CE 411: ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
B. tech 7th semester
Instructor: Dr. Pramod Soni
Department of Civil Engineering
Ground Water Hydrology
Introduction
• Second most requirement for human being after Air and before food.
• Human dependence of freshwater:
– Rainwater => Surfacewater => Groundwater => Deslainated water => Other sources.
• Groundwater (Subsurface water) hydrology is the science of the occurrence,
distribution, and movement of water below the surface of the earth.
• Geohydrology has an identical connotation, and hydrogeology differs only by its
greater emphasis on geology.
• Groundwater (referred to without further specification) is commonly understood to
mean water occupying all the voids within a geologic stratum.
• This saturated zone is to be distinguished from an unsaturated, or aeration, zone
where voids are filled with water and air.
• Water contained in saturated zones is important for engineering works, geologic
studies, and water supply developments;
• Unsaturated zones are usually found above saturated zones and extend upward to the
ground surface; because water here includes soil moisture within the root zone, it is a
major concern of agriculture, botany, and soil science.
Distribution
• About 1.7% of the entire water on, below, and above the earth
surface.
– 45% is freshwater.
• About 30% of all the freshwater resources, which is about 100
times larger than the water available in all the lakes and rivers
• In India, groundwater accounts for about 65% of the irrigation
water and 85% of the drinking water supply.
• If we look at the share of different sectors in the total
groundwater withdrawal in India, it is about 89% for irrigation,
9% for domestic use, and 2% for industrial use; compared to the
global values of about 60% for irrigation, 20% for domestic,
and 20% for industrial use
Ground Water vs Surface Water
Ground Water Resources in India
• In Uttar Pradesh, out of 820 units, 74% units are
safe, while 13% semi-critical and 4% critical and
9% overexploited.
• In Punjab, out of 138 units, 17%, units are safe,
while 1% semi-critical and 2% critical and 80%
overexploited.
• In Rajasthan, out of 239 units, 13%, units are
safe, while 7% semi-critical and 10% critical and
70% overexploited.
Occurrence of Groundwater
Unsaturated Zone
• The unsaturated zone can be subdivided into three parts:
– a capillary fringe, just above the water table, caused by the phenomenon of
capillary rise due to the cohesive forces between water molecules and the
adhesive forces between water and soil;
– a soil water zone just below the ground surface, from which the plant roots
draw water; and
– an intermediate zone extending from the bottom of the soil water zone to the
top of the capillary fringe.
Soil Water Zone
• The soil water zone is the region from where
plants can take water and it typically extends
to the depth of the plant roots, although the
roots may be able to draw water from the soil
below the root-zone also.
• Most of the water, about 95%, taken up by
the plant roots goes back into the atmosphere
through transpiration.
• This zone is more important for an
agricultural engineer
Porosity
• The porosity of a porous media is defined as
the ratio of the volume of voids Vv to total
volume of the soil sample Vt
Water Content
• The gravimetric water content is defined as the ratio of the mass of water in
a soil sample to the total mass.
• The volumetric water content is defined as the ratio of the volume of water
in a soil sample to the total volume, i.e., volume of solids + volume of
voids
Degree of Saturation
• The ratio of the water content to the porosity, or equivalently, the ratio of
the volume of water and the volume of voids
Field Capacity (FC)
• It is the water content of an initially saturated soil after the gravity drainage
has nearly stopped. The water content becomes nearly constant at the field
capacity, typically about 20% for sand and 50% for clay
Permanent Wilting Point (PWP)
• It is the water content of a soil at which the plants growing in it wilt and do
not recover after re-irrigation.
• Typical values of PWP are about 10% for sandy soils, and 20% for clayey
soils.
Residual Water Content
• The plant roots are not able to suck water
from the soil in sufficient quantity once the
water content reaches the PWP.
• However, if we could apply a larger suction
to the soil, we will be able to take some more
water out.
• Under the action of this suction, the water
content of the soil will keep on decreasing
with the increase of suction.
• However, even at very large suction, some
water will remain in the soil, e.g., in
disconnected pores or as strongly attached
films on soil grains.
• This absolute minimum water content is
called the residual (or irreducible) water
content qr. Typical values of θr are about 2%
for sand and 10% for clay.
Specific Retention
• It is the water content retained in the soil after
drainage under gravity and is equivalent to the
Field capacity.
• In hydrology, the term Specific retention (Sr) is
more frequently used, while the term field
capacity is more common in agricultural science.
Specific Yield
• This is the volume of water drained under gravity per
unit volume of the formation.
• Two soils may have the same porosity but they may
have very different specific yields.
• For example, sand may have a porosity of about 30%
and specific yield of about 25%, while clay can have a
high porosity of about 50%, but the specific yield may
be only 5%.
• From the definition of specific retention and specific
yield, it is clear that these are complementary, such that
Sy + Sr is equal to the porosity.
Aquifers
MOVEMENT OF GROUNDWATER
• The movement of groundwater occurs from regions of higher
energy to those with lower energy.
• The energy of a water particle could be expressed in terms of
head, i.e., energy per unit weight, which comprises the potential
energy head, the kinetic energy head, and the elastic energy
head (or, pressure head).
• Since groundwater generally moves at a very small velocity, the
velocity head is negligible and we define the term piezometric
head (also called hydraulic head or potentiometric head) as the
sum of the pressure and elevation heads, with the flow of
groundwater taking place from a higher piezometric head to a
lower piezometric head.
Darcy’s Law
• Denoting the cross section area of the
column by A, the head difference
between the two ends as Δh, and the
length of the tube by L, Darcy
observed that Q was directly
proportional to A and Δh, and
inversely proportional to L (The term
Δh/L represents the drop in hydraulic
head per unit length and is called the
hydraulic gradient, i.)
Some important points about
Darcy’s law
• Darcy’s law is valid for slow-moving laminar
flow only and would not be applicable for fast-
moving groundwater flow which may occur
near a pumping well.
• Darcy’s law has been found to be valid for
Reynolds number values up to 1 (and
approximately valid up to 10), which is rarely
exceeded in groundwater flows
Some important points about
Darcy’s law
• Equation may be written in terms of the derivative of the
hydraulic head h, with respect to the flow direction s
• The negative sign signifies that the flow is from higher to
lower hydraulic head
Some important points about
Darcy’s law
• The discharge per unit area, Q/A, is denoted by q, and is called
the specific discharge, Darcy velocity or apparent velocity
• To obtain the actual velocity, called the seepage velocity and
denoted by v, we need to divide Q by the area of pores, which
is ηA
Basic Equations
• The combination of the continuity and
momentum equations provides the basis for
solving all the groundwater flow problems
Continuity Equation
Continuity Equation
Considering that the prism is fully saturated, the mass of water in the control
volume will be ρηΔxΔyΔz, and its rate of increase will be
Specific storage, Ss
Hydraulic Conductivity
General Continuity Equation
(i) The spatial variations in water density are very small implying that ρ could be taken
out of the gradient term on the right hand side,
(ii) The temporal variations in density and porosity are accounted for in the specific
storage term Ss, implying that the change of mass within the control volume is given
by ρSsΔh per unit volume
Two-dimensional Form using
Hydraulic Approach
• The pressure distribution could be assumed to be hydrostatic and the
hydraulic head variation in the vertical may be neglected
• Dupuit assumptions
– i) The hydraulic head does not vary in the vertical direction and the velocity
component in the vertical direction is negligible, and
– (ii) The hydraulic gradient along the streamline, ∂h/∂s, could be approximated
by the horizontal head gradient
Two-dimensional Form using
Hydraulic Approach
• The relevant height H is then equal to the aquifer thickness B, for a
confined aquifer; and the hydraulic head, h, for an unconfined aquifer
Two-dimensional Form using
Hydraulic Approach
• Additionally, for the two-dimensional case we consider an aquifer
recharge, denoted by R, and representing the volume of water added to the
aquifer per unit base area per unit time.
• The mass of water (per unit head) in the control volume is ρηΔxΔy, and its rate of
increase will be
Storage coefficient or storativity S
Two-dimensional Form using
Hydraulic Approach
Radial Coordinates
FLOW THROUGH A CONFINED
AQUIFER
• For a confined aquifer, we assume that there is no recharge
Steady One-Dimensional Flow
Steady One-Dimensional Flow
• The head distribution is linear and the hydraulic gradient is constant
• The head distribution does not depend on the aquifer properties of
transmissivity and storage coefficient.
• The hydraulic gradient is negative implying that the flow is in the positive
x direction
• The specific discharge qx, at any section is obtained using Darcy’s law and
requires the value of the hydraulic conductivity K. It is given by
• The seepage velocity requires the value of the porosity h, and is given by
Steady One-Dimensional Flow
• Considering unit width of the aquifer perpendicular to the plane, the rate at
which water is flowing from one water body to the other is equal to
Steady Flow Towards a Well
• This may occur when a well which is screened through the entire depth B,
is being pumped at a constant volumetric rate of Q, for a very long time
Steady Flow Towards a Well
• This may occur when a well which is screened through the entire depth B,
is being pumped at a constant volumetric rate of Q, for a very long time
Steady Flow Towards a Well
• The specific discharge qr, at any section is obtained using Darcy’s law for polar
coordinates. It requires the value of the hydraulic conductivity K, and is given by
• The rate at which water is flowing towards the well at a cylindrical surface located
at a distance of r from the well is given by
Steady Flow Towards a Well
• The equation below is commonly known as the Thiem equation. could be used to
estimate the aquifer transmissivity by measuring the pumping rate and hydraulic
head in two wells
• The two observation wells could be located anywhere and it is tempting to use the
pumping well as one of the observation wells, with r taken as the radius of the well
rw, and s as the drawdown in the well sw. However, it is not a good idea since
drawdown in the pumping well is affected by additional losses due to the turbulent
flow close to the well.
FLOW THROUGH
UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
Steady One-Dimensional Flow
Some points to be noted are as
follows
• In absence of recharge, the head distribution
does not depend on the aquifer properties
• When a uniform recharge occurs over the
entire aquifer length, the head distribution
depends on the aquifer conductivity
Some points to be noted are as
follows
• When the water levels, h1 and h2, are different
and there is a recharge, there will again be a
water divide but it would not be at the
midpoint
Steady Flow Towards a Well
Some points to be noted are as
follows
• In the absence of recharge, we get a
logarithmic variation similar to the confined
aquifer case
• The specific discharge qr, at any section is
given by
Some points to be noted are as
follows
• The flow rate towards the well at a cylindrical
surface located at a distance of r from the well
is given by
Some points to be noted are as
follows
• Express the hydraulic head equation in terms
of drawdowns
Some points to be noted are as
follows
• If the pumping well is taken as one of the
observation wells (with radius of the well rw,
and drawdown in the well sw) and the radius of
influence of the well is taken as Rw,
Flow through a Layered Porous
Medium
Flow through a Layered Porous
Medium
Estimation of Flow Direction
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
THANK YOU
CE 411: ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
B. tech 7th semester
Instructor: Dr. Pramod Soni
Department of Civil Engineering
Statistical Methods in Hydrology
BASIC PROBABILISTIC AND
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
Random Variable
(Discrete or Continuous)
Laws of Probability
Posterior probabilities: based on historical data
Prior probabilities: human judgment and experience
Law of Total Probability
Law of Complementarity
Laws of Probability
• Law of Intersection of Probabilities
• Law of Union of Probabilities
• Law of Conditional Probabilities
Probability of Discrete Random Variables
Probability mass function
Probability of Continuous Random Variables
Probability density function (pdf)
Cumulative distribution function (cdf)
Standard normal variable
Chebyshev’s Inequality
SOME IMPORTANT PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Binomial Distribution
• There are n occurrences of a random variable or trials of an experiment.
• Each of the n occurrences or trials is independent of each other.
• There are only two possible outcomes of each trial (e.g., occurrence or non-
occurrence).
• The probability of occurrence of the random variable (p) and non-occurrence
(q) are known and are constant from one trial to the next.
Normal Probability Distribution
Standard Normal Table
Gumbel’s Probability Distribution
− ( x− )
f ( x) = e
− ( x − ) − e
− e(
− ( x− ) )
F ( x) = e
Gumbel’s Probability Distribution
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
• The objective of frequency analysis is to
establish a relationship between the
magnitude of a hydrologic variable and its
frequency of occurrence
Probability Plotting Method
Frequency Factor Method
Normal Distribution
Gumbel’s Distribution
yT is the Gumbel’s reduced variable
yn and sn are the Gumbel parameters for finite n,
called reduced mean and reduced standard deviations
Procedure
• From the given sample data, calculate the mean (x) and standard deviation
(s).
• For the given size of sample (n), use standard Gumbel’s tables to read out
the values of Gumbel’s parameters, reduced mean ( yn ) and reduced
standard deviation (sn).
• Calculate Gumbel’s reduced variable (yT) for the desired value of return
period (T) or exceedance probability.
• Calculate the frequency factor KT.
• Calculate the value of hydrologic variable corresponding to a desired
return period of T (xT).
Log-Pearson Type-III Distribution
• The data series is first transformed to a log series (base 10) and the
frequency analysis is carried out using.
• The values of mean ( y ), standard deviation (sy), and coefficient of
skewness (Cs) are first calculated for the log-transformed (y) series
Risk
• Risk
• Reliability
• Factor of Safety
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
Numerical
THANK YOU
CE 411: ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
B. tech 7th semester
Instructor: Dr. Pramod Soni
Department of Civil Engineering
RIVER ENGINEERING
RIVERS
The action of Rivers:
The need for River Engineering:
• Construction of bridges.
• Hydroelectricity.
• Dams on the river.
• Flood control
• Fundamental construction material for roads,
buildings, and other types of infrastructure
• Storing capacity and life of the artificial
reservoirs
River Engineering:
• Deliberate human interference in the
course, action, or flow of a river with an
objective to bring some change in the
action of the river and get benefits from
it.
• Hydropower to grind the flour, pump up
the water, and lift other masses.
• There are two major concerns of
engineers associated with the behavior
and action of the rivers.
• (i) Flood Control, and (ii) River
Training.
Flood
Control:
• The various methods which are
used to control floods are as
follows:
– Construction of Levees.
– Dredging:
– Construction of Check
Dams:
– Diversion of River Water:
– Shortening Course of
Meandering Rivers:
River Training:
The river training is mainly connected with the improvement of the
river channel for navigation.
• Dredging
• Training walls
• Low groyens/Spurs
CLASSIFICATION OF RIVERS
• Classification based on topography
• Classification based on flood hydrographs
• Indian Rivers and their classification
Classification based on topography:
• Rivers in hills (Upper reaches)
• Rivers in alluvial flood plains (Lower reaches)
• Tidal Rivers
Rivers in hills (Upper reaches):
They are further subdivided into-
• Incised or Rocky River stage:
• Boulder River stage:
Rivers in alluvial flood plains
(Lower reaches)
The “Zig-Zag'' fashion in which they flow, called meandering.
Further subdivided into-
• Aggrading type:
• Degrading type
• Stable type:
• Braided type:
• Delta type:
Tidal Rivers:
Classification based on flood
hydrographs:
• Flashy Rivers:
• Virgin Rivers:
Indian Rivers and their
classification:
Himalayan Rivers:
• The Himalayan rocks are soft and friable
• The Himalayan zone, particularly the North-Eastern part is susceptible to
earthquake disturbances, causing landslides and increasing rock sediment.
• Examples of Himalayan rivers are- Ganga, Brahmaputra, Ravi, Gomti,
Sutlej, Indus, Jhelum, etc.
Non-Himalayan Rivers: These are non-perennial rivers that receive major
water supply only in rainy seasons and for the rest of the year, they may draw
water from ground water as a base flow.
• These rivers are much more stable than the Himalayan rivers and have
lesser problems, as they flow through non-alluvial soil.
• Examples of Non-Himalayan rivers are- Chambal, Cauvery, Mahanadi,
Godavari, Tapti, Narmada, etc.
Behavior of Rivers
• Straight Reaches
• Bends
• Meanders
Straight Reaches
• In a straight reach of a river, the river cross-section is in the shape of a
trough, with high velocity flow in the middle of the section:
• Since the velocity is higher in the middle, the water surface level will be
lower in the middle and higher at the edges, as shown in Fig.
• Due to the existence of this transverse gradient from sides towards the
centre, transverse rotary currents get developed. However, straight reaches
are very few in alluvial-rivers-
Bends
• Every alluvial river tends to develop bends, which are characterized by scouring on
the concave side and silting on the convex side, as shown in Fig.
• The silting and scouring in a bend may continue due to the action of the centrifugal
force. When the flow moves round a bend, a centrifugal force is exerted upon the
water, which results in the formation of transverse slope of water surface from the
convex edge to the concave edge, creating greater pressure near the convex edge
• To keep its own level, water tends to move from the convex-side towards the
concave side.
Meanders.
Causes of meandering
Presence of an excessive bed slope, Increase of length:
Incorrect
There are four variables, which govern the meandering
process. They are :.
(i) Valley slope,
(ii) Silt grade and silt charge,
(iii) Discharge,
(iv) Bed and side materials and their susceptibility to
erosion.
Meander parameters
• Meander Length (ML): It is the axial length of one meander, i.e. the tangential distance
between the corresponding points of a meander.
• Meander Belt/Width (MB): It is the distance between the outer edges of clockwise and anti-
clockwise loops. of the meander.
• Meander Ratio: It is the ratio of meander belt to meander length (MB/ML)
• Tortuosity: It is the ratio of the length along the channel (i.e. actual length) to the direct axial
length of the river reach.
• Crossings or Crossovers. The short straight reaches of the river, connecting consecutive
clockwise and anti-clockwise loops, are called crossings or cross-overs
Meander parameters
• A large data on Indian rivers was collected by Jefferson and
analysed by Inglis, on the basis of which, he was able to give
the following tentative relationship-between different
parameters
Meander parameters
• For natural rivers, the discharge which determines the meander length and
meander belt, may be called the dominant discharge.
• Thus, the meander pattern is developed due to the combined effect of the
discharge cycle during a flood season, and not by the maximum discharge.
• In most rivers, the dominant discharge varies between 1/2 to 2/3 of the
maximum discharge. Meander length for rivers in flood plains may, therefore,
be given by
Cut off
Cut-off ratio
• The ratio of the length of the bend to that of the chord, i.e. ACB/AB (Fig.)
is called the cut-off ratio.
• In other words, a cut-off ratio of 1.7 to 3.0 on a certain reach may result in
the formation of a cut-off, while even a cut off ratio equal to 8.0 to 10.0
may not result in the formation of a cut off on some other reach.
• Normally, cutoff may be developed, if the following conditions are
satisfied
Angle of Swing
• Angle of Swing. The angle of swing is the
angle (in degrees) by which the river flow
takes a turn (Fig). The maximum possible
angle of swing was found by Chately to be
equal to
• This was found on the consideration that
when arc/chord ratio exceeds 1.571, i.e.
when the angle of swing exceeds 180°,
conditions favorable for a cut-off are
obtained.
Objectives of River Training
1. To prevent the river from changing its course and to
avoid: outflanking of structures like bridges, weirs,
aqueducts, etc.
2. To prevent flooding of the surrounding countries by
providing a safe passage for the flood waters without
overtopping the banks.
3. To protect the river banks by deflecting the river away
from the attacked banks,.
4. To ensure effective disposal of sediment load.
5. To provide minimum water depth required for navigation.
Classification of River Training
1. High water training or Training for Discharge.
2. Low water training or Training for Depth.
3. Mean water training or Training for Sediment.
Methods of River Training
1. Marginal Embankments or Levees.
2. Guide banks
3. Groynes or Spurs.
4. Artificial cut-offs.
5. Pitched islands.
Marginal Embankments or Levees
For planning of embankments the following three aspects need to be looked
into:
1. The area to be protected,
a) Predominantly agricultural areas, and
b) Townships or areas having industrial or other vital installations.
2. Degree of protection to be provided
1. For a flood of 25 years frequency in the case of predominantly
agricultural areas
2. For flood of 100 years frequency for Townships or areas having
industrial or other vital installations
3. Alignment and spacing of embankment.
1. Aligned on the ridge of the natural banks of the river,
2. Important towns and properties along the river bank are left outside the embankment.
3. The spacing between the embankments in jacketted reach of river should not be less than 3
times Lacey’s wetted perimeter for the design flood discharge.
4. In no case should an embankment be placed at a distance less than Lacey’s wetted
perimeter from the river bank or one and a half times the Lacey’s wetted perimeter from
the midstream of the river.
DESIGN OF EMBANKMENT
• Homogeneous Embankment— It consists of practically
uniform material throughout. There is no designed plan of
material distribution other than the coarsest or most pervious
material being placed at the outer slopes.
• Zoned Embankment— It essentially consists of an inner or
impervious section supported by two or more outer sections of
relatively pervious materials .
DESIGN OF EMBANKMENT
• Design HFL
– Frequency analysis for the return period
– Synthetic unit hydrography approach should be used for
estimating the desired return period flood.
• Free Board
– Minimum free board of 1.5 m over design HFL including
the back water effect, if any, should be provided for the
river carrying design discharge up to 3000 m3/s.
– For higher discharges or for aggrading/flashy rivers, the
minimum free board should be of 1.8 m
DESIGN OF EMBANKMENT
• Top Width
– The top width of the embankment should be of 5.0 m
– The turning platforms, 15 to 30m long and 3 m wide with side slope
1:3 along the countryside of the embankment should be provided at
every kilometre
– Clear berms of 1 m width on either side sloping towards the outer edges
of the embankment may be provided for drainage.
• Hydraulic Gradient
DESIGN OF EMBANKMENT
• Side Slope
River Side:
– up to an embankment height of 4.5 m, the slope should not be steeper
than 1 in 2 and
– in case of higher embankments slope should not be steeper than 1 in 3,
– In case of higher embankment protected by rip-rap, the slope of
embankments up to 6 m high may be 1 in 2 or 1 in 2.5
Countryside Slope: For embankment up to 4.5 m height, the countryside
slope should be 1 in 2 from the top up to the point where the cover over
HG line is 0.6 m after which a berm of suitable width, with the
countryside slope of 1:2 from the end of the berm up to ground level,
should be provided;
– For embankments of height between 4.5 to 6.0 m, the corresponding
slopes with respect to above should be 1 in 3. Berms should be of width
1.5 m normally;
TYPICALCROSS-SECTION OF HOMOGENEOUS
EMBANKMENT
Guide Banks
Guide Banks
Ganges+Barrage,+Katarijiyora+Nawab+Ganj,+Uttar+Pradesh+208002/@26.5
073485,80.311745,2909m
Guide Banks
Principles and Factors Governing
the Design of Guide Banks
Top level of guide banks.
The top level of guide banks is governed by HFL, afflux, velocity head, and free
board. It can be obtained by adding all these four values.
The amount of afflux, in case of weirs or barrages founded on alluvial soils, is
generally limited to 1 to 1.2 m, or more commonly as 1.0 m
The Waterway and the Discharge
per meter run
A likely figure to be adopted for waterway may be given by Lecey's Regime
perimeter (P)
Increase 10-50%, in general 20% increase.
Length of the guide banks
Spring: 1.1L U/S & 0.1-0.2 L D/S
Radius of curved head of the guide
banks
Spring: 150-250 : 2.4 to 3.1 m/s
Gale:
250m : 7000-20000 cumec
580m: 40000-70000 cumec
Slope pitching Thickness
• Top width Carriageway: 5-9 m
• Side Slopes: 2H to 1V, 3H:1V
• Free board: 1.5 m at least
• Land Side, 0.3 to 0.6 m earth for Vegetation
• Slope pitching Thickness
Launching Apron.
The total scour below HFL is taken as xR
Silt Factor f=1.76sqrt(d50,mm)
Thickness of Launching Apron
T=1.9t
Groynes
• Groynes are structures constructed transverse to the river flow and extend
from the bank into river up to a limit.
These groynes are also known as spurs, dikes and transverse dikes.
Type of Groynes :
1. Classification according to the material of construction
Permeable groyne.
Solid impermeable groyne.
2. Classification according to its height below high water
Submerged groyne.
Non-submerged groyne.
3. Classification according to the function it serves
Attracting groyne.
Deflecting groyne.
Repelling groyne.
4- Special types of groynes, such as
Deneh/s T-headed groyne.
Hockey type groyne.
Spurs or Groynes
Special Types of Goyens
GeoTubes
Tube-shaped bag made of porous, weather-resistant geotextile and filled
with a sand slurry,
Artificial cut-offs
ACB/AB > 1.5 to 2.5
Pilot Cut: 8-10%
Discharge
Pitched Islands
Numerical
Numerical
THANK YOU
CE 411: ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY
B. tech 7th semester
Instructor: Dr. Pramod Soni
Department of Civil Engineering
Flow Routing
INTRODUCTION
HYDROLOGIC AND
HYDRAULIC ROUTING
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing
Modified Puls Method
Goodrich’s Method
Standard Runge–Kutta (SRK)
Method
HYDROLOGIC ROUTING
THROUGH A CHANNEL
Muskingum Method
Estimation of Parameters of
Muskingum Equation
Numerical
Route the inflow hydrograph through the
reservoir using standard fourth-order
Runge-Kutta method and determine the
outflow hydrograph, attenuation, and delay
in the peak discharge.
Numerical
THANK YOU
