Industrial and Organizational Psychology Introduction to the World of Work
Copyright Paul E. Spector, All rights reserved, March 15, 2005
What Is I/O Psychology?
Psychology is the science of human behavior I/O psychology is the science of human behavior at work Dual focus Efficiency/productivity of organizations (I) Health/well-being of employees (O) Dual nature Development and application of the science of psychology to the workplace
Fields of I/O Psychology
Personnel Psychology Organizational Psychology Human Factors/Ergonomics
Activities and Settings of I/O Psychologists
Practice
Consulting firms, government, private corporations Major focus is application of field to real world workplaces
Research
Most are college professors Much of time spent teaching and doing research
Considerable overlap between the two settings, and most I/O psychologists do both to some extent.
Percentage of I/O Psychologists Who Work in Various Settings
Source: Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2006 Member Survey: Overall Report.
Employment Settings of I/O Psychologists
Highest Degree Employment Setting Education Private sector Public sector Consulting Other
Medsker, Katkowski & Furr (2005)
M.A. 0.8% 44.0% 10.5% 37.3% 7.4%
Ph.D. 40.0% 23.3% 8.2% 25.0% 3.5%
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I/O as a Profession
Graduate degree necessary (MA or Ph.D.) Basic psychology, research methods, & I/O content necessary I/O Professional Associations
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychologists (SIOP)
Comprised entirely of I/O psychologists About 6,000 members, 38% are student affiliates
Academy of Management (AoM)
Very large, majority of members are not psychologists
European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology (EAWOP) Society of Occupational Health Psychology (SOHP)
Newest addition relevant to I/O Those interested in issues of employee health, safety, and well-being
How to Become an I/O Psychologist
Graduate degree MAY BE necessary but some Universities (such as MTSU) offer a Bachelors degree in I/O Psychology Basic psychology, research methods (heavy emphasis), and I/O content all part of graduate training Entry requirements very competitive Involves training in research and practice Less than 1% unemployment Academic and nonacademic market strong No longer predominantly males
SIOP was 36% female as of 2006
Median Salaries of I/O Psychologists in the US in 2000
M.A. Ph.D. Applied starting Academic starting Men Women $72,000 $98,500 $73,750 $55,600 $100,000 $85,000
Note: Gender difference mostly accounted for by women being more likely to be M.A. level and being younger. Source: Khanna & Medsker (2007).
Difference Between I/O and MBA Programs
Typical I/O Courses
Statistics Experimental methodology Psychometric theory Employee selection and placement Organizational psychology Performance appraisal Job analysis
Typical MBA Courses
Statistics Business research Organizational behavior Administrative policy Managerial economics Marketing management Managerial accounting
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Employee training and development Financial management
I/O Graduate Programs
Degree Characteristic Average GRE Score Average GPA Years to complete Internship Dissertation M.A. 1,084 3.41 2 Yes No Ph.D. 1,237 3.58 5 Yes Yes
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Countries With the Most I/O Graduate Programs
Country U.S. Germany Australia Canada England Belgium China Netherlands
Number of programs
Country France New Zealand Spain Turkey Korea Nigeria Puerto Rico
Number of programs
124 11 7 7 7 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 3 3 3
I/O Psychology as a Science
Research is one of the major activities for I/O psychologists Develop new methods and procedures for activities like selection and training Results shared through:
Meetings: held by associations like SIOP Journals: such as the Journal of Applied Psychology Publication of research papers is difficult and competitive
The Most Popular I/O Research Topics in Eight Countries
Country Canada England Germany India Israel Japan Scandinavia United States
From Erez, M. (1994)
Topics Career development, Employee selection, job stress, leadership Employee selection, job stress, leadership, turnover, gender Job Stress, motivation, training, work environment Job satisfaction, job stress, motivation, organizational level Career development, job satisfaction, motivation, performance appraisal, values Career development, job stress, leadership, motivation Gender, job stress, shift work, unemployment Career development, employee selection, leadership, performance appraisal
The History of I/O Psychology
According to Dr. Frame
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Why Do We Care?
realize the contributions and actions of people that came before comprehend how past situations and circumstances led to current scenarios, advancements and predicaments gain an understanding of the direction that they are headed learn from previous successes while hopefully avoiding the mistakes of the past
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Before 1800
In 1491 B.C. - Jethro, a Midianite priest In 500 B.C. - The Art of War, by Sun Tzu In 400 B.C. - Socrates In 370 B.C. - Xenophon In The Republic - Plato In 360 B.C. - Aristotle In 260 B.C. through 220 A.D. - Han Dynasty The Disclosures (1513) - Machiavelli In 1776 - Adam Smith
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Before 1900
In 1813 - Robert Owen In 1832 - Charles Babbage In 1855 - Daniel McCallum in 1885 - Captain Henry Metcalf In 1886 - Henry R. Towne
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History of I/O
Early 1900s World War I first mass testing Between the wars, psychology helping business: I side Hawthorne studied impact of social aspects: O side World War II: Psychology and the war effort Civil rights movement: Job relevance ADA ADEA Technological change
Leading Historical Figures
Hugo Mnsterberg: Psychology and Industrial Efficiency Walter Dill Scott: The Theory of Advertising Frederick Winslow Taylor: Scientific Management Robert Yerkes: Army Alpha and Beta tests Lillian Gilbreth: Time and motion; Human factors Bruce V. Moore: First I/O PhD? Roethlisberger & Dickson: Hawthorne Studies
Timeline of Major Events
I/O Psychology Around the World
I/O interest has exploded over the past 10-15 years and accelerating American consulting firms have become international, reflected in names
DDI--Developmental Decisions Inc. to International PDI--Personnel Decisions Inc. to International
Research focus varies by country Number of graduate programs increasing rapidly around the world
6 Ethical Principles from American Psychological Association Code
Competence Integrity Professional and Scientific Responsibility Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity Concern for Others Welfare Social Responsibility
History of I/O Psychology 1900 - 1920
1903 Walter Dill Scott publishes The Theory of Advertising
1913 Hugo Munsterberg publishes Psychology and Industrial Efficiency 1917 Journal of Applied Psychology first published
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History of I/O Psychology World War I
Selection of Soldiers
Army Alpha Army Beta
John Watson developed tests for pilots Henry Gantt increased cargo ship efficiency
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History of I/O Psychology 1920 - 1940
1921 First Ph.D. in I/O Psychology awarded to Bruce Moore and Merrill Ream at Carnegie Tech First I/O text book written by Morris Viteles Hawthorne Studies published American Association for Applied Psychology Established
1932
1933 1937
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Division 14 History
Year 1937 1945 1951 1960 1964 1982 1986 1990 2000 2,500+ 3,600+
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Members Event American Association for Applied Psychology formed 130 Society for Industrial and Business Psychology established as Division 14 of APA Marion Bills elected first woman president of Division 14 700+ Renamed Society for Industrial Psychology First edition of The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist published 1,800+ Renamed Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology SIOP conference held separately from APA
