Grammar

Z e m ff first and second condlilQ®Biais

Conditional sentences have two parts: the ♦ i f + present continuous —►will/modal verb/
conditional clause, which begins with i f (or other imperative
words such as when, unless, etc.), and the main I f y ou ’re leaving, I’ll com e with you.
clause. Conditional sentences follow basic patterns. ♦ i f + present perfect -> wz7//modal verb/
imperative
See also: © I f you’ve fin ish ed your homework, you can
go out.
♦ i f + present perfect continuous —> will/modal
Zero conditional
verb/imperative
» We use the zero conditional to talk about If she’s been w aitin g for ages, she m ay g et
things that are always or generally true as a worried.
result of an action. ♦ imperative + and/or —►wz'W/modal verb
» T o form zero conditional sentences, we use: E at less an d y ou ’ll lose weight.
i f + present simple -> present simple: » We can also use the following words and
W hen water freezes, it turns to ice. phrases in first conditional sentences:
I f you m ix red and blue, you get purple. ♦ (just) in case: This means ‘because it is
» The conditional clause can come before or after possible that’ and it usually comes after the
the main clause. When it comes first, we put a main clause:
comma after it: Ann will bring you a coat in case it gets cold.
When I travel by boat, I often get sick. ♦ p rov ided/providin g (that), as long as:
I often get sick when I travel by boat. These phrases mean ‘on condition that’:
P rovided you rest, you ’ll feel better soon.
First conditional ♦ unless: This means ‘if not’:
I f you d o n ’t leave now, you ’ll be late.
° We use the first conditional to talk about
—> Unless you leave now, you ’ll be late.
possible actions or events in the future.
» T o form first conditional sentences, we use:
i f + present simple —►will + infinitive: Second conditional
I f it rains, we’ll stay at home. • We use the second conditional to talk about
» Other structures are also possible in first unlikely events or situations in the future, or
conditional sentences: improbable/impossible events or situations in
♦ i f + present simple -* modal verb the present.
I f you p rom ise to behave yourself, you can = To form second conditional sentences, we use:
com e. i f + past simple + would + infinitive:
» i f + present simple -> be going to I f I h a d enough money, I w ould retire.
I f you d o n ’t w ork hard, you’re goin g to fa il. ° In the main clause, we can also use could or
♦ i f + present simple - » imperative might instead of would:
I f you n eed anything, just ask. I f I lost my job, I m ight go abroad fo r a while.
» In the if clause, we can use were instead of was:
I ’d quit my jo b i f I w ere rich.

82
 ZERO, FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS

@ Complete the second sentence so that it has

a similar meaning to the first sentence, using
the word given. Use between two and five
Complete the sentences. Use the correct words. Do not change the word given.
form of the verbs in brackets.
0 She has to do this herself because she doesn’t
0 If she f h o v s e s (phone), I’ll let you know. have a secretary.
1‘ If I .............. (not be) busy, I’ll come. - HAVE
2 If h e ..............(be) careful, he wouldn’t break She .. Would/db have f o d p .. this herself if
so many things! she had a secretary.
3 If we didn’t have to work late, w e .............. 1 I’ll let you borrow my laptop if you promise
(join) you. to be careful.
'I If she breaks that vase, Grandma.............. LONG

(be) furious! You can borrow my laptop...................... to be

careful.
5 Unless y o u .............. (stop) wasting time, I’m
leaving right now! 2 I can’t help you with your homework because
I’m not very good at maths.
6 I can’t help you if y o u .............. (not give) me
COULD
more information.
If I were better at m aths,...................... you
7 If a fire .............. (start), the alarm goes off. with your homework.
H Y o u .............. (should / make) your own food 3 If we win the elections, we will build more
if you don’t like my cooking!
schools.
9 .............. (take) more exercise and you’ll feel PROVIDED
much better soon. We will build more schools...................... the
10 If it wasn’t raining, w e.............. (go) for a walk. elections.
4 They won’t let you into the theatre without a
Write two sentences for each item. ticket.
UNLESS
0 we / leave at eight, we / arrive on time
They won’t let you into the theatre
likely: i f . We. .leave .a+. eigWf,. We.'ll. .avnriye
...................... a ticket.
pv\. +hy\e.....................................................................
5 Bring your sun cream because we may decide
less likely: I f . We. . l e f t .a+. eight,. We'd..........
to go for a swim.
!fl.'r.vT!Y©. &Y\. t ’w .e . ....................................................
CASE
1 I / not be busy, I / pick you up Bring your sun cream ...................... to go for a
likely:............................................................................ swim.
less likely:....................................................................
2 you / fall, you / break your leg
likely:............................................................................
less likely:....................................................................
I we / not leave now, we / be late
likely:............................................................................
less likely:....................................................................
<1 you / get the job, we / have a party
likely:............................................................................
less likely:....................................................................
'< Ilie questions / be easy, everyone / pass the test
likely:............................................................................
less likely:....................................................................
 Third conditional, mixed conditionals

Third conditional
• We use the third conditional to talk about
events that were possible in the past but did O Complete the sentences. Use the correct
not happen. form of the verbs in brackets.
o To form third conditional sentences, we use: i f
0 If you had c o m e (come) to the theatre
+ past perfect + would have + past participle: yesterday, you .Wowjd haye.ey^joyed,
I f Bruce had asked me, I would have said yes. (enjoy) the play.
I f I hadn’t become a teacher, I would have
1 If I .............. (come) to Athens last year, I
liked to be an actor. </
..............(visit) you.
I f I wouldn’t have become a teacher, I would
like to be an actor. X 2 If w e.............. (know) you already had
tickets, w e.............. (not get) any for you.
° Notice how changing the clauses from positive
to negative changes the meaning: 3 If y o u .............. (not destroy) my computer, I
I f I had taken an umbrella, I wouldn’t have got .............. (not need) a new one now!
wet. (= I did get wet.) 4 If y o u .............. (not leave) the party so early
I f I hadn’t taken an umbrella, I would have got on Saturday, y o u .............. (might / meet) Joe.
wet. (= I didn’t get wet.) 5 If y o u .............. (not spend) all your money,
• Both clauses can be negative: your fath er.............. (not be) angry now.
They wouldn’t have missed their plan e i f they 6 I .............. (could / become) an accountant if
hadn ’t overslept. (= They did oversleep and they I .............. (be) good at maths.
did miss their plane.) 7 If sh e .............. (try) harder, sh e ................(get)
®In the main clause, we can use could or might that promotion last year.
instead o f would: 8 H e .............. (not get) the job if h e ................
I f y ou ’d asked, I could have told you the answer. (miss) his interview.
I might have got the jo b i f I had applied fo r it. 9 If I .............. (meet) you before, my life
.............. (be) different now.
Mixed conditionals 10 If h e .............. (not see) that car, th ere................
Sometimes we use the second and third (be) an accident.
conditionals in the same sentence. We call these
sentences mixed conditional sentences and
we use them when a past event has an effect
on the present. The conditional clause (third
conditional) refers to the past and the main
clause (second conditional) refers to the present
or future. Compare the following sentences:
I f you hadn’t invited me, I wouldn’t have gone
to the party, (third conditional; I did go to the
party.)
I f you hadn’t invited me, I wouldn’t be here now.
(third conditional + second conditional; I’m here
now.)

84
 THIRD CONDITIONAL, MIXED CONDITIONALS

Q W rite third conditional sentences.

0 I felt tired. I went to bed early.
If X .-felt.tivrad,..X.WowIcWt.bAv.e..gcws.,+e. .feed.eavdy-..
1 I didn’t have enough money. I didn’t take a taxi.
I f .................................................................................................................................
2- I wasn’t interested in the film. I didn’t go to the cinema.
I f ......................................................................................’ .........................................
3 We took the wrong turning. We arrived late.
I f ...................................................................................................................: ...........•
4 Romeo thought Juliet was dead. He committed suicide.
R om eo.......................................................................................................................
5 Oliver lied. He was punished.
O liver...................................................................................................................... ..
6 I didn’t go to the wedding. I wasn’t invited.
I ...................................................................................................................................
7 I was afraid o f the dark. I didn’t go downstairs.
I f .................................................................................................................................
8 You didn’t train hard enough. You didn’t win.
I f .................................................................................................................................
9 He didn’t apologise. She didn’t forgive him.
I f .................................................................................................................................
10 She didn’t have a car. She had to take a taxi.
I f ............................................................................................................................... ..

Q Complete the article. Use one word in each gap.

®O0

T h e m ille n n iu m b u g
If you were around at the end of 1999, you’ve probably heard about the ‘millennium bug’
affecting the world’s computer systems and its catastrophic effects. We waited and nothing
happened. But what would <0)..KAy.e.. happened if there really had (1)............ a millennium
bug? Some experts claimed that it (2)............ have created chaos on the Internet, the
whole system would have collapsed and all kinds of disasters would (3)............ followed:
there (4)............ have been massive power failures, telephones would (5).............. stopped
working, banks (6)............ have closed and so on.
What will happen if there (7)............ a similar bug in the future? Experts say that it is
unlikely, but(8)............ it did happen, it (9)..............pose a serious problem. And if it
happened unexpectedly, technicians (10)............ not have time to take the necessary action
to prevent all possible problems. It is an unlikely scenario bu t(11)............ we plan ahead,
we may live to find out.
A
|Y

85
w ish + past simple/continuous w ish + w o u ld
• We use wish + past simple/continuous to We often use wish + would to express our
express our dissatisfaction with present dissatisfaction and annoyance about something
situations: that we would like to be different:
I wish I was tall. (= but I’m not) I wish this car would go faster!
I wish I was going on holiday with you. (= but I wish you would stop talking! </
I’m not) I wish you to stop talking! X
Harry wishes his brother were here. (= but he I wish they would stop arguing. /
isn’t) I wish they will stop arguing. X
° We can use were instead o f was after wish:
I wish I were tall. w ish + past perfect
• We often use wish + could to talk about things
• We use wish + past perfect to express regret
we are unable to do:
about the past:
I wish I could help you. /
I wish I hadn’t taken your advice. (= but I did)
I wishr-I would help you. X
• We can also use wish + could have + past
participle:
I wish she could have come. (= but she didn’t)

Here is a summary o f the patterns we use with wish:

r Pattern after / wish Time reference Example

Past simple present I wish I knew the answer. (= I don’t)
Past continuous present I wish I was/were going with you. (= I’m not)
could present I wish I could give you an answer. (= I can’t)
would present/future I wish you would be quiet! (= Be quiet!)
Past perfect past She wishes she had known us then. (= she didn’t)
could have + past participle past I wish I could have explained. (= I wasn’t able to)

i f o n ly
I f only can be used in the same way as wish. It is
usually more emphatic. The patterns after i f only
are the same as those after wish:
I f only I had m ore money. (= but I don’t)
I f only I was going with you. (= but I’m not)
I f only you could come, too. (= but you can’t)
I f only the sun would come out!
I f only I had listened to you. (= but I didn’t)
I f only he could have joined us. (= he wasn’t
able to)

86
 WISH, IF ONLY

Q Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
0 My grandad wishes he . . co u ld _u s e .. (can / use) a computer.
1 Bruce wishes h e ...............(have) more money so he could buy a new sweater.
2 If only I ..............(be) taller! I’d love to be in the'basketball team.
3 I wish I ...............(not spend) all my money. Now I don’t have enough for my bus
fare!
4 I wish y o u ...............(not watch) TV while I’m talking to you! , t
5 I wish y o u ...............(not do) that. It’s really annoying!
6 Ella wishes sh e.............. (not speak) to her friend like that last night.
7 If only th ey .............. (not build) that block of flats right in front o f our window!
8 O f course Tom wishes h e ...............(can / come) with us but he has to stay here and
work.
9 I wish w e.............. (can / go) to the match on Saturday but we’re visiting my uncle.
10 I really wish y o u .............. (not tell) Mary. Now she knows everything!
11 If only y o u .............. (not lose) all our money. Now we’re broke.
12 Peter’s always late. If only h e ..............(turn up) on time for a change!

Q W rite two sentences for each item. Use / wish or if only and the phrases in the box.
drive more carefully get to the bus stop five minutes earlier let someone else drive
not be so rude to her not eat so much not forget to set the alarm not lose my temper
play fewer computer games recycle more paper respect the environment
revise for it take more exercise use their bikes instead use their cars less often
watch less TV work harder

0 I’ve gained a lot of weight. 4 W e’re cutting down too many trees.
I wish .1 .kd.dvj’. t. .e flfe tt. s o . WUAC.k. I w ish.....................................................................
If only I ’d fak ev ). e x e r c i.s e ., If only....................................................................
1 He crashed his car. 5 I failed my science test.
I w ish............................................................. I w ish.....................................................................
If only ............................................................ If only....................................................................
2 I had a row with my best friend. 6 I missed my bus.
I w ish............................................................. I w ish.....................................................................
If o n ly ............................................................ If only ....................................................................
3 Children don’t read enough nowadays. 7 People use their cars when they don’t need to.
I w ish............................................................. I w ish.....................................................................
If o n ly ............................................................ If only....................................................................

87
 WISH, IF ONLY

Q W rite a sentence for each item. Use / wish or if only and the words in brackets.
0 The weather is awful, (improve)
J j f . ewty. .the. Wefl+Key:. would, .iyjopy o y e ] ..........................................................................
1 He leaves the tap running all the time, (turn off)

2 Jamie is very angry, (calm down)

3 People hunt animals for sport, (stop)

4 The people next door have their TV on and it’s too loud, (turn down)

5 Your friend keeps complaining about everything all the time, (stop)

6 Your favourite team has lost every match so far. (win)

7 Too much rubbish is thrown away, (recycle)

8 It doesn’t rain enough, (more)

Q W hat are these people wishing? Complete the sentences.

0 If only. I !d . tûk.ey\ .dyy 4 If only

urvobvellfl w'rH\ wte. .

1 If only 5 If only

2 If only 6 If only

3 If only 7 If only

88
Vocabulary
w ant, e x p e ctr lo ve, ca n 't b e a r, etc.

w a n t, w ish , h o p e

Pattern Meaning/Use Example

w ant+ noun desire sth I really want some chocolate.
want (sb) + fo-infinitive desire (sb) to do sth I want to go on holiday. r
wish + past simple want sth to be true even though I wish I had a dog.
wish + could it is unlikely or impossible I wish I could fly.
wish + fo-infinitive want to do sth (formal) I wish to make a complaint.
wish sb + noun hope sth for sb I wish you luck in your career.
hope + clause want sth and believe it is I hope you’re coming with us.
possible or likely
hope + fo-infinitive want to do sth I hope to see you on Saturday.

• W ant can have a direct object immediately after it. We cannot use wish or hope in this
way:
I want a drink. /
I wish a drink. X
I hope a drink-.- X
• We can use wish and hope (but not want) with a that clause:
I hope (that) you will be happy. /
I wish (that) you could be happy. /
I want (that) you are happy. X

e x p e c t, ( c a n 't ) w a it, lo o k fo rw a rd to

r Pattern Meaning/Use Example

expect + noun demand sth I expect respect from my children.
expect (sb) + fo-infinitive think or demand that sth will happen I expected him to phone me.
expect + that clause believe that sth will happen I expect (that) she’ll do well.
wait for sb/sth stay somewhere or not do sth until sth They’re waiting for a taxi.
else happens, sb arrives, etc.
cant wait/ can hardly wait be very excited about sth and eager for I can hardly wait to see you!
+ fo-infinitive; it to happen I can’t wait for my birthday!
cant wait! can hardly
wait for sth
look forward to (doing) sth be very excited about sth that is going I ’m looking forward to Saturday.
to happen I ’m looking forward to seeing you.

89
 WANT, EXPECT, LOVE, CAN'T BEAR, ETC.

lik e , lo v e , be fo n d o f, b e k e e n on

r Pattern Meaning/Use Example

like sth enjoy sth or think it is nice I like your new dress.
like sb think sb is nice and enjoy being with I don’t think he likes me.
them
like + fo-infinitive enjoy or prefer to do sth I like to take a walk in the morning.
like + -ing I like looking at clouds.
love sb have strong feelings of affection for sb; I love you, Jane!
care very much about sb
love + fo-infinitive like sth very much; enjoy doing sth very He loves to talk about himself.
love + -ing much I love gardening.
be fond o f sb/sth like sb/sth very much John’s quite fond of Mary, isn’t he?
be fond o f + -ing like doing sth very much I’m not very fond of cooking.
be keen on sb/sth like sb/sth He’s pretty keen on her.
be keen on (doing) sth be very interested in sth and enjoy She’s keen on tennis.
doing it very much He’s very keen on gardening.
be keen + fo-infinitive want to do sth or want sth to happen She was very keen to help.
very much

° Both be fon d o f and be keen on can be followed by -ing:

I’m fond of swimming.
I’m keen on swimming.
° We can use be keen (but not be fon d of) with a fo-infinitive:
She’s keen to get back to work.
° Note that be keen on + -ing means ‘be very interested in doing sth’ but be keen to do
sth means ‘want very much to do sth’ or ‘want sth to happen very much’.

c a n 't s ta n d , c a n 't b e a r

Pattern Meaning/Use Example

can’t stand sb/sth find sb/sth very unpleasant I can’t stand rock music.
cant/won’t stand sth can’t/won’t accept an unpleasant situation I don’t think I can stand the tension any
longer.
can’t stand + -ing not be able to accept or not like doing sth Anne can’t stand working in that offce.
can’t/couldn’t bear sb/sth find sb/sth extremely unpleasant Oh, I can’t bear that man!
Please don’t leave me alone - I couldn’t
bear it!
can’t bear (sb) doing sth not be able to accept or not like (sb) He can’t bear people being late.
doing sth I can’t bear watching sport on TV.
can’t bear + fo-infinitive not be able to accept or like sth I can’t bear to see her cry.

90
 WANT, EXPECT, LOVE, CAN'T BEAR, ETC,

Choose the correct answer.

0 Jason must be pretty keen fo r fomMiranda - they’ve been dancing all night.
1 I just wanted / wished to say how much I enjoyed our chat last night.
2 I want /h o p e everything goes well and that you arrive safe and sound.
3 Congratulations! We all wish /hope you every happiness!
4 I’m wishing /hoping to go and study abroad next year.
5 I’m waiting /expecting the postman any minute now. > <!
6 I’ve been waiting fo r / expecting you in the rain since nine o’clock! Where have you been?
7 She’s still getting over her illness, so don’t wait fo r / expect too much from her.
8 I’m so expecting / looking forw ard to seeing my friends again after all this time.
9 He told her he liked I loved her with all his heart.
10 I like / am fon d on David but we’ve never been close friends.
11 I quite like / love my neighbours and we do seem to get on quite well.
12 I can’t stand / wait to get out o f hospital!
13 He couldn’t bear to see / o f seeing his dog in pain.
14 I can hardly wait to see / fo r seeing her.

Complete the article. Use one word in each gap.

Teem tren d s
According to a new poll, the most popular leisure time activity for teenagers
is watching TV. Nine out of ten teens said they are very (0)..^eev>.. on watching
TV and do so for several hours every day. Teens also enjoy (1)............to music
and are particularly fond <2)............MP3s, which is how most young people listen
to music.
After school, kids (3)............forward to going home and surfing the Internet or
(4)............video games, sometimes for hours. One of the most popular free time
activities is, of course, going out with friends - teens can't (S)............for the
weekend to come so they can sit around in cafés, chilling out. They are also
very keen (6)............going to the cinema with friends - but not with parents!
Every teen wants (7)............have lots of friends to hang out with but it's not cool
to go out with parents - teens can't bear (8)............be seen with their parents
in public.
Finally, teens wait impatiently (9)............the school year to be over so they can
go on holiday, and ninety percent wish they (,0)............go on holiday with their
friends rather than their mum and dad.

91
 Prefixes (1)
o

We have seen that we use prefixes to change

the meaning of a word. Prefixes do not change
the part of speech (but most suffixes do).
Many prefixes give a word a meaning which is Complete the words. Use the prefixes in the
the opposite or negative o f the original word. table above. Then write down the meaning
For example, we can use the prefixes dis-, in­ of each word. You can use a dictionary to
ox un-. Other prefixes change the meaning o f a help you.
word in different ways. For example: 0 ...... devalue:
multi- + ethnic —y multi-ethnic (= m ade up o f r educe, .t h e .value. o\f 3 <?mefhiw0 .....
many different ethnic groups)
1 ........... final:...................................................
Here are some more prefixes:
2 ..............partner:.......................................................
r Pattern Meaning/Use Example 3 ..............standard:.....................................................
4 ..............national:......................................................
de- + verb/ opposite decentralise
noun 5 ..............section:........................................................
shows that sth debone
is removed 6 ..............b u s:...............................................................
7 ..............caffeinated:.................................................
shows that sth devalue
is reduced 8 ..............fro st:.............................................................
9 ..............coloured:.....................................................
ex- + noun former ex-husband
10 ..............regulate:......................................................
macro- + noun large; on a macroeconomics
11 ..............zero :.............................................................
large scale
12 ...............wife:.............................................................
micro- + noun small; on a microelectronics
small scale 13 ..............nationalise:.................................................
14 ..............organism :....................................................
mini- + noun very small or mini-break
short 15 ..............ra il:...............................................................
16 ..............skirt:.............................................................
mono- + noun one monolingual
17 ..............so il:...............................................................
multi- + noun/ many multi-purpose
adjective 18 ..............ch ip :.............................................................
19 ..............co d e:................................................... .........
semi- + noun/ half; partly semicircle,
adjective semi-literate 20 ..............circle:...........................................................
sub- + noun/ under, below; subzero,
adjective less, lower subnormal

92
 PREFIXES (2)

Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.

0 Unless y o u .............. the fish first, your guests won’t enjoy it.
A unbone (j f debong^ C sub-bone D pre-bone
1 I think the government should.............. the post office.
A denationalise B innationalise C ex-nationalise D subnationalise
2- I wish m y .............. and I were still on speaking terms.
A pre-partner B ex-partner C semi-partner D sub-partner
3 T h is.............. tool is ideal for a variety o f uses.
A macro-purpose B mono-purpose C micro-purpose D ftnulti-purpose
4 Let’s form a .............. and do something about the problem.
A subcommittee B micro-committee C macro-committee D multi-committee
5 T hese.............. can only be seen under a microscope.
A macro-organisms B micro-organisms C mini-organisms D semi-organisms
6 Ours was the only room in the hotel that didn’t have a .............. ..
A micro-bar B mini-bar C multi-bar D semi-bar
7 .............. were an early type of plane with only one set o f wings.
A Microplanes B Semiplanes C Monoplanes D Subplanes
8 .............. is destroying large areas o f tropical rain forest.
A Subforestation B Semiforestation C Macroforestation D Deforestation
9 At the time, we were living in a n ic e .............. house with a garden.
A micro-detached B semi-detached C macro-detached D sub-detached
10 She only drinks............. tea.
A uncaffeinated B decaffeinated C incaffeinated D discaffeinated

Q Complete the sentences. Use the words in the box with the correct prefixes.
bug chip code cultural economics final husband national zero

0 I enjoy living in a society.

1 That year, he took me to see England play in th e ..............o f the European Cup.
2 Nick and Amanda both work for a large.............. company.
3 He was so stingy! He would sit i n .............. temperatures because he refused to switch
on the central heating!
4 James is Lisa’s .............. .. And that’s their daughter, Emily.
5 .............. is the study o f large economic systems such as those of a whole country or
area o f the world.
6 When you’ve finished writing the computer program,, you will need to check for
errors a n d .............. it.
7 This electronic card has a ..............which contains the cardholder’s name and address.
8 Nobody knows what those symbols stand for. We haven’t been able t o ..............the
message yet.

93
Grammar
Time and eonditiooi clauses with futur®
referenc®
When we talk about the future, we often use time words or phrases like when, after,
as soon as, etc., or words/phrases describing a condition (for example whether, as long
as, etc.). We use the present simple (not will) after these words and phrases.

Time clauses
Here are some time words and phrases we use in future time clauses:

Pattern Meaning/Use Example

after + present simple when sth has happened I’ll see you after I get back from my holiday.
as soon as + present simple immediately after As soon as he arrives at the hotel, call a taxi.
before + present simple earlier than Finish your work before Mum gets home.
by the time + present simple during the time before sth He will have left by the time you get there.
happens
once + present simple from the time when sth Once she arrives, we’ll start.
happens
suppose/supposing + imagine that Supposing she asks for your help, what will you
present simple do?
until + present simple up to the point in time that I won’t leave until you tell me what happened.
when + present simple at or during the time that I ’ll call you when I ’m free.
whenever + present simple at any time Phone me whenever it’s convenient.
while + present simple during the time that Let’s forget about work while we’re on holiday.

We can use the present perfect instead o f the present simple to refer to an action
that will be complete in the future:
I ’ll take up gardening as soon as I ’ve retired.
Sometimes there is a change in meaning. Compare:
W hen I p h o n e Mary, I ’ll ask her. (= I’ll phone Mary and ask her at the same time.)
W hen I ’ve p h o n e d M ary, I ’ll let you know. (= First I’ll phone Mary and then I’ll let
you know.)
We can use the present continuous after while, to refer to
an action that will be in progress in the future:
I ’ll go fo r a walk while they’re havin g lunch.
We can use the past simple after suppose/supposing, to
talk about unlikely or imaginary events in the future:
Supposing you fa iled , would you try again?

96
 TIM E AN D C O N D ITIO N C LA U SES W ITH FUTURE RITT III.NCI

Condition clauses
Pattern Meaning/Use Example
if + present simple used to talk about sth that might I f I see her, I ’ll let you know.
happen or might be true
as/so long as + present simple only if I ’ll come as long as you pay.
(just) in case + present simple because it is possible that Take an umbrella in case it rains.
on condition that + only if I’ll lend you the money on condition that
present simple you pay me back by-Friday.
-

provided/providing (that) + only if Well get there on time provided we leave

present simple now.
unless + present simple if not We won’t go for a walk unless it’s sunny.
whether + present simple used to say that something will Whether we win or not depends on how
(+ or not) or will not happen whatever the hard we train.
situation is

See also: ©
When a clause beginning with i f whether, when, etc. is the object of the sentence, we can
use will:
I doubt if/whether David will come.
I don ’t know when they’ll come back.

Choose the correct answer.

0 You can drop in whenever)/ on condition that you like.
1 When / Until he arrives, everyone must stand.
2 W e’re not going to stop digging until I as soon as we find the ancient ruins.
3 They’re going to check the building before / supposing the President arrives.
4 While /By the time we get to the cinema, the film will have started.
5 Please phone your father until I as soon as you see this message.
6 In case / Supposing you had a baby girl, what would you call her?
7 Whether /Unless they win or not depends on Dennis being on good form.
8 When /Before the Smiths arrive, ask them to wait outside, please.
9 As soon as /Before you hear the alarm, run for the exit.
10 You’ll recover quickly whenever /provided you rest.
 TIM E AND C O N D ITIO N C LA U SES W ITH FU TU RE REFEREN CE

Q Complete the sentences. Use the present simple or the present perfect of the
verbs in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
0 As soon as I.-Sflye/^ye. .saved (save) enough money, I’m going to go on a long
holiday.
1 I hope you’ll be awake when I ..................... (come) home.
2 Come whenever y o u ..................... (be) ready.
3 I’ll stay until y o u ..................... (finish).
4 They will have sold all the tickets by the time w e..................... (get) there.
5 Don’t open your eyes until I ..................... (tell) you to.
6 Whether sh e ..................... (play) on Saturday depends on what her doctor says.
7 I’ll tell you a secret as long as y o u ..................... (promise) not to tell anyone else.
8 I’ll lend you the book on condition that y o u ..................... (bring back / it) on
Monday.
9 Let’s get our swimming things in case w e ..................... (get) a chance to go
swimming.
10 W e’ll go to bed as soon as the programme.................... (finish).

Q Complete the text. Use one word in each gap.

®O0

What to do in a tsunami
Tsunamis are a mass of sea waves that are usually caused by an
earthquake in the floor of the sea. (0)..9x\ce. the tsunami reaches
the coast and hits shallow water, the height of the waves will rise
rapidly and cause destruction to the land near the shore where it
hits. Whether you survive a tsunami o r (1).............could depend on
following these simple instructions.
(2).............the earthquake that causes the tsunami occurs far out
in the ocean, there should be plenty of time to find somewhere
safe to go. If, however, the earthquake (3).............close to shore,
there may only be minutes between the earthquake and the arrival
of the first wave. As (4).............as you feel the ground shake
and you know an earthquake has occurred, go to high ground
immediately. (s).............that you are at least fifty feet above sea
level, you should be clear of any waves that are heading your
way. Wait there (6).............the crisis is over.
Do not return to shore - stay where you are (7).............case there
are more waves coming - do not assume that it is safe to return ‘As soon as you
to shore because the first wave is over. As long (8).............you are start talking sense,
people will say
on high ground, you should be safe.
▲ you’re an old fool.’
jT B ob H ope
_ -------............... ’ 1~~ W

98
 More future forms

We can use different ways to talk about the future in English.

Here are some more future forms: »

Form Meaning/Use Example

be about to + infinitive be going to do sth very soon The train is about to leave. Let’s hurry.
be due to + infinitive be expected to do sth already She is due to start her new job next week.
arranged
be to + infinitive be expected to do sth arranged or The Pope is to visit Cuba this month.
officially ordered
be not to + infinitive be expected or ordered not to do You are not to begin until I give the order.
sth
be on the verge o f (doing) sth be at the point where sth is about They are on the verge of signing a new
to happen contract.
be on the point o f (doing) sth be going to do sth very soon We were on the point of giving up hope.

We also often use the following words when we talk about the future.
They are usually followed by the present simple:
• whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, however.
Wherever you go, I ’ll follow.
However hard he tries, h e’ll fail.
° no m atter what/who/etc.:
No matter what she says, they won’t believe her.

For future forms, see also: © and ©

Choose the correct answer.

0 They are (due)/ on the poin t to leave tomorrow.
1 Fasten your seatbelts. We are about to take I taking off.
2 The boat is due /on the verge to leave at ten o’clock.
3 You are not to I aren ’t due to take the car without my permission.
4 Doctors claim they are on the due /p o in t o f a breakthrough.
5 He’s thinking to give up /o f giving up .^>ut you can help him.
6 However /No m atter how much the p artin g costs, I’ll buy it.
7 Whatever /However much it costs me, I’ll do it.
8 I’m due to be / fo r being at a conference in Berlin on Monday.
9 Whatever / Whoever it is, I’ll ask them to leave.
10 They are / are on the poin t to change the exam next year.
 MORE FUTURE FORMS

^ Complete the sentences. Use the fo-infinitive, the -ing form or the present simple of the verbs
in the box.
announce arrive burst expire have hide hire leave
move perform run see try
0 I think Eric is due it?. his operation in two weeks.
1 Mrs Bower is on the point o f ..............her resignation.
2 Martha was on the verge o f .............. into tears.
3 The Prime Minister i s .............. in Brussels at noon.
4 I am about.............. my last trick, ladies and gentlemen.
5 Your subscription to our website is d u e..............next month.
6 You are n o t ..............your room until I tell you to!
7 No matter how hard h e .............., he’ll never be a successful actor.
8 Whenever y o u ..............Jane, will you tell her to give me a ring?
9 No matter who th ey .............. for the job of manager, the factory will still close.
10 Wherever the burglars.............. , the police will find them.
11 She won’t break the world record however fast sh e ................
12 No matter where w e .............. , we will still have to travel to get to work.

Q Complete the text. Use one word in each gap.

Polly: pop music phenomenon

Polly is just twenty-three years old and Now her c a re e r(5)............ about to get
sh e’s already sold millions of albums. another boost when she appears on a
Now she (0)__i.-s.... about to make pop popular music show in the U SA next
music history. Sh e ’s already got two month. While in the States, she is
singles in the top twenty and she is (6)............ meet the President of the U SA
(1)............ the verge of getting a third in the White House. And that’s not all:
single in the charts. No other solo artist Polly is on the p o in t(7)............ signing
has ever achieved this - not even a new contract - this time to star in
Madonna. Polly has won three Grammy a Hollywood film as a country singer!
Awards. She <2)............ soon to be Filming is due <8)............ start in the
awarded her fourth Grammy for Best autumn of next year.
Female Pop Vocal Performance. What next for Polly? (9)............ she
She is (3)............ to fly to China next does, she will continue to attract media
week, where she will give her first attention. And no m atter(10)............ she
concert ever in Beijing. (4)............ Polly does, millions of fans around the world
performs - whether it is in China, Europe will continue to follow her.
or the U SA - she cau se s a sensation.

. ^

So there I am, sitting in my seat, on the verge o f a nervous breakdown. ‘We are
about to leave, ’ says the man next to me, grinning. The noise o f the engines is
deafening and I’m on the point o f being sick. The steward bends over me and
says, ‘We’re due to take o ff soon, sir. Would you like sweets or cotton wool?’ ‘I ’d
rather have the cotton wool, please,’ I reply. ‘Sweets always fall out o f my ears.’
V__________________________________________________________________ J
 Expressions ®ff ■SoDirDe m d pfrefferenee

it 's tim e w o u ld ra th e r
° We can talk about what we think should » We use would rather to express preference, in
happen using it’s time in the following patterns: the following patterns:
♦ it’s time + to-infinitive: ♦ would rather + infinitive' (+ than + infinitive)
It’s time to go to bed. / I’d rather stay in. / ’
It’s time-we go to bed. X I’d rather to stay in. X
♦ it’s time fo r + noun: I’d rather stay in than go out with Nick.
It’s time for bed. Would you rather go with them or stay with me?
♦ it’s time fo r + sb + to-infinitive: ♦ would rather + sb + past simple:
It’s time for you to go to bed. I’d rather you stayed a little longer. /
o In the following patterns, we use it’s time with I’d rather you to stay a little lo n g e r X
a past tense to refer to things that we think I’d rather Anne didn’t come to the meeting.
should happen now or very soon: » We also use would rather to express criticism -
♦ it’s time + sb + past simple: to talk about something we think should have
been done differently in the past. We use it in
It’s time you went to bed. /
It’s time you will go to bed. X the following pattern: would rather + sb + past
perfect:
♦ it’s time + sb + past continuous:
I’d rather you had asked me before buying that
It’s time we were leaving.
shirt. (= but you didn’t)
♦ it’s high time + past simple (or past
continuous for emphasis):
It’s high time we left. w o u ld s o o n e r
It’s high time you were earning your own W e use would sooner in the same way as would
living! rather. It follows the same patterns:
♦ it’s about time + past simple (or past I’d sooner die than marry Ted!
continuous for emphasis), often suggesting I’d sooner you didn’t wait fo r us.
criticism:
It’s about time we took global warming w o u ld p re fe r
seriously.
We use would prefer to express preference, in the
following patterns:
° would prefer + to-infinitive:
She’d prefer not to watch the film.
« would prefer + to-infinitive + rather than +
infinitive/-zng:
I’d prefer to stay in rather than go out!going
out with Nick.
o would prefer + sb + to-infinitive:
We’d prefer you to stay.
I’d prefer you not to come.
° would prefer it i f + sb + past simple:
She’d prefer it if you didn’t come.

101
 EX PR ESSIO N S OF TIM E AN D PREFERENCE

Match 1-12 with a-m to make sentences.

0 It’s high time she a a if you didn’t tell anyone about this.
I It’s time to □ b bed, young lady.
2 I’m sorry but I’d rather □ c not talk about what happened.
3 Would you really prefer to □ d told Emma what’s going on?
4 Actually, I’d rather be □ e beautiful than rich.
5 It’s about time □ f leave for the airport.
6 I’d prefer it □ g took her exams seriously.
7 I’d sooner play football □ h rather stay here if you don’t mind.
8 Don’t you think it’s time we □ i you got down to work.
9 Marry you? □ j it if you didn’t invite Wayne to the party.
10 I would □ k fail rather than ask Fred for help?
11 It’s time for □ 1 I’d rather die!
12 I’d prefer □ m than watch it on TV.

Q Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.

0 It’s eight o’clock. Isn’t it tim e.............. ?
A we get up B to gel up C for us getting up
1 It’s late. It’s high time w e .............. ..
A go home B must go home C went home.
2 No coffee for me, thanks. I’d rath er.............. some water.
A have B to have C having
3 She says she’d prefer.............. tomorrow.
A you come B it if you come C it if you came
4 Look at your room! It’s about tim e .............. it up!
A you tidy B you tidied C for you tidying
5 Isn’t it tim e............ . lunch yet? I’m starving!
A for B we have C for having
6 Ben would rather y o u ..............now. Can you come later?
A don’t come B didn’t come C hadn’t come
7 I’d prefer.............. a jacket and tie.
A I wear B wearing C to wear
8 I think it’s time we .............. goodbye.
A say B are saying C said
9 I’d sooner y o u ........ __ this with me first.
A discussed B have discussed C had discussed
10 I’d prefer to watch ;a film .............. a game.
A from playing B rather than to play C rather than play

102
 EX PR E SSIO N S OF TIM E A N D I’HI I I HI N(,l

Q Complete the conversations. Use the correct form of the verbs in the box.
do fix get go help keep not stop paint phone
spend stay take tell visit
0 A: It’s time jj? .geh the dinner ready.
B: I’d rather we for a pizza.
1 “ A: I think it’s time w e ..................... our cousins in- Camden.
B: I’d prefer..................... the money on a holiday in Brighton.
2 A: It’s time w e..................... that hole in the fence.
B: I’d rather w e..................... the bedroom.
3 A: I think it’s tim e ..................... home.
B: I’d rather..................... a bit longer if that’s OK with you.
4 A: It’s about time h e ..................... you with the housework.
B: To be honest, I’d sooner..................... it myself.
5 A: It’s high time y o u ..................... Jenny what really happened. ; \
‘What time is it when an
B: Well, I’d rath er..................... this to myself!
elephant sits on your card
6 A: I think it’s time for u s ..................... a break. ‘It’s time to get a new one. ’
B: I’d sooner w e ..................... until we’ve finished. V_______ _________ J

Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given.
0 You really ought to start work on that project. 6 I really think you should tell her what you
HIGH think.
It’s .Wig)*. .'tjr'T'.s. .you s fa y fe d work on that HIGH
project. I t ...................... her what you think.
1 You should buy a new car. 7 I have to pick up the kids from school now.
TIME FOR
It’s ...................... new car. It’s tim e...................... the kids from school.
2 She thinks it would be better if you stayed at 8 I don’t want you to come to the doctor
home tonight. with me.
PREFER WOULD
S h e ...................... if you stayed at home tonight. I ...................... come to the doctor with me.
3 Stop spending all our money on clothes. 9 Your hair’s too long.
RATHER HAD

I’d ...................... all our money on clothes. It’s abo u t...................... a haircut.
4 I would prefer to study drama than 10 Let’s walk to the station instead of going by car.
engineering. THAN
SOONER I’d prefer to walk to the station......................
I ...................... drama than engineering. by car.
5 We think it would be better if you slept in the
living room.
PREFER
W e’d in the living room.
Vocabulary
a fte rw a rd s, a fte r, u n til', as fa r as, e tc.

a fte rw a rd s a fte r and in

o Afterwards is an adverb. It means ‘following the ° We can use after as a preposition, to mean
event that has just been mentioned’: ‘following something’. In this case, after is
The play lasts fo r two hours. Afterwards, you followed by a time word or phrase (e.g. after a
can meet the actors. week):
° We can also use afterwards at the end o f a After a few days, I felt much better.
sentence, to mean ‘later’: She left after an hour.
We left at six. Carol arrived shortly afterwards. • We cannot use after on its own. It is followed
by a time word or phrase, or a noun. We can
a fte rw a rd s and th e n also use after that (= afterwards):
We’re leaving after lunch.
• When we are talking about an action that I ’m hoping to visit the States. After that/
follows another action, we can use either Afterwards, I ’d like to travel to Mexico. /
afterwards or then: I ’m hoping to visit the States. After, I ’d like to
We all had lunch together. Then/Afterwards we travel to M exico7 X
went to the beach. • Compare the use o f after and in:
• To introduce the next step in a series of She left after five minutes.
instructions, we usually use then: She’ll be leaving in an hour.
Check that the paper is properly loaded. Then
press the start button. Then ... by and u n t il/ t ill

a fte rw a rd s and la te r ( o n ) • We use by for an action that happens before or

no later than a certain time:
• Afterwards often suggests that the second Could you let us know your decision by Friday?
event occurs quite soon after the first one has • We use until/till for an action continuing up to
finished: the time mentioned:
I went to see Adrian in the morning. Afterwards, Let’s wait here until the rain stops.
I drove into town to do some shopping.
• If there is a longer interval between the two u n t il/ t ill, to and a s fa r as
events, we usually use (much) later or later on:
I couldn’t understand why she hadn ’t answered • We use until/till in connection with time:
my letters. Later, I realised she’d moved house. The shops are open until six.
I saw a woman on the stairs. Later on, I fou nd I ’ll be here until five.
out that she was my neighbour. « We use as fa r (as) to talk about direction
My main aim is to graduate. Afterwards, I ’d like towards or distance from a place. We use to
to go and work in Canada. to mean ‘towards and stopping at a particular
place’.
Do you know which bus goes to M arble Arch?
We went as far as London.

104
 AFTERWARDS, AFTER, UNTIL, AS FAR AS, I fC

Q Choose the correct answer.

0 She had her baby in June. Not long after /(after theft), she resigned.
1 I have to submit my report by /until the end o f the month.
2 They came in June and left two months later / lately.
3 We had a quick coffee and after / then went shopping.
4 Owen arrived after t afterwards five minutes.
5 We stayed at the library till la s fa r as it closed.
6 I saw him enter the bank at about one o’clock. Ten minutes after /later,
he ran out with a bag full of money.
7 We need your response by /until tonight.
8 You can stay by / till the weekend.
9 After / Afterwards a few hours, the mist cleared.
10 W e’re going to leave Italy by / in a couple of months to go and live in the States.

Q Complete the sentences. Use the words and phrases on page 104.
0 Do you always w a l k w o r k ?
1 I’ll see y o u .............. a couple of hours.
2 I was bored at first b u t.............. on I enjoyed it.
3 To start the machine, switch it o n ............... press the red button.
4 On Sunday morning, we went for a stroll around the park................ . we went for a meal.
5 I felt really sick when we got there b u t.............. a few days I was fine.
6 I’ll need the translation.............. January 28th, please.
7 We waited.............. ten o’clock and then we decided to go home.
8 We r a n .............. as the bridge and then stopped.

Q Complete the story. Use one word in each gap.

My first encounter with Dracula

I had been riding all day and it had already got dark. I was on my way to Count Dracula’s castle
but I had only got (0)... Aft... far as the first village. I wanted to g e t(1).............. my destination before
midnight. The mountain was steep and the forest all around was black and silent. Suddenly, I heard
a strange sound in the distance. A few seconds (2).............. . I heard a terrible howl and realised that
there were wolves in the forest. I was beginning to wish I had stopped at the village inn and waited
(3).............. morning before continuing with my journey but I had been hoping to reach the castle just
(4).............. eleven - no later than midnight. In his letter, the Count had said he would wait up
<5).............. I arrived. I rode on.
<6).............. a while, I came to a fork in the road. On my left, through the trees, I could see the castle.
Excited, I took the road that led (7).............. Dracula’s castle. Soon, I was outside the gate. I knocked
and waited. (8).............. a few seconds, I heard a key turning. The door opened and (9)................I saw
him. ‘Good evening,’ he said. ‘Come in. I have been waiting for you. W e’ll have some wine and
after <10).............. I ’ll show you to your room.’ I made polite conversation with the count for an hour
or so and (11).............. I was shown upstairs. I was so tired I slep t(12)................midday the next day.

105
 O [Phrases with tim e

r Phrase M eaning Example

there’s time (for sth) there is enough time (to do sth) There’s time for one more question.
have time (for sthlto do sth) have enough time (to do sth) Do you have time for a coffee1
I don’t have time to talk right now.
have a good/great/etc. time enjoy yourself very much Thanks for the party - we both had a
wonderful time.
in time (for sthlto do sth) early enough (to do sth) I f we hurry, we’ll be there in time for the last
train.
We got there just in time to see the Queen.
lose time (doing sth) fall behind because of delays We lost a lot o f valuable time waiting for the
others to arrive.
on time at the planned time I drove quickly and got there right on time.
They had to rush to get to work on time. V
They had to rush to get to work in-time. X
pass the time spend time, especially when you We played games to pass the time until the
are bored or waiting for sth train arrived. S
We played games to spend the time until the
train arrived. X
pass the time o f day talk to sb for a short time in I was just passing the time of day with him.
(with sb) order to be friendly
the right time (to do sth) the time when sth should happen I think now is the right time for you to buy
your own house.
spend time (on sth/doing use time doing a particular thing I ’ve spent a lot o f time on this project.
sth/with sb) or with a particular person We spent the whole time lying on the beach.
You should spend more time with your brother.
spend + time expression stay somewhere for a stated We’ll have to spend the night in a hotel.
period of time
spend + time expression do sth for a stated period of time I spent the whole weekend cleaning up.
doing sth
take (sb) time to need or require a lot of time Learning a language takes time.
take (sb) + time expression to need or require a particular The journey takes four hours.
amount of time
take your time do sth without hurrying Take your time - there’s no rush.
time flies time passes very quickly. Doesn’t time fly when you’re having fun?
waste (one’s) time (on sth/ use more time than is useful or Stop wasting time watching TV and get on
with sth/doing sth) sensible with your homework!
be a waste o f time not be worth the time you use Arguing with her is a complete waste of time.
because there is little or no
result

106
 PHRASES WITH T IM E

1 Ü M M M .................................

Match 1-12 with a-m to make sentences.

0 How time E a on time,
1 How much time □ b for the meeting,
2 They spent more time □ c explain - just do it. Time flies!
3 Unless you leave now, you won’t d lose any more time,
get there □ e on the first question,
4 Don’t waste □ f have a wonderful time,
5 Don’t spend too much time □ g we don’t mind waiting,
6 She ran and managed to get there h to pass the time until dinner?
just in time □ i the night in the car, I’m afraid,
7 Take your time - □ j your time with computer games,
8 Hurry up! We can’t afford to □ k flies! W e’ve really got to go now.
9 W e’ll have to spend □ 1 in their hotel room than on the beach,
10 What shall we do □ m does it take to get from your house to the
11 There isn’t time to □ airport?
12 Enjoy your holiday. I hope you □

Complete the sentences. Use one word in each gap.

0 Bye! Have a wonderful__ t im e __ . 7 Be patient. I t ..................... time for someone to
1 How on earth am I going t o ..................... the change.
time in this boring place? 8 W e ..................... the whole weekend decorating
2 We were just passing the time o f ..................... the living room.
when her mobile rang. 9 Do w e ..................... time for a quick game of
3 I don’t go out much. I ..................... most basketball before lunch?
evenings at home, reading. 10 No, there were no delays - our train arrived
4 It’s been at least two weeks. The builders are rig h t..................... time.
certainly..................... their time with our roof! 11 You’re ju s t ..................... time to catch the last
5 No, the report isn’t ready yet. These things few minutes of the game.
time, you know. 12 I think w e ..................... time for a quick coffee
6 Stop trying to change her mind. You’re before our bus leaves.
your time.

Q Complete the phrases with time in the following sentences.

0 When you’re in a long queue, what do you do 6 Did y o u ..................... at the party last night?
to +he ,+im e ? 7 It’s a com plete..................... trying to change his
1 I really think you should..................... time with mind. He just won’t listen.
her. She really needs you. 8 Don’t ..................... trying to explain. She’ll
2 I expect they’ll be late - they hardly ever turn never understand.
u p ....................... 9 Do y o u ..................... install this program on my
3 It usually..................... to learn a new skill. laptop before you go?
4 I’m sorry, I don’t have..................... chat now. 10 If we take a taxi, we’ll be th ere.................... for
5 Surely th ere..................... one last dance. Come the meeting.
on you two!
107
 Exam practice 3
P art 1
For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

EXAM TIPS
Taking exams is tough. But examiners are not insensitive people, <0)............ candidates may
think. Most examiners are ordinary people who do their best to pass candidates, as (1)............
as candidates follow certain basic rules of the exam process. (2)............ you know what is
expected of you, you (3)............ well.
First of all, you (4)............ know how much time to spend on each question (5)............ you
look at the whole paper first. So, before you <6>............ the test, make sure you know what is
expected of you.
Do not start writing as (7)............ as you get the paper: think first, (8).............. write. Secondly,
you are unlikely to do well unless you (9).............ALL the questions. And if you <10).............. the
instructions carefully, you will slip up. Thirdly, make sure you have an eraser(11)............ you
need to correct your mistakes. Finally, remember that tl2>............ your answer is right or not,
the examiner cannot give you a mark for it if your handwriting is illegible!

0 A however B (whatever C whoever D whenever

1 A much B far C long D soon

2 A Provided B Whether c Unless D In case

3 A should do B would do c might do D would have done

4 A don't B won't c wouldn't D didn't

5 A unless B if c as long as D whether

6 A sit B will sit c would sit D could sit

7 A quickly B immediately c fast D soon

8 A after B afterwards c then D then later

9 A answer B don't answer c will answer D won't answer

10 A read B don't read c will read D won't read

11 A as if B in case c unless D if only

12 A however B if c even if D whether

108
 EX A M P R A C T IC E 3

1
P a rt 2
For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use
only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).

D I G I T A L NOISE
We live in a time of constant digital noise. Take the mobile phone. First, there are all those
silly ringtones which keep going o ff(0>......w\r\ey-eye\r....... you happen to be: on the bus, in
the train, in the cinema - everywhere. It's (13)............................... time something was done
about it. 1 f
I don't dislike mobile phones; on the contrary, I'm very fond(14)............................. mine, and if I
didn't have it, I <15)................................feel lost. Flowever, I wish people(16>.................................
not force complete strangers to listen to their endless mobile chats; <17)................................
only they'd realise how annoying this is! I used to <18)................................ forward to going
places by train until the mobile phone appeared on the scene. Now every morning, on
my way (19)................................ work, I have to listen to people's private conversations!
I can't <20)............................... listening to people chatting to their friends! If only they
(21)............ something important to say! I can't bear <22)................................ to this junk. I
(23)................................sooner buy a c a r(24)................................. have to put up with this noise
any more. I just hate noise pollution!
/12

109
 EXAM PRACTICE 3

P a rt 3
For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some
of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the
beginning ( 0 ).

AYRTON SENNA
Ayrton Senna da Silva, the great Brazilian racing (0)d w y e r , D R IV E
was born in Santana, a poor (25>............ of Sao Paulo, in N E IG H B O U R
1960. Senna developed an interest in cars at an early age.
He entered his first karting (26>............ at the age of thirteen, COM PETE
and in 1977 he won the South American kart <27)............ . C H A M P IO N
At the time of his tragic death in 1994, he had already
achieved his reputation as a great sports <28)............ . PERSONAL

Although Senna is remembered for his <29)............ in Formula A C H IEV E

One, for some people, his <30)............ in life was more GREAT
important than his genius on the track. As Senna became
more famous, he never forgot the <31)............ of so many POOR
children in Brazil. He used his (32)............ to help people less AFFLU ENT
fortunate than himself. Shortly before his death, he founded
an (33>............ dedicated to poor Brazilian children. Both as O R G A N IS E
an athlete and as a philanthropist, he is an (34)............ to
young people everywhere. I N S P IR E

no

no
 EXAM M RACTICI I

P a rt 4
For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to
the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use
between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).

Example:
0 He's supposed to be here any moment now.
DUE
H e ..................... i s . due. t o ...................... arrive any moment now. F

35 My dad will be back when he's done with the shopping.

U N T IL
My dad won't be back................................................................finished the shopping.
36 We may have to take a taxi, so take some extra money with you.
CASE
Take some extra money with you................................................................take a taxi.
37 I can't wait to see them again next summer.
FO RW ARD
I'm really................................................................them again next summer.
38 Let me know the moment Penny arrives, will you?
S OON
Let me know................................................................. will you?
39 I'd prefer to read a book than surf the net all day.
RATHER
I ................................................................a book than surf the net all day.
40 Without a password, we won't be able to log onto the site.
UNLESS
We won't be able to log onto the site................................................................a password.
41 If you arrive before seven, I can meet you outside the cinema.
LONG
1 can meet you outside the cinema..............................................................you arrive
before seven.
42 Luke arrived late because his train was late.
TIM E
If the train had................................................................ . Luke wouldn't have arrived late.

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TOTAL SCORE / 50