Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
Jawahar Education Society’s
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITY &BASIC SCIENCE
Academic Year 2024-25
Subject: BEEE Practical In-charge: Dr. M. S. Selokar
Name: Class: FE (Sem- I) Batch - Roll No:
Date of Performance: - Date of Submission: -
Practical No. _7_
Title To use transistor as a switch
Rubrics for Experiment write ups evaluation
Marks Obtained Signature of
Evaluation Criteria Date
Instructor
Lab Performance
Punctuality
Topic Knowledge
Attainment Level (Out of 9)
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
Ex No:
Date :
7. To use transistor as a swith
Aim
To use Transistor a s a Switch.
Components
[Link] Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity Nos
1 Transistor NPN 1
2 Dual Power Supply DC 1
3 Resistors 100 Ω 2
Theory
“William Shockley” invented the transistor in 1947. A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device whichcan be
used for switching applications, amplification of weak signals and in quantities of thousands and millions of transistors
are interconnected and embedded into a tiny integrated circuit/chip, which makes computer memories. A Transistor
switch, which is used for opening or closing of a circuit that means the transistor, is commonly used as a switch in the
electronic devices only for the low voltage applications because of its low power consumption. Transistor work as a
switch when it is in cutoff and saturation regions. In this article, we will discuss how to use a transistor as a switch.
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
Types of BJT transistors:
A transistor consists of two PN junctions; these junctions are formed by sandwiching either N-type or P-type
semiconductor material between a pair of opposite type of semiconductor materials. Bipolar junction transistors are
classified into two types:
1. NPN
2. PNP
The transistor has three terminals, namely Base, Emitter, and Collector.
1. The emitter is a heavily doped terminal and it emits the electrons into the Base region.
2. The Base terminal is lightly doped and passes the emitterinjected electrons onto the collector.
3. The collector terminal is intermediately doped and collects electrons from the Base.
A. NPN-type transistor is the composition of two N-type doped semiconductor materials between a P-typedoped
semiconductor layer as shown above.
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
B. PNP-type transistors are the composition of two P-type doped semiconductor materials between an N-typedoped
semiconductor layers as shown above. The functioning of both NPN and PNP transistor is same but differ in terms of
their biasing and power supply polarity.
Transistor as a Switch:
If either the circuit uses the BJT transistor as a switch, then the biasing of the transistor, NPN or PNP is arranged to
operate the transistor at the both sides of the I-V characteristics curves shown below. A transistorcan be operated in
three modes, active region, saturation region and cut-off region: In the active region, transistor works as an amplifier.
The two operating regions of transistor Saturation Region (fully ON) and the Cut-off Region (fully OFF) were used to
operate a transistor switch.
Operating Regions:
We can observe from the above characteristics, the pink shaded area at the bottom of the curves representsthe Cut-off
region and the blue area to the left represent the Saturation region of the transistor. These transistor regions are defined
as
Cut-off Region:
The operating conditions of the transistor are zero input base current (IB=0), zero output collector current(Ic=0), and
maximum collector voltage (VCE) which results in a large depletion layer and no current flowing through the device.
Therefore, the transistor is switched to “Fully-OFF”. So we can define the cut-offregion when using a bipolar
transistor as a switch as being, bother the junctions of NPN transistors are reverse biased, VB< 0.7v and Ic=0.
Similarly, for PNP transistor, the emitter potential must be –ve with respect to the base of the transistor.
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
Then we can define the “cut-off region” or “OFF mode” when using a bipolar transistor as a switch as being, bothjunctions
reverse biased, IC = 0 and VB < 0.7v. For a PNP transistor, the Emitter potential must be -ve with respect to the Base.
Saturation Region:
In this region, the transistor will be biased so that the maximum amount of base current (IB) is applied,resulting in
maximum collector current(IC=VCC/RL) and then resulting in the minimum collector-emitter voltage (VCE ~ 0)drop. At
this condition, the depletion layer becomes as small as the possible and maximum current flowing through the transistor.
Therefore, the transistor is switched “Fully-ON”.
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
Saturation Region:
The definition of “saturation region” or “ON mode” when using a bipolar NPN transistor as a switch as being, both the
junctions are forward biased, IC = Maximum and VB > 0.7v. For a PNP transistor, the Emitter potentialmust be +ve with
respect to the Base.
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit that shown in the figure below:
2. Set the AC source (4V) and frequency (10 HZ) (Square wave) and draw it.
3. Set the oscilloscope (first terminal) at the common terminal of collector and resistance (RL) and(second
terminal of OSC) to the emitter of transistor.
4. Draw the wave shown in the screen of the Oscilloscope (Square wave).
Output:-
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a transistor? What is it Types? Draw it symbols?
2. What are the transistor working areas?
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences
A. C. Patil College of Engineering
