1

2
`

3
`

4
`

5
`

6
`

³³
y x dA ³³
3 2 3 2
y x dxdy
R R
2 1

³
³
3 2
y x dxdy
1 0
2 2
1 3 1 3
³ ³
3 1

3
y x |
0
dy
3
y dy
1 1

1 4 2 5
y |
12 1 4 7
2. Find ³³
ysinxydA , where R [0,2] u[0, S]
R
2 S
Ans : ³³
ysinxydA ³³ysinxydydx ?
0 0
R

S 2 S 2
But ³³ysinxydxdy ³(-cosxy) 0 dy
0 0 0

S
³(1 - cos2y)dy
0

1 S
S- ( sin2y )
2 0
S- 0 S
8
` Exercise 1
1. Calculate the double integral
(i) ³³
(2y 2 - 3xy 3 )dA, R ^(x, y)1 dx d2, 0 dy d3`
R

S S
(ii) ³³xcos(x y)dA,R [0, ] u[0, ]
R
6 3
1 x
(iii) ³³ dA, R {(x, y) | -1 dx d2, 0 dy d1}
R
2 y
(iv) ³³
xye dA, R [0,1] u[0,1]
x 2y2

(v) ³³
xy 1 x 2 dA, R {(x, y) | 0 dx d 3 ,1 dy d2}
R
9
`

b g2 ( x) b§g2 ( x)
·
¨ f x, y dy ¸
³³f ( x, y)dydx ³³
¨
a©
dx
¸
a g1 ( x ) g1 ( x ) ¹
10
Is an iterated integral of f over R
.

11
Similarly if f is a continuous function over R of
type II as shown below :
d h2 ( y ) d§
h2 ( y )
·
¨ f x, y dx ¸
³³f ( x, y)dxdy ³³
¨
c©
dy
¸
c h1 ( y ) h1 ( y ) ¹

12
 Theorem
Let f be a continuous function on a region R
i) If R is of type I, then
b g2 ( x)

³³
R
f ( x, y )dA ³³
f ( x, y )dydx
a g1 ( x )

ii) If R is of type II, then

d h2 ( y )

³³
f ( x, y )dA ³³
R
f ( x, y )dxdy
c h1 ( y )

13
Examp le :
1. Evaluate ³³
(x 3y)dA
D

Where D {(x, y ) | -1 dx d1, 2x 2 dy d1 x 2 }

Soln :
1 1x 2
³³
D
(x 3y)dA ³³ (x 3y)dydx
-1 2x2

1 3
³   
2 2 2 2 2 2
x(1 x - 2x ) ((1 x ) - (2x ) )dx
-1 2
1 3 3 4
³    
3 3 2 4
x x - 2x 3x x - 4x dx
-1 2 2
1 2 1 4 3 1 5 1 3 1
( x - x  x x - x ) 3
1 - 2
2 4 2 2 -1 2 2

14
2. Evaluate ³³
xydA where D is the region bounded by
D

the line y x - 1 and the parabola y 2 2x 6

15
Sol :
y2 - 6
R {(x, y) | dx dy 1, - 2 dy d4}
2
4 y 1
³³
D
xydA ³³ xydxdy
-2
y 2 -6
2
4
1 2 y 1
³
2
2
x y | y 2

2
6 dy

4
1
³    32 y )dy
5 3 2
( y 16 y 8 y
8 2
36
16
`

³³ ( x 2 y)dy dx
1 1x 2


1 2 x2

y 1x 2

³xy y
1 2

1 y 2 x2
dx
³x(1 x ) (1 x ) 2 x 4 x dx
1 2 2 2 3 4

1

³3x x 2 x x 1 dx
1 4 3 2

1

1
§ x x ·
5 4 3
x x

¨ 3  2  x ¸
© 5 4 3 2 ¹
1

32
15 17
1. ³³
xcosydA where D is the region bounded by
D

the line y 0 , x 1, and the parabola y x2

2. ³³
(x y)dA whereD is the region bounded by
D

y x and y x2

³³
3
3. y dA where D is the triangula r region wit h vertices
D

0,2 , 1,1 , and 3,2

4. ³³
(2x - 1)dA where D is the region bounded by
D

the lines y x 5 , y -x 7, and x 10.

³³
2
5. x ydA whereD is the region bounded by
D

the lines y x ,y x on the interval [-1,2]. 18

` Double integrals share many properties of
single integrals.
Theorem : Let f and g be continuous over a closed , bounded
plane region D , and let c be a cons tan t.
1. ³³
cf x, y dA c ³³
f x, y dA
D D

2. ³³
[ f x, y rg x, y ]dA ³³
f x, y dA r³³
g x, y dA
D D D

3. ³³
f x, y dA t0 , if f x, y t0
D

4. ³³
f x, y dA t³³
g x, y dA t0 , if f x, y tg x, y
D D
19
5. If D = D1 ‰D2, where D1 and D2 don’t overlap
except perhaps on their boundaries, then

³³
f x, y
D
dA
D1
f x³³
D2
³
, y dA  f x, y dA

20
`

21
 1 1 0 1

³³
x dA ³³
x dydx ³³
2 2 2
x dydx
D 0 1x 
1 x1
1 x
1 0 x 
1
³³
x dydx ³³
2
x dydx 2

0 
1 
1 
1
1 1
4³³
x dydx 2

0 1x
1
4³
x dx 3
x 4 1
| 1
0
0 22
`

23
 0 1x 2 1 1x 2 1  x

³³
D
xydA ³³

xydydx ³
1 
1
³xydydx ³
0
³xydydx
0 
1
x
0 1 1
1 2 1x 2 1 2 1x 2 1 2 x
³

1
2
xy | dx ³xy | dx ³xy | dx

1
0
2 x
0
2 
1

0 1
1 5 1 5
³  ³   x)dx
3 3 2
( x x ) dx ( x 2 x x

1
2 0
2
1
1 2
³( x x)dx
0
2
1 4 1 6 0 1§ 1 6 1 4 1 3 1 2 ·1
x  x |  ¨x  x  x  x ¸ |
4 12 
1 2©6 2 3 2 ¹0
1§1 3 1 2 ·1
 ¨x  x ¸ |
2©3 2 ¹0
1 5 1
   0
3 12 12 24
` Sometimes the evaluation of an iterated integral can
be simplified by reversing the order of integration.
The next examples illustrate how this is done.
Example 1 1
1. Evaluate
³ ³ dydx
2
sin y
0 x

Soln:
If we try to evaluate the integral as it stands, we are
faced with the task of first evaluating ³ )dy
2
sin( y
However, it’s impossible to do so in finite terms
since ³ sin( y 2 )dy is not an elementary function

25
` Hence,
we must change the order of integration
we have:
1 1

³
³ dydx ³³ dA
2 2
sin y sin y
0 x D

where D {( x, y ) | 0 dx d1, x dy d1}

We sketch that region D here.

26
` Then,from this figure, we see that an alternative
description of D is:
D = {(x, y) | 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ y}

27
1 1
³³ sin ³³
2 2
sin y dy dx y dA
0 x
D
1 y
³ ³
2
sin y dx dy
0 0
1
³
x y
ª
¬
x sin y 2
º
¼
x 0
dy
0
1
³
2
y sin y dy
0
1
cos y º
1
2 ¼
0
2

2 (1 
1
cos1)
28
 1 3

³
³
x2
2. Evaluate e dxdy
0 3y

Soln:
If we try to evaluate the integral as it stands, we are
faced with the task of first evaluating
³
x2
e dx
However, it’s impossible to do so in finite terms
³
since e dx is not an elementary function
2
x

Hence, we must change the order of integration.

29
So,

x
1 3 3 3 3 x

³
³ ³
³ ³
2 2 2
e dxdyx
e x
dydx e y |
x
dx 3
0
0 3y 0 0 0

§x ·x e 1
3 9
1 x
³
2 2 3
¨¸ e dx e |
0© ¹
3 6 0 6
30
` Evaluate the integral by reversing the order of
integration
3 9 1 1

³
³ ³³x 1dxdy
2 3
1. y cos x dxdy 2.
0 y2 0 y
1 1 1 1
3
³
³ 4. ³ ³
3 3
3. x sin y dydx dydx
0 x2 0 x
1 y 3

1 3

³
³
x3
5. 3xe dydx
0 y
31
 Sometimes evaluating double integral by
usual way might be difficult. In this case
changing the rectangular coordinate system
to polar coordinates may make the
evaluation easier.
Suppose evaluating ³³ f ( x, y )dA by usual way
is found to be difficult, where R is a plane
R

region in xy plane.
32
Now by transforming from RCS to the PCs we
evaluate as follows:
Let R’ be the corresponding region in the rT
plane i.e.
R {(r,T) : T1 dTdT2 , h1 (T) dr dh2 (T)}
'

Where h1 and h2 are continuous function on

and suppose f is continuous on the polar
region R’: then

33
i. ³³
R
f ( x, y)dxdy ³³
f (r cos T, r sin T)rdrdT
R'

ii. a( R' ) ³³
rdrdT
R'

34
we convert from rectangular to polar
coordinates in a double integral by:

 Writing x = r cosθ and y = r sinθ

 Using the appropriate limits of integration
for r and θ
 Replacing dA by rdrdθ
Example
1. Evaluate³³
3x 4 y 2 dA where R is the region in
R

the upper half-plane bounded by the circles

x2 + y2 =1 and x2 + y2 = 4.
35
Soln:
` The region R can be described as:

R = {(x , y) | y ≥ 0, 1 ≤ x 2 + y2 ≤ 4}
` Inpolar coordinates, it is given by:
1 ≤ r ≤ 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π

36
Hence,
S2

³³ dA ³
³ T TrdrdT
2 2 2
3 x 4 y 3r cos 4 r sin
R 0 1
S

³r cos Tr
2
3 4
sin T| dT
2
1
0
S

³ T TdT
2
7 cos 15 sin
0
S
§ 15 ·
³¨
0©
7 cos T 1 cos 2T¸
2 ¹
dT

15T 15 S 15S
(7 sin T  sin 2T) |
2 4 0 2
37
2. By changing to polar coordinate evaluate
1 1x 2

³³
x 2 y 2
e dydx
0 0
Soln:
S
1 1x 2 2 1

³³ ³
³e rdrdT
x 2 y 2 r2
e dydx
0 0 0 0
S S

§1 r · §1 ·
2 2

³ ³
1
dT dT
¨ (e 1) ¸
2
¨e ¸ |
0 ©2 ¹ 0
0©
2 ¹
1
Se 1
4 38
1. Evaluate the following double integrals using
polar coordinate

2 4 y 2 1 1y 2

³³ y dxdy ³³ 
2 2 2 2
i. x ii. sin x y dxdy
0  4 y 2 0 0

2 2 x x 2 2 x

³³ x 2 y 2 dydx ³³ 
2 2
iii . iv. x y dydx
0 0 2 4 x 2

39
2. Evaluate ³³
(x y)dA , where D is the
D

region in the first quadrant bounded by

the line x 0 , y 3 x, and the circle x y
2 2
4
3. Evaluate ³³
D
xdA , where D is the

region in the first quadrant that lies between

the circle x y2 2
4 and x y
2 2
2x

40
`

41
`

1 x
a( D) ³³³
D
dA ³
dydx
0 x4
1

³
x
y| 4
dx
x
0
1

³
( x x 4
)dx
0

1 2 1 5 1 3
( x  x )|
2 5 0 10 42
2 . Find the volume of the solid that lies under
the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and above
the region D in the xy–plane bounded by
the line y = 2x and the parabola y = x2.
Soln:
From the figure, we see that D is a type I region
and D = {( x , y) | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, x 2 ≤ y ≤ 2x }

43
Thus,
2 2x

³³ dA ³
³ 
2 2 2 2
V x y x y dydx
D 0 x2
2 3
y 2x
³ ( x y  ) | 2 dx
2

0
3 x

2 6 3
x 14 x
³ ( x 
4
)dx
0
3 3
7 5 4
x x 7x 2 216
(   ) |
21 5 6 0 35
44
3. Find the volume of the solid bounded
by the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid
z = 1 – x 2 – y2
Soln:

 If we put z = 0 in the equation of

the paraboloid , we get x 2 + y2 = 1

 This means that the plane intersects

the paraboloid in the circle x 2 + y2 = 1.

45
` So, the solid lies under the paraboloid
and above the circular disk D given by
x 2 + y2 ≤ 1.

46
 polar coordinates, D is given by
` In
0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π.
As 1 – x 2 – y2 = 1 – r 2 , the volume is:
2S1

³³   ³
³ rdrdT

2 2 2
V 1 x y dA 1 r
D 0 0
2S 4 2S
1 2 r 1 1
³
0
( r  ) | dT
2 4 0 ³
0
4
dT

1 2S S
T|0
4 2

47
4. Find the volume of the solid that
lies under the paraboloid z = x 2 + y2,
above the xy - plane, and inside the
cylinder x 2 + y2 = 2 x

Soln:
The solid lies above the disk D whose
boundary circle has equation
x 2 + y2 = 2 x.

48
`After completing the square, that is :
(x – 1) 2 + y2 = 1

49
`In polar coordinates, we have:
x 2 + y2 = r 2 and x = r cos θ

So, the boundary circle becomes:

r 2 = 2 r cos θ
r = 2 cos θ

`Thus, the disk D is given by :

D = {(r , θ) | –π/ 2 ≤ θ ≤ π/ 2 , 0≤r ≤2cos θ}

50
 ` So, we have:
S S
2 2 cosT 2 4
r 2 cosT
³³
x y ³³ r rdrdT ³ | dT
2 2 2
V dA
D S 0 S 4 0
 
2 2
S S
2 2
4³
cos 4TdT 8³
cos 4TdT
S 0

2
S S

§1 cos 2T·
2
ª º
2 2
1
8³¨ ¸dT 2 ³1 2 cos 2T 1 cos 4T»
« dT
0© ¹ 0¬ ¼
2 2
S
ª3 1 º 2
3S
2« Tsin 2T sin 4T»
¬2 8 ¼0 2 51
 Definition of surface area
Let R be type I or type II region and let f have
continuous partial derivatives on R. Then the
surface area is defined by

³³  
2 2
S [ f x ( x, y )] [ f y ( x, y )] 1dA
R

52
`

53
`

54
` We have

³³x  1dA
2 2
S [ f ( x , y )] [ f y ( x , y )]
T

³³  1dA
2 2
[ 2 x ] [ 2]
T
1 x

³
³4 x 5dydx
2

0 0
1

³ 5dx
2
x 4x
0
1
1 ª 2 º 3
1
( 4 x 5) »
«
2
27 5 5
12 ¬ ¼
0
12
55
`

56
 ³³x  1dA
2 2
S [ f ( x , y )] [ f y ( x , y )]
D

³³  1dA
2 2
[ 2 x ] [ 2 y ]
D
1 x

³
³  ) 1dydx
2 2
4( x y
0 0

converting to polar coordinate s , we obtain

2S3

³
³ 1rdrdT
2
S 4 r
0 0
2S 3
ª1 3 2º
³ 4r 1 »dT
2
«
0 ¬ ¼
12 0
2S
1 S
³
0
12
37 37 1 dT
6
37 37 1
57
1. Calculate by double integratio n the area
of the region R which lie between y x3
and y x
2. Find the volume under the surface z e x e y
and above the triangle with vertices
(0,0), (1,0) and (0,1)
3. Evaluate the area of R, where R is the region
in the first quadrant that lies under the curve
y 1/x and is bounded by this curve and the
line y x, y 0 and x 2
58
4. Find the volume of the solid region bounded
above by thesurface z xy, below by the xy - plane
and on the sides by theplane y x and the surface
3
y x
5. Find the volume inside the paraboloid
2 2
z 9 - x - y and below by the xy plane
6. Find the volume of solid region above
the xy plane bounded on the sides by
the cylinder x 2 y 2 - 4x 0 and above
the cone z 2 x 2 y 2
59
7. Find the surface area of the portion of the sphere
x y z
2 2 2
16 that is inside the cylinder
x - 4x y
2 2
0
8. Find the surface area of the portion of the
2 2
paraboloid z 9 - x - y above the plane
z 5

60
The notion of double integral generalizes to
integrals of functions of three, four, or more
variables. These are called triple, quadruple,
. . . integrals.

In general, one terms them multiple integrals,

the double integral being the simplest multiple
integral.
For the triple integral, let’s first deal with the
simplest case where is defined on a
rectangular box:

61
D ^x, y, z : a d
x bd
,c y dd , d
r z `... d
sd 1

62
The first step is to divide D into sub-boxes.
We do this by dividing the interval > a, b@into
l subintervals >xi 1 , xi @ of equal width Ux,
dividing >c, d @ into m subintervals of width
Uy, and dividing > r , s @ into n subintervals of
width Uz.

63
The planes through the endpoints of these
subintervals parallel to the coordinate planes
divide the box D into lmn sub-boxes
Dijk >xi1, xi @u
ª
¬yj  >
º
1, y j ¼u , zk @
zk 1 ... (2)

which are shown in Figure 1. Each sub-box

has volume, UV=UxUyUz. Then we form the
triple Riemann sum:
l m n

¦¦¦ ijk ijk ijk 'V , where the sample

f x *
, y
i 1 j 1 k 1
*
, z *

* * *
point x ijk ,y ijk ,z ijk is in Dijk .

64
Definition The triple integral of f over
l m n
the box D is: ³³³ l,m,nof¦¦¦ ijk ijk ijk 'V
f x, y , z dv lim f x *
, y *
, z *

D i1 j1k 1
if this limit exists.
We can choose the sample point to be any
point in the sub-box, but if we choose it to
be the point x , y , z , we get:
i j k

l m n

³³³
f x, y, z dv lim ¦¦¦
l , m , n of
f x , y ,z
i 1 j 1 k 1
i j k '
V 
(3)
D

65
Just as for double integrals, the practical method
for evaluating triple integrals is to express
them as iterated integrals as follows.
Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals:
If f is continuous on the rectangular box
D >a, b@>
c, d @>
u r, s@
u ,
s d b
then ³³³
f x, y, z dv f³
x, y,³ ³
z dxdydz
D r c a

66
The iterated integral on the right side
of Fubini’s Theorem means that we
integrate first with respect to x
(keeping y and z fixed), then we
integrate with respect to y (keeping z
fixed), and finally we integrate with
respect to z .
There are five other possible orders in
which we can integrate, all of which
give the same value.
67
Properties of Triple Integrals

68
Example : 1 If D is described by the
inequalities 0 d x d
1, 0 dy d 2
x &
0 dz d x y and f = 2x - y - z, one
has:
1 x2 x y

³³³
D
f x, y, z dxdydz
0 0 0
³ ³
y z³
2x  dzdydx

1 x2
3 §4 x6 · 8
1
3
³ ³  ³3dx¸
2 2
x y dydx ¨x
20 0 2 0© ¹ 35

69
Example : 2 Evaluate the triple integral
where is D the
³³³
2
xyz dv ,
D rectangular box given
by: D ^x, y, z : 0 d 2, 0 dz 3`
x 1,d 1 y d d d

Solution : We could use any of the six

possible orders of integration . If we
choose to integrate with respect to x,
then y, and then z, we obtain

70
 x 1
3 2 1 3 2
ªx yz2 2
º
³³³
xyz dv 2
xyz ³
2
³³
dxdydz ³ «
0 1 ¬
³ »dydz
x¼
2 0
D 0 1 0
x 2
ªyz º yª º
@
3 2 3
ª º
2 2 2 3
z 3z 2 3 27
³ «
0 1 ¬
³ »
dydz
¼
³
4«
¬ x
»
dz ³«4
0¬
»
dz
¼
1¼
2 0 4
. 0 

Definition 1: a) A solid region E is

said to be of type 1 if it is of the form

E ^x, y, z : x, y HB, u1 x, y d
z ud
2 x, y `
where B is the projection of E onto the
xy - plane & the upper boundary of

71
the solid E is the surface with
equation z u2 x, y .
while the lower boundary is the
surface z u1 x, y see . Figure 2 .
b) A solid region E is of type
2 if it is of the form
E ^x, y, z : y, z HB, u1 y, z d
x ud
2 y, z `
where the back & the front surfaces
are: x u y, z & x u y, z
1 2

72
respectively. See Figure 5 .

Figure 5

Next we will consider how triple

integrals can be evaluated over

73
a general bounded solid region E that
is not rectangular box, by much the
same procedure that we used for
double integrals.
We enclose E in a box D of the type
given by Equation 1.
Then we define f so that it agrees
with F on E but is 0 for points in D
that are outside E.

74
By definition,
³³³
f x, y, z dv
E D
F x, ³³³
y, z dv .... 5

This integral exists if f is continuous

and the boundary of E is “reasonably
smooth.”
The triple integral has essentially the same
properties as the double integral.
If E is a type 1 region given by.

75
Definition 1a, then
ª
u2 x , y
º
³³³
f x, y, z dv « ³³
«
³
f x, y, z dz » ... 6
dA
»
E B ¬
u1 x , y ¼
In particular, if the projection B of E onto
the xy-plane is a type I plane region (as in
Figure 3), then
E ^x, y, z : a d
x bd
,g 1 x y dg2 d
x , u1 x, y z ud y`
2 x,d

and Equation 6 becomes:

b g 2 x u2 x , y

³³³
f x, y, z dv
E
³f x³
a g1 x u1 x , y
³
, y, z dzdydx ... 7

76
 If, on the other hand, B is a type II plane
region (as in Figure 4 ), then
E ^x, y, z : c d
y dd
, h1 x x dh2 d
x , u1 x, y z ud y`
2 x,d

and Equation 6 becomes

d h2 y u2 x , y

³³³
f x, y, z dv
E
³f x³
c h1 y u1 x , y
³
, y, z dzdxdy ... 8

One would expect the triple integral to be

interpreted as "hyper volume:” or volume
in a C dimensional pace. Although such
an interpretation has some value, it is
simpler to think of mass, volume,….
77
For example,
³³³
f x, y, z
R
dxdydz =Mass of solid of density f .

³³³
R
³³³
dv= dxdydz
R
is volume of the solid R

³³³ f x, y, z dxdydz =Themoment of inertia of a solid about Ox


2 2
Ix y z
R

where f is density & y z is the

2 2

distance from of the solid to the line Ox.

Example 1:
Let D be the wedge in the first
octant cut from the cylindrical solid
78
y z
2 2
d
1 by the
planes y=x & x=0.
Evaluate ³³³
zdv
D

Solution.
The solid D and its
projection B on the
xy - plane are shown
in Figure 6 .

79
The upper surface of the solid is
formed by the cylinder and the lower
surface by the xy - plane.
Since the portion of the cylinder that
lies y 2 z 2 1above the xy - plane
has the equation z 1  y&2 the
xy - plane has the
equation z 0, it follows from (6) that
ª º
1y 2

³³³
zdv
B «0
³³
« zdz » ... ³
dA
»
9
D
¬ ¼
80
For the double integral over B, the
x - and y - integrations can be performed
in either order, since B is both a type I
and type II region. We will integrate
with respect to x first. With this choice,
(9) yields
1 y 1y
2
1 y
1 2 1y2
³³³
zdv
D 0 0 0
³³
zdzdxdy ³
0 0
2
z ]z 0 dxdy³ ³

81
 1 y 1
1 1
³ ³1  1 ³
y x]x 0 dy
2 2 y
y dxdy
0 0
2 20
1
1ª 1 4 º1
1
1 1 2
³  
3
y y dy « y y »
20 2¬
2 4 0¼ 8

Example 2:
Use a triple integral to find the volume
of the solid within the cylinder
x y 9 and between the planes
2 2

z =1 and x+z =5.

82
Solution:
The solid D and its
projection B on the
xy - plane are shown
in Figure 7 .
The lower surface
of the solid is the
plane z=1 and the
upper surface is the
plane x+z =5

83
or equivalently, z=5 - x.
ª5x
º
?Volume of D = ³³³
dv « dz³³
» ... 10³
dA
D B ¬1 ¼

For the double integral over B, we will

integrate with respect to y first.
Thus,(10) yields

84
Exercise 1: ³³³ 
2 2
Evaluate x z dv,
E

where E is the region bounded by the

paraboloid y x2  2
z and the plane y=4.

85
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical &
Spherical Coordinates

Some triple integrals are easier to

evaluate in cylindrical or spherical
coordinates than in rectangular
coordinates .
Triple integrals in cylindrical and
spherical coordinates are defined
similarly as in rectangular coordinates,
,
86
except that the region D is divided not
in to rectangular parallelepipeds but
into regions more appropriate to these
coordinate systems.

Triple Integrals in
Cylindrical Coordinates
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a
point P in three - dimensional space is
87
represented by the ordered triple
(r ,T, z ), where
r &T are polar
coordinates of the
projection of P onto
the xy - plane and z is
the directed distance
from the xy - plane
to P. (See Figure 1 ).
Figure 1 : The cylindrical
coordinate of a point.
88
To convert from cylindrical to
rectangular coordinates, we use the
equations, x r cosT, y r sin T ,z z
where as to convert from
rectangular to cylindrical
coordinates, we use
y
r 2
x 
2
y , tan T , z z
2

89
Example 1: Find cylindrical
coordinates of the point with
rectangular coordinates (3, - 3, - 7).

Solution:

r x 2

2
y 32
(
3) 3 2
2

3 7S
tan T 1.So T 2n S
3 4
z 
7
90
Therefore one set of cylindrical
coordinates is §
¨3 2,
7S
, 7 .
·
¸
© 4 ¹

Another is §¨3 2,
S As
, 7 .
· with polar
¸
© ¹
coordinates, there are infinitely
4

many choices.
Exercise 1 : Describe the surface
whose equation in cylindrical
coordinates is z r.
( Answer : z 2 x2 
y2 )

91
Evaluating Triple Integrals with
Cylindrical Coordinates
Suppose that E
is a type 1 region
whose projection
B onto the
xy - plane is
conveniently
described in
polar coordinates
(see Figure 2 ). Figure 2
92
In particular, suppose that f is
continuous and
E ^x, y, z : y, z HB, u1 x, y d
z ud
2 x, y `
where B is given in polar
coordinates by
B ^r ,T : Dd Td , hE
1 r dh1 d` T
T
Hence, from
ª
u2 x , y
º
³³³
f x, y, z dv « ³³
«
³
f x, y, z dz »,
dA
»
E B ¬
u1 x , y ¼
: 93
 we can obtain
Eh2 T u2 r cos T
, r sin T

³³³
E
f x, y, z dv ³T ³Tf
D h1 Tu1 r cos , r sin
r cos³
T, r sin T
, z rdzdrd T
---(11)

Equation 11 is the formula for triple

integration in cylindrical coordinates.

It is worthwhile to use this formula

when E is a solid region easily
described in cylindrical
coordinates .
94
Theorem. Let E be simple xy-solid
whose upper surface has the equation
z g2 r ,T and whose lower surface has
the equation z g1 r ,T in cylindrical
coordinates. If B is the projection of the
solid on the xy-plane, and if f r ,T, z is
continuous on E, then
ª
g 2 r ,T
º
³³³
f r ,T, z dv « ³³
«
f r, T ³
, z dz » ---(12)
dA
»
E B ¬
g1 r ,T ¼

95
where the double integral over B is
evaluated in polar
coordinates. In
particular, if the
projection B is as
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3

96
then (12) can be written as
T2 r2 T g2 r , T

³³³
f r ,T, z dv
T
³f r³
, T ³
, z rdzdrd T (13)
---
E 1 r1 Tg1 r , T

Example 1:
A solid E lies within the cylinder
x y 1, below the plane z=4, and
2 2

above the paraboloid 1 x2  y.2

(See Figure 4).

97
The density at any point is proportional to
its distance from
the axis of
the cylinder
. Find the mass
of E.

98
Solution:
In cylindrical coordinates the cylinder is
and the paraboloid is , so we can write

Since the density at f x, y, z is

proportional to the distance from the
z-axis, the density function is

99
 where
K is the proportionality constant.

Therefore, the mass of E is

10
0
 Example 2:
4 x 2
2 2

³ ³ x³ y 2 dzdydx
2
Evaluate
2  4 
x2 x 2 y
2

Solution:
This iterated integral is a triple
integral over the solid region
E ^x, y, z : 
2 xd 2,d 4 x 2 y 4dx 2 , 
x2 y2 z 2` d

and the projection of E onto the

10
1
xy - plane is the disk
The lower surface
x y d
2 2
1 of E is
the cone z x2 y2
and its upper
surface is the
plane z 2.
(See Figure 9.)
This region has a much simpler
description in cylindrical coordinates:
10
2
Therefore we have

10
3
Exercise 1.
Find the volume and the centroid of the solid D
that is bounded above by the hemisphere
below by the 25 x2  y 2 , xy -plane, and
laterally by the cylinder x 2 y 2 9.
Exercise 2. Use cylindrical coordinates to
evaluate: 3
9 x 2 9 x 2 
y2

³ ³ x³
2
dzdydx
3  9 
x2 0

10
4
Triple Integrals in Spherical
Coordinates

The spherical
coordinates U, T, I
of a point P in
space are shown T
in Figure 1 ,
where U OP
I
10
5
is the distance from the origin to P,
Tis the same angle as in
Cylindrical coordinates, and I
is
the angle between the positive z –
axis and the line segment OP.
Note that Ut0, 0 dI dS
The spherical coordinate system is
especially useful in problems where
there is symmetry about a point, and
the origin is placed at this point.
10
6
.

The sphere with center the origin and radius

c has the simple equation U (see
c figure
2), this is the reason for the name “spherical”
coordinates.

10
7
The graph of the equation Tisc a
vertical half - plane (see Figure 3 ), and
the equation I crepresents a half -
cone with the z - axis as its axis (see
Figure 4 ).

10
8
 The relationship between
rectangular and spherical
coordinates:
z Ucos I
,r U
sin I

But x r cosT, y r sin I

? x Usin I cos , T
y Usin I
sin , T
z Ucos I
,
U2
x 2

2
y z
2

10
9
Example 1
The point 0, 2 3, 2 is given in
rectangular coordinates.
Find spherical coordinates for this
point.
Solution:
we have

and so the above Equations give

11
0
Evaluating Triple Integrals with
Spherical Coordinates

In the spherical coordinate system the

counterpart of a rectangular box is a
11
1
spherical wedge,
E ^U, T
, I
: a d U
bd
,Dd ,T c E dd
d `I
d
where a t0 & E D 2d & Sd c  . d S
Consequently, we have arrived at the
following formula for triple integration
in spherical coordinates .

³³³
E
f x, y, z dv

d Eb

³³³U I T U I T U sinId U I U T
2
f sin cos , sin sin , cos d d ...(14)
c Da

11
2
where E is a spherical wedge given by
E ^U, T , I : a d U bd
, Dd ,T c E dd
d `I
d
This formula can be extended to include
more general spherical regions such as

E ^U, T
, I
: D d
d T
, c Edd , d
gI
1 , Td
gI
2 ,dU`

Usually, spherical coordinates are used

in triple integrals when surfaces such
as cones and spheres form the
boundary of the region of integration.

11
3
Example 1: 3
x 2 y 2 
z2 2
Evaluate ³³³
e dvwhere B is the
B

unit ball: E ^x, y, z :x 2


2
y z 1`
2
d

Solution:
Since the boundary of E is a sphere, we
use spherical coordinates:
E ^U, T , I
:0 d U 1,d0 d2Td, 0 S d Id S
In addition, spherical coordinates are

11
4
appropriate because x y
2 2

2
z U.
2
Thus,

Example 2:
Use spherical coordinates to find the

11
5
volume and the centroid of the solid G
bounded above by the sphere
x y 
2 2
z 16 and below by the
2

cone,
z 2
x 2

y
Solution:
The solid D is sketched in Figure 6 .
In spherical coordinates, the equation
of the sphere x 2 y 2  z is
2
16 U 4
and the equation of the cone z x2 
y2

11
6
is

which simplifies to

or, on dividing both

sides by
Ucos I
, tan I
1.
S
Thus tan I .
4
So the volume of D is

11
7
Example 3:
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of
the solid that lies above the cone 
2 2
z x y
and below the sphere z 2 z (Figure 7 ).
x2 y 2 
11
8
Notice that the sphere passes through
§ 1 ·
the origin and has center , ¨ 0, 0, .¸
© 2 ¹
We write the equation of the sphere in
spherical coordinates as
U 2
UI
sin T
or U
cos I
The equation of the cone can be written
as Ucos I 2U I2 T
sin 2 cos 2
sin 2U sin 2 I T
This gives sin I cos I S
, or I .
4
Therefore the description of the solid E in
spherical coordinates is

11
9
The volume of E is

Exercise 1:
Use spherical coordinates to evaluate
4 x 2 4 
x 2 y
2
2

³ ³ z³ x 2 y 2 
2
z 2 dzdydx
2  4 
x2 0

12
0
Change of Variables
in Multiple Integrals.

In Cartesian coordinates, we use the

variables (x, y, z); in cylindrical
coordinates, we use the variables r ,T, z
in spherical coordinates, we use the
variables r ,T, Iand we have
established relationships connecting
these systems of variables, permitting us to
transfer from one system to another.
` 12
1
Change of Variables in Multiple integrals. In
Cartesian coordinates, we use the variables
(x, y, z); in cylindrical coordinates, we use the
variables ; in spherical coordinates, we use the
variables, and we have established relationships
connecting these systems of variables,
permitting us to transfer from one system
to another.
In one - dimensional calculus we often use a
change of variable (a substitution) to simplify
an integral. By reversing the roles of x and u,
we can write the Substitution Rule as
12
2
In one - dimensional calculus we often use
a change of variable (a substitution) to
simplify an integral. By reversing the roles
of x and u, we can write the Substitution
Rule as

Another way of writing Formula 1 is as follows:

12
3
A change of variables can also be useful
in double integrals. The new variables
r & T are related to the old variables x
and y and the change of variables
formula can be written as

where S is the region in the rT- plane

that corresponds to the R region in the
xy - plane.
12
4
More generally, we consider a change
of variables that is given by a
transformation T from the uv- plane
to the xy - plane: T u, v x, y, where
x and y are related to u and v by the
equations or, as we sometimes
write, x g u, v y h u, v ... 15
A transformation T is really just a
function whose domain and range
are both subsets of R2
12
5
If T u1 , v1 x1 , ,y1then the point
x1 , y1 is called
the image of
the point u1 , v1 .
If no two points
have the same
image, T is
called
one - to - one .

12
6
Figure 1 shows the effect of a
transformation T on a region S in the
uv- plane. T transforms S into a region R
in the xy - plane called the image of S,
consisting of the images of all points in S.

If T is a one - to - one transformation,

then it has an inverse transformation T 1
from the xy - plane to the uv - plane and
it may be possible to solve Equations
12
7
15 for u and v in terms of x and y:
u G x, y v H x, y

Example 1:
A transformation is defined by the
equations x u  2 2
v , y 2uv.
Find the image of the square
S ^u, v u 1,d0 v d1`
:0 d .d
Solution:
The transformation maps the boundary
12
8
of S into the boundary of the image. So we
begin by finding the
images of the sides of S.
The first side, S1 is given
by v=0 0 du d 1
(See Figure 2 . )
From the given equations
we have,
2
x u , y 0
and so 0 dx d 1.
Thus S1 is mapped into
the line segment from
(0,0) to (1,0) in the xy - plane.
12
9
The second side, S 2 is U=1 0 dv d 1 and,
putting u=1 in the given equations, we get
x 1  2
v , y 2v. Eliminating v, we obtain
y2
x 1  , 0 xd 1.d ... 1 which is part of
4
a parabola. Similarly S3 is given by
v 10 d u 1d, whose image is the
parabolic arc y2
x 1, 1 x d0 ...d2
4
Finally, S4 is given by u 0 0 d v 1d whose
image is that is x  v 2 , y 0 that is
1 d d
x 0.
13
0
(Notice that as we move around the
square in the counter clockwise
direction, we also move around the
parabolic region in the counter
clockwise direction.)
The image of S is the region R (shown
in Figure 2 ) bounded by the x - axis and
the parabolas given by Equations 1 and 2 .

13
1
Definition: If T is the transformation
from the uv- plane to the xy - plane
defined by the equations
x g1 u, v & y g 2 u, v

then the Jacobian of T is denoted by J u, v

or by w x, y and is defined by
wu , v
wx xw
w x, y w
u vw wx yw y wx w
J u, v 
wu, v wy yw uw v w u w
v w
w
u uw

13
2
With this notation we can give an
approximation to the area UA of R:
w x, y
'A | u'v 'where the
wu, v
Jacobian is evaluated at u0 , v0 .

Change of Variables in
a Double Integral

13
3
Suppose that T is a transformation
x x u, v , y y u, v whose

Jacobian is nonzero and that maps a

region S in the uv- plane onto a region
R in the xy - plane. Suppose that f is
continuous on R and that R and S are
type I or type II plane regions. Suppose
also that T is one - to - one, except
perhaps on the boundary of S. Then
13
4
 We can change from an integral in x and y to
an integral in u and v by expressing x and y
in terms of u and v and writing
w x, y
dA | dudv.
wu, v Instead of the
dx
derivative du we
have the absolute
value of the Jacobian, that is, w x, y
wu , v
13
5
Formula for integration in polar
coordinates, the transformation T from
the rT- plane to the xy - plane is given by

x g r ,T r cos T
, y h r, Tr sin T
and the geometry of the transformation is
shown in Figure 3. T maps an ordinary
Rectangle in the rT- plane to a polar
rectangle in the xy - plane. The Jacobian of T
is wx xw
w x, y w
r w cos T r sin T
T r cos 2 T r sin
2 Tr 0 !
wr ,T w
y yw sin T r cos T
w
r T
w
13
6
Example 2:
Use the change of variables,
x u2  v2 , y 2uv to evaluate the
integral ³³ ydAwhere
, R is the region
R

bounded by the x - axis and the

13
7
parabolas y 2 4 
4x & y 2
4 4 x
, y 0. t

Solution: The region R is pictured in

Figure 2 .
In Example 1 we discovered that
T S R, where S is the square

>0,1@>
u0,1@
.
Indeed, the reason for making the
change of variables

13
8
to evaluate the integral is that S is a
much simpler region than R.
First we need to compute the Jacobian:
wx xw
w x, y w
u vw 2u 2v
4u 2 4v
2
0 !
wu, v wy yw 2v 2u
w
u vw
w x, y 1 1

Therefore, ³³ 2uv³³ dA 2uv 4 u³ ³dudv


2 2
ydA v
R S
wu, v 0 0

13
9
Example 3:

14
0
.

14
1
Change of Variables in
Triple Integral

Equations of the form

x g u, v, w , y h u, v, w , z k u, v, w ... 16
define a transformation T from
Uvw- space to xyz - space. Just as a
transformation x g u, v & y g u, v
1 2
in two variables maps small rectangles
in the uv- plane into curvilinear
14
2
parallelograms in the xy ,- plane, so
equation (16) maps
smal1 rectangular
parallelepipeds in
uvw - space into
curvilinear
Parallelepiped s
in xyz space
(Figure 3 ).

Figure 3
14
3
Definition Let T be a transformation
that maps a region S in uvw - space
onto a region R in xyz - space by means
of equation (11). Then the Jacobian of
T is defined by:
wx xw xw
w
u vw ww
w x, y , z wy yw yw
J u , v, w
wu, v, w uw vw ww
wz zw zw
w
u vw ww

14
4
For small values of Uu, Uv, and Uw, the
volume UV of the curvilinear parallelepiped in
Figure 3 is related to the volume UuUvUw
of the rectangular parallelepiped by
w x, y , z
'V | u'v '
w'
wu, v, w

We have the following formula for triple

integrals:
w x, y, z
³³³
R
f x, y, z dv
S
f x ³³³
u , v, w , y u , v , w , z u , v , w
wu, v, w
dudvdw

14
5
Example 4:
Derive the formula for triple integration in
spherical coordinates.
Solution:
Here the change of variables is given by

We compute the Jacobian as follows:

14
6
.

14
7
Example 5:
Find the volume of the region G enclosed by
the ellipsoid x2 y 2 z 2
2
 2 2 1
a b c
Solution:
The volume V is given by the triple integral
V ³³³ dV . To evaluate this integral, we make
G
the change of variables
x au, y bv, z cw ... 1
which maps the region S in uvw - space
enclosed by a sphere of radius 1 into the
region G in xyz - space.
14
8
This can be seen from (1) by noting that:
2 2 2
x y z
2
 2 2 1, becoms u 2
v  w 1
2 2

a b c
The Jacobian of (1) is
wx xw xw
w
u vw ww a 0 0
w x, y , z wy yw yw
0 b 0 abc
wu, v, w uw vw ww
0 0 c
wz zw zw
w
u vw ww

Thus, w x, y, z
V ³³³
G
dV
S
³³³
wu, v, w
dV uvw abc
S
dVuvw ³
14
9
The last integral is the volume enclosed by a
sphere of radius 1, which we know to be 4S
3
Thus, the volume enclosed by the ellipsoid is
4S
V abc
3
Exercise 1:

(Answer: I 8³³
uv 1 
4 2
v dudv)
R
15
0
Exercise 2:

Exercise 3: Evaluate
a) x y where R is
³³
R
x y
dA,

the region enclosed by

the lines x y 1 & x y 3
x y 0, x y 1,
(see Figure 4 ).
Figure 4
15
1
b) where
³³
xy
e dA,
R
R is the region
enclosed by the lines
x & y x and the
1
y
hyperbolas
2
1 2
y &y
(Figure 5 ). x x
§x y ·
¨ ¸
c) Where Figure 5
³³ ©x y ¹
e dA,
R
R is the trapezoidal region with vertices
1,0 , 2,0 , 0, 2 & 0,  1
15
2
Applications of Triple Integrals

Recall that if f x t0then the single

b
Integral ³ f x dxrepresents the area under
a

the curve y f xfrom a to b, an d if

f x, y t0 then the double integral ³³
D
f x, y dA

represents the volume under the surface

z f x, y and above D. The corresponding
interpretation of a triple integral,
³³³
E
f x, y, z dV , where f x, y, z t0
15
3
is not very useful because it would be the
“hyper volume” of a four- dimensional
Object and, of course, that is very difficult
To visualize. (Remember that E is just the
domain of the function f ; the graph of f
lies in four - dimensional space.)
Nonetheless, the triple integral
³³³
E
f x, y, z dV can be interpreted in
different ways in different physical
situations, depending on the

15
4