) 98.
(2) (1) (c) (6)Ammeter.99.(a) () (c)
becomes
ofWhen 1/4. resistances:
affecting
If Factor 1the the
If [Link] the
which
Property 1s device.
advised in
Copper Connected
so() tometal,
Theconductivity. does is
another
potential is1 a(a)
current
conductor, becomes becomes applying SI (i)thentheIfIC said unit If
heat radius lengthresistance unit 1.5
Rheostat the The its
current conductor X resistivity 1V= the
1.5 charge high which not topositive
it 5
0.W
givenresistivity
iscurrent
in 1.5 glow be amount
difference
4 is is
doubled. of
aopposes of m
to resistivityit
is cord 10 1J 1
potential 1.5 currentflows J
called heata in
times,
doubled double resistance any Y
usetable
a Heating has volt.
conductor ofthe is of because in
charge
(iü) good low of of
heating the called
conductor in in
nichrome of an work
is is conductor the Closed is electrical so silver or an b/w
produced.
passed then then then conductor an conductor. element resistivity electric from
difference said nichrome poor electricalthis done
itsflow electric the
effect on theresistance
area is
resistance. key to conductivity.
of islesser is is two field one in
passing [Link] by be maximum glows and of bringing
through
Production point
of resistance A is1A. circuit heating will
1A. copper heater points
current. = of virtue then
said than due good
n(2r) Then 1 If be to
the als0 volt by in is
to of
a Voltmeter
102.
103.(a) (iv)(üü) closed
(ü)(üü)<-
(6) key.
(c) (6) () the
This electrons When
by
More circuit
Lessermore (i)
In another unit Theheater,heatcollision
potential
the inOhmn'as parallel In applying
atoms
the conductor amnount energy loss
positive a
ends the R= 2Volt
0.I=
4 AV= heat than
potential i.e., the series in
2. there getcurrent
circuit law: resistance
variable difference in of
I resistance
in parallelin an Bulb. K.E. accelerated
in the
V(Volt) of combination of is
()combination
parallel charge
electric the
a is
the is If
V= potential
kept
is the 0.4 2 across work appears conductor.a passed
difference conductor loss of
(Ampere) T conductor. directly R=50Ohm. [Link] combination. W
physical
constant (1)more fieldfrom done and
R,. (II) energy.
kineticin in
the
currentresistance bringing
isone ain in difference
collide
the During a
proportional 1. conductor
then
applied conditions current said
point Electricform
is to the with
max.
acros current in is beto of
to ot
 Initial
heat (b) 106.
(a) (üi) (ü) (6) 105,(a) (6V=
) IR 104.
resistor
='Ri. kWh = :. P.D. Hence I= Net resistance. in difference
potential
circuit. ein to V=0.4
i) thterminals Potential
Iin parallel The
Ammeter ORAs
I
in across resistance chemical
Potential 2V
(a)[Link] «I
Commercial
kWh 1 unit
6 2 1 connected in
2
V=IR, R= resistance x 2V R, R,
R,= 25Resistors
=resistor= 12
drop I=.I=IV=
3.6 resistor N V
X, R 1.5+ combination.
2 1
HHHH reading
2V is =through graph
linefor
enerated 52
2V 0.4
R+
x of +
reaction of 4.8 = series.
points difference ab/thwe across A. of
100J =
Y 3 61.5 the 6
cell 2V Ry the5between
b/w Volt. W8
2
= 2x I=2.0OR A OR
=3.0circuit maintains
current a 0.4 +conductor.
S2,Which a
origin
of 6 3.0 2 3.0 1.5 XZY in is 12 25R 10V Hence,
in R= Their R 8
energY
the electric 0.5 =A 1.5 =A produced
the 12
2
A = 2,
= 2 and 2
resistance (6 12 O V
3.0 3
equivalent cell. A + the of and
V. XTY 8 Q
=l.5 + graph.
are
This due two 12) all isI
2 are
Q a
108, 107.(a)
(6) (c)
OR , If
OR ORButthenIRV= times. In =3R. in Ifthe generated
In heatnow when
difference iskeptistheIf The(i) the Now series
another
directly I this initiallater
1 1 R, 1 V -V2> heat current
R, IR, equivalent -V|> V3 H-3[RI
physical law V=V,+V+Vs R, RI
H,
9 H,
15
2 10
2 62 = = case, then case,
VcIappliedconstant
10 10
6
11,15 R,
R,
R, 1 R generated conductor heat (3
proportional Ohm's is 30l_5+3+2 +R,R+lR R,heat total heat I is
0R conditions generated. RImsde
then =32OR
R, 1 +R resistance
across generated
R
I resistance generated
ITY law. + H= of three
V= current 1 lR 2
RI. it. to of ['(3 R
the 30 is is times
a R)t connected= is
through
conductor
potential R is R+ 9
three times i.e.,
321 2 (2)
R 31(1)
it
 (6) Resistance of the
(2) Since V c Iso a graph b/w V and I is a current of 5 A on 220circuit
V to carry a
straight line. 220
R= = 44 2
5
8
Let n resistors of 176 Q are
|6 whose equivalent resistance isconnect
44 2ed
(uOA) A 176 176
= 44 or n =
44
OR n=4|
2 3 (c) The rate of electrical energy is
I(Ampere) in a circuit is called consumed
electric power
(i) (a) Symbol is of variable resistor and it P=
W I'R
is used to regulate the current. t
(6) Plug key is closed. When plug key is P= RBut I=
closed current flows through the circuit. R
109. Resistance is the opposition offered in
the path of flow of current by the atoms P=
R?
R or P=
R
or molecules of a conductor.
Factors affecting resistances: 111. (a) Let equivalent (effective) resistance
is R
(1) length Rcl
then I=
(2) area of cross-section R« A R
(3) nature of material.
Rheostat isused to change the current in Rg
the circuit without changing the voltage
R
source.
Given: l= 50 mn R4
A = 0.01 mm= 0.01 x 10-6 m2
p=5x 10-8 Qm
50
As R= p=5x 10 x 0.01x 10 K
A
R= 250 2
AV 2-0 Similarly I = R,
110. (a) R=
AI 0.1-02
I, = R, and I,
R= 20 2
But I = I, + I, + lg
V V V
OR + +
uatto()
E0.1
R R, R, R
1 1 1
OR +
R R, Rg
filamentdueto
2 4 (6) To prevent oxidising the
Potential difference (V)
high temperature.

322 Chapterwise ScIENCE-X

 e) The current inthe fuse wire must not
exceed6A otherwise it will melt. (c) K- Plug key, (A) -- Ammeter
J12.(a)
( ) The resistance of two times long
wire also becomes two times 80
(V)-Voltrneter. Rh- Rheostat
decreases in the circuit.
current
i)Ifarreaof the nichrome wire is doubled
thenits resistance decreases and
current increases in the
hence
(6) Potential difference b/w
circuit.
Aand Bis 1 volt
R Rh
meansthat 1J of work is to be
done in 115. (a) Electric potential is the amount of
moving a unit positive
pointA to B.
charge(+1C) from work done in bringing a unit positive
charge from one point to another.
113. (6) Voltmeter. It is connected in parallel in
2V2V2V2V2V
the circuit.
HHHHF (c) I= 2 A, t=1 min. =60 s8
V=3V
W= VQ=V(t)
) W= 3x 2 x 60 J
5Q 10 2
K 15 2 W=360 J
a Net effective resistance of the circuit. 116. If the physical conditions of a conductor
R= (5 + 10 + 15) 2=309 are kept constant then current is directly
proportional to the potential difference
Current in the circuit applied across it.
I=
Mathematical representation of Ohm's
R law V = IR.
V
5x2 OR =R
OR I= A= A I
30 3 1Volt
OR
OR I= 0.33 A 1Ampere =l ohm.
If by applying a potential difference of
(ü) P.D. across 5 SN resistor V= IR 1volt across a conductor, the current is
1A then the resistance of the conductor
V= 0.33 x5 = 165 Volt. is said tobe 1ohm.
Two disadvantages of connecting
V= 1.65 Volt electrical appliance in series.
14. (a) Acontinuous path in which i) If one appliance fails to operate then the
current circuit is broken and other devices also
can flow when switch is plugged in.
will not operate.
(6) Q= It OR ne = It ’ n=
I.t (ii)) Different devices require different
e amount of current to operate but in series
Given: I=
1A,t=ls combination, same current is supplied to
all electrical appliances.
1×1
n 117. Electric Power: P is defined as the rate
1.6x10-19 at which electric energy is consumed in
OR n = 6.25 x 10 an electric circuit.
electrons
ELECTRIcITY 323
 Iwatt is the power consumed by nn
electric appliance thatcarries 1Acurrent () 16
when a potential difference of 1volt ia 15
applied aCTnss it Whereas 1 Wh. is the
unit of eletric energy. which is consumed
by an electric appliance of 1 Wpower in
one hour. 10
Commercial unit of electric energy 8
kWh.
1kWh = 1000 W x 60 x 60 s 0.5

1kWh = 3.6 x 10°J 0.2 0.4

Bnergy consumed by heater inone month I(Ampere)’
= 1000 W x 2hx 30 days = 60 kWh
= 60 units
The graph b/w Vand Iis astraight line.
Total cost @5/- kWh = 5 x 60 = 300 1.6-0 1.6
0.6-= 2.67 92
R=
118. (a ) In the series arrangement if any 0.6-0
device fails to work,circuit will be broken 120. (a) (i) Potential difference b/w the two
and other devices stop working. In series points is l volt mean if we bring a unit
combination current remains same. positive charge (+ 1C) from one point to
Where as different devices .requires other point then amount of workdonei
different current. 1J, W= VQ.
(6) Tungsten is used due to its high resistivity (ü) Given: Q = 5 C, V= 12 V
and high melting point. W= 12 >x 5 = 60 J
(c) Alloys have higher resistivity than their (6)Activity to study the factors of affecting
pure constituent and hence produces resistance of the conductorTake a cel
more heat.
an ammeter, manganin wires of different
(d) Copper and aluminium are good length and different area of cross
conductors and have low values of
section and key. Connect an ammeter,
resistivity so these are used for electric
transmission. amanganin wire of (say) 10cm long toa
(e) Cords core made up of good conductor cell through a plug key.
with low resistivity where as heating 1. Now closed the key and note the current
elements are made up of alloys of higher in the circuit with the help of ammeter.
resistivity to produce more heat. 2. Now replace the manganin wire with
119. (a) Ammeter another manganin wire oftwice the area
Ampere is the unit of current. If one of cross-section and again measure the
coulomb charge flows in a circuit in 1 s current in the circuit with the help of
then the current in the circuit will be 1 ammeter.
Ampere. (A)
(6) (i)Variable resistor (ii)closed key. 3. Nowrepeat the activity by takinga
X 0.5 m Y copper wire of same length same area of
(c) (ü) Cross-section,and notedown the curent
in each case. You willfind that current m
the circuit in each case is different. Which
1.5 V 1.5 V
shows that resistance depends up
of the
HHH () nature of material (ii) length
cross-section.
1.5 V1.5 V conductor and (üiü) area of

324 Chapterwise ScIENCE-X

 Let128. Resistance
u) (iü)= 122. (ü) (c) (b) (ü) I21.
Given: Energy OR P= same
Rating be In
combination. one which be
ifone ()
i: New Let
number
th
winnected
750 paralleldevice broken Wires the (a)
LA
olume
length devices the the current ()
E=
l=l,consumed I= P= W, [Link]
across
each is
= iron
crossing
of Variable
750
helptogether.
A = 200 750 VI combinationfails not and devices
V=200 connections in
l V 20Q 10 of
is 5
In inall fails
same
A x 3.75 I =3.75 A OR 750 is others parallel the 2 circuit. eachnotareresistor
change to
= 2 in 200 devices toare wires
Wh= 2 W work, It
other
I=Volt
keep case connected out is
= hr 53.3 Volt = V P-200 B
=
the
combination stop the areused used A)
A
1500 joining which
2 ? Pxt working.
voltage of to
V. circuit when
parallel
working, in be
4 Wh
series [Link]
will will
if
Given:
127.(a) 126. 125. Given:
124. V
(6)
OR OR As OR Given: R,-Solving
OR (R when R,
R,+ and
I= - xR, R,
220 R, R= 4) 16 Ry R, R, 1 R, RyP²,KË=and
220V= ohm.
1200
R= Q=
C R,
2A.I= I= V,0.18I=A V= V 300Q=
IR 220V= t t= I (R,-12)
= = R+ eq. and
= = =3
volt1.5 = =
16
Ix 0.5 10 0.5 124S2, (1) R R R, R, are R1.5 V p16p
4
R V Q=
OR
It 1 in 4 R 41
1200 x x A 2 48and + +
60 or 12 =0 RgRyare R,
parallel 30
100 220 10 =0 =4lOR
l,
s 4 Q eq. = = in
x Q series 20R=301 S2
A ohm100R= (2) 16 16
OR
I 60 2 A
C combination. =0,05
combination.
1200 220
(2). .
(1)
A
128. V = 60 V, I 4A R=
>| 220 -57.7 Q.
and 3.8
V 60 is at minimum rata
R= 15 2. (b)When heating
P=360 W
I 4
when V 120 V, R 15 2 360 1,64 A
220
V 120
then I= 220
R 15 and Resistance = - 134.152
1.64
I'=8A| 132. Power of 1 tube
= 40 W.
129. l = l m, R= 26 ohm. t= 20°C, Power of 5tubes=5 x40 W=200 tw
r=0.15 mm, p=? Energy consumed by 5tubes in 5hr. per
1000 Wh.
As day = 200 x 5 =
R= A Energy consumed by electric press per
OR A day
p= Rx -Rx = 500 Wx4 hr. = 2000 Wh.
(0.15x 10 ) Totalenergy consumed per day
p= 26 X22 X = (1000 + 2000) Wh
7 1
= 3000 Wh =3 kWh
p= 1.84 x 10 2m.
130. Let the initial length =l Total energy consumed in 30 davs
Initial resistance=42 = 3x 30kWh = 90 kWh.
when it is doubled on itself, length 133. (a) Total resistance in arm CE
becomes half and area becomes double =(2 + 4) N= 6S2
(= 2 A) (6) CE arm and AB arm in parallel.
(1)
R=p .. effective resistance
R= 32.
OR
4= A Total current in the circuit [:: V= 3V
..... (2) (given)]
A, V 3
=1A
I=
R 3
2 (c) Resistance of CE and AB arms is same
OR R = A =6 2.
1
. . (3)
OR R= 4A :Current in each arm=
6 2
Dividing (3) by eq. (1) I= 0.5 A
R, lA 134. Rating of heater, = 1200 W.
R, = P4Apl, 4 AI t= 2hr per day
Total time (t) for 30 days
Bg 4 =1 R, =12 = t,x 30 = 2 x 30
= 60 hrs
131. As P=VxI.
Energy consumed in one month (30 days)
(a) When heating is at maximum rate
P= 840 W. = Pxt=1200 x 60
840 = 72000 Wh
=3.8 A
220 = 72 kWh.

326 Chapterwise ScIENCE-X

 Cost offencrgy consumed in 30 days 139. Effective resiatance (of the circuit
R72 x 5 360. R- 5+ 10 + 15 30 2
W 25 W
Bulbs 100
135. 200V.
V= 200V 10(0 15 2

fotal P=P, +P = 100 + 25 = 126 W

P 125
A
200 30 V
.. Current in the circuit
I= 0.625 A 30
OR A
I=
=22 R 30
196. Given:R=R, =4o OR I= 1A
2+2
)In seriesR, = .:. Current in 10 SNresistor= 1A
Power consumed in series: .. Potential difference across 10 2
12 x 12 resistor.
W V= IR =1×10
P.= 4
Rs V= 10 Volt
OR P, = 36 W. 140. The pairs of R, and R,; Rz and R, Ry and
1 1,1 Rg and R, and Rg are in parallel.
() In parallel combination R, 2 2 Their equivalent resistance = 12 each.
OR R, = 12.
29
12 x 12
W.
P, = 1
R,
P, = 144 W B

187, (i) 3 N and 2 2 resistors are in series K1 29

their effective resistance 3 + 2 =5 Q is Re
in parallel to 5 2 resistance.
5
=2.5 2.
2
: Net resistance 2 Now R9 and Ra are in series R=1 +1
2.5 = 22 and Rsg and Rzg are in series
(ü) I= Rsg =1+ l=22
R 2.5

OR I= 1A Rs 12
138. Given: P=600 W. t=6 hr per day, no.
of days = 30 B
Energy consumed by the heater R
=Pxt
= 600 Wx6
hr
x 30 days
K12=
Hence network can be reduced further
day as
Ra =2 SN
= 108000 Wh
A B
= 108 kWh.
Rsg =2 2
Total cost@3/- = 108 x 3 =324

ELECTRICITY 327
 Now Ra andRre are in parallel 144. P= 1100 W V= 220 V
i. Net equivalent resistance of the 220 x 220
1 1
R=
P 1100 484
network =
2 2 R= 44 S2.
Total energy consurned in
141.
Nov. (i.e. 30 days) @4 hr perthedaynonth of
V 220 Volt
R =R= 30 2 E Pxt
()When both are used
separately.
Then current drawn by each =1100 x4 hr x 30
V 220 = 1100x 120 Wh.
I= =7.3 A E= 132 kWh.
R 30
( )When two coils are connected in series 146, (a) Potential across each resistor = &
then total resistance of coils (i).:. Iin 30 2resistor
= 30 +30 = 60 Q V 6
220 R 30 5
I= =3.66 A
60
= 0.2 A.
(iü) When two coils are connected in parallel
30 (iü) Allare in parallel
then total resistance = = 15 A
2 1 1 1,1 1+3+6 10
220 30 10 5 30 30
Now current I = = 14.67A R,
15
142. (a)When wire is cut in equal pieces then |R, =32
R
resistance on one piece = 4 (6) () Voltage across each appliance remains
same.
(6) Effective resistance in parallel combina (ü) If any appliance fails to work other
R appliances continue to work.
tion of these four pieces of resistance 4 146. Given maximum power of the network
each. P= 18 W.
1 4 4 4 4 16 Maximum current in 2 resistor.
-+ P
R, RR R RR from P= PR OR =
R
R
OR R, 16|
18
-=9
OR
143. L = 10m D=0.2 mm
D 0.2 OR I= 3 A.
=0.1 mm
2 I, 22
22 B
OR r=0.1x 10- m
I A 2 22
R= 10 2 B
RxA C
R= PA OR p= Resistor 22, 22 are equal and in parallel
combination so current of 3 A will be
p= 10X
distributed equally.
3.14 x (0.1 x 103? I, = I,= 1.5 A
147. (a) 8 2and 8Q resistors arein parallel
10 =
1,0
p= 3.14 x 10- m. 8x8
=4 2.
8+8
328 Chapterwise ScIENCE-X
 A 150. Given: 5 V - 500 mA
4Q
() Power = VxI=5x500 x 103 = 2.5 W.
828Q (ii) Resistance = 10S2.
500 x 10-3

(i)) Energy consumed in four hrs.

= 2.5x 4 x60 x 60 = 10 x 3600W.s
resistance of the circuit = 3.6 x 10 J.
= (4 + 4) 2=8N. 151. (i) 10Q and 20 S2 are in series
[Link] 4 2 resistor R = 10 + 20 = 30 Q
52and 25 2 are in series
I= .=1A. .. Rag = 5 + 25 = 30 S2
Potential difference across 4 Qresistor 30 S2 and 30Q are in parallel.
V= IR =lx4= 4 volt. 1 2
’ R = 15 2
Power dissipatedin
4 2 resistor +
R, 30 30 30
d) P= 1R= (1) x4 W
P= 4 W. V 12
(ii) =0.8 A
Rp 15
the ammeters are in series in the
e)Both
circuit s0 current will be same in
both 152. V= 200 V
emmeters. Hence no difference in the P= 100 W
reading of two ammeter. (200)
Volt.
J48. I =10 A, V= 220 (a) P= OR R
100
V 220 R
Resistance of bulb= = 22 2
10 40000
OR R= = 400 S.
100
149. Electric Iron 100 W-220 V (6) Energy consumed in 4 hrs. by one bulb.
Used for time t = 5hr. daily
220 x 220 = Pxt= 100 x 4= 400 Wh
R= =484 S2.
P 100 = 0.4 kWh
(ü) Energy consumed by iron per day Totalenergy consumed by5 similar bulb
= Pxt=100 x 5 Wh. =5x 0.4 = 2kWh.
= 500Wh = 0.5 kWh. Cost 0.50 per unit= 2 x0.50 =1

ELECTRICITY329