SA ee ge gam Volume 01 \ Pages _ ize 8, -- & GS. Kartic, ma, [Ph.0] Anthropology karticsg@[Link] Social and Cultural Anthropology6 to f& bath ys “YP oss — Be belch be Gladiator 2 ae [s bakh astern qladewen = BPS ye age Sad of Phiesto P ol cone Glowiens setseated Draping heed choxtedTable of Contents fichuw , Ardhncgaeloqy § —— 1.1 MEANING, SCOPE & DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 4.2 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES ANTHROPOLOGY & SOCIAL SCIENCES. ANTHROPOLOGY & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. ANTHROPOLOGY & MEDICAL SCIENCES... -~ Ce are scl ences, CATH 2clewscee 1. MAIN BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY... A) SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY... 3B) BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. CJ ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. D) LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY ApeiGr AMTYRO | —"NADE! 1.8 PRINCIPLES OF PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY. (8) CHRONOLOGY: RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING METHODS.. (8) CULTURAL EVOLUTION... 1. PALBOLITHIC CULTURE 2. THE MESOLITHIC CULTURE. cn 3. THE NEOLITHIC CULTURE =. ON Wacker Ahuan ain. G,A 4, CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE. oe-ee- mmr me so 5. COPPER- BRONZE AG 6 IRONAGE nn 2.1 NATURE OF CULTURE AND spCIETY. NaRUREOPENLauRE ose NATURE OF CIVILIZATION PTHNOCENTRISM a CULTURAL RELATIVISM en CULTURAL RELATIVISM VS ETHNOCENTRISM.. ee nen 82 Qe Lae NATURE OF SOCIETY, ~ nnn sn B30, SOCIETY, CULTURE AND MAN, . — ss 88 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS... SOCIAL GROUPS san SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 2.3 MARRIAGE. . DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE - {TS UNIVERSALITY... LAWS OF MARRIAGE... nn ns ‘TYPES AND FORMS OF MARRIAGE ... os scene 127 FUNCTIONS OF MARRIAGE MARRIAGE PAYMENTS — - nn 129 CONE Ronen peice Re Waa 2.4 FAMILY.. sintninnnsnn DEFINITION AND UNIVERSALITY : TICGROUPS FAMILY, HOUSEHOLD AND DOM TYPES OF FAMILIES... « IMPACT OF URBANIZATION, INDUSTRIALIZATION, E FAMILY. - UNIVERSALITY OF FAMILY ~ A CRITIQUE. ~ Functions 4, FosCONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY. PRINCIPLES AND TYPES OF DESCENT. FORMS OF DESCENT GROUPS... KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY DESCENT, FILIATION AND COMPLEMENTARY FILIATIO! ALLIANCE AND DESCENT .... ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION .wsnssnn MEANING, SCOPE AND RELEVANCE OF | ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY PERSPECTIVES IN ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY . FORMALISM; SUBSTANTIVISM AND CULTURALISM UNDERSTANDING SMALL SCALE ECONOMIES ‘THE FORMS AND MEDIA OF EXCHANGE, PRINCIPLES GOVERNING PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION IN COMMUNITIES SUBSISTING ON DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ECONOMY... FOOD-GATHERING ECONOMY onoucvnsem - nnn 186 HUNTING-FISHING ECONOMY... ~ — 188 PASTORAL ECONOMY... oo sens 189 HORTICULTURAL ECONOMY oon ooeoene ~ 191 AGRICULTURAL, ECONOMY. 7 - nnn 192 GLOBALIZATION AND INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC SYSTEMS. . sane 19S 4, POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL CONTRO} ‘TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS. POWER, AUTHORITY & LEGITIMACY..... SOCIAL CONTROL, LAW AND JUSTI IN SIMPLE SOCIETIES ssnws nmin FoRMSOF RECON Tha i EASA TSOGETIS- ARI CRA NO SHR Dierusonst RSONALITY 6.5. Kantc kartiesg@ [Link]) 4NEO-EVOLUTIONISM CULTURAL MATERIALISM .. SYMBOLIC AND INTERPRETIVE THEORIES. ~ COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY AND NEW ETHNOGRAPHY... /POST MODERNISM... °@y7. CULTURE, LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION .-o NATURE OF LANGUAGE. in CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE... ‘ ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE. VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION... ~ SOCIAL CONTEXT OF LANGUAGE USE... 8, RESEARCH METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY. A FIELDWORK TRADITION IN ANTHROBLOG\ 8, DISTINCTION BETWEEN TECHNIQUE, METHOD AND METHODOLOGY ©.TOOLS OF DATACOLLECTION. - D, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION OF DATA... : Zee - aun | GOoriqueress gf Aeltrw — GA-Neeloein Hhex ne © Applied tnthao, Acten Artin — 1” CSanpingtnegue — Later® G.S. Kartic(kartiesg@[Link]) 5Preface GS. Kartic, a Gold Medalist in Anthropology from University of Hyderabad in the year 1992 is currently authoring his Ph.D thesis on* Primary Health Care Delivery Amongst ‘Tribal Societies in India: The Impact of Organizational, Cultural and System-specific Factors’, He has conducted extensive research amongst the multi-tribal societies inthe Agency areas of Vishakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh. Though. his academic research isin the realm of Medical Anthropology, Kertic has been, deploying the methodologies of Visual Anthropology in his profession as a Corporate and Social Media Consultant over one and a half decades. He has scripted, directed and produced more than 2000 corporate and social media products and films for many multinational, government and non-governmental organizations, through company Grey Scale Media Solutions Pvt. Ltd, He is also an advisor in the realm of capacity building, civie ‘engogement and training for urban local bodies and civie governments. His forte in this domain is in the emerging concept of “place branding’. He also provides strategic consulting in the field of communications for various organizations dealing with differently-abled and mentally challenged children. Kartic has been involved in training the aspirants of Civil Services Examination for over 16 years. Many students of his have made it into the coveted services at various levels across the country, Many amongst them are toppers in their respective years and more Gress, on an average, more than 15 students of his make it to the services every year. This three-volume series isthe 8% edition of the original work written in the year 1993. ‘Owing to the dynamic nature of the discipline of anthropotogy and consistent changes Introduced in the syllabus by the UPSC every 3-5 years, these volumes continuously evolve. The subject matter of these books is written strictly keeping the scope of the syllabus for UPSC Civil Services Examination and is based on the changes introduced in the Anthropology Syllabus in the year 2008. Owing to the dearth of books written exclusively for the Civil Services Examination, these three volumes constitute complete study material for the purpose of this examination, Relevant handouts on emerging areas of interest and new developments in the subject domain will be given to the students from time to time, asa part of lecture notes. ‘The three volumes sre organized into Social Anthropology (Velunw 1), Phys Anthropology (Volume 2) and indian Anthropology (Volume 3), for ease of study. Indexing of the topics is, however, done according to the syllabus released by UPSC through its gazette.Pre Cambie = 7 Sqr MmYye Phanerso 2015 < Sur mye \ ~ Cenozoi © . Mets 264 Paleoaci & « eoee) (asec ee) (Sere ~s) ve : Ar _ Text orey Blin ene Wlécune Htere Obgeens Mist — Quarters (22-6 mya) Phertocone (dene ree Holla! yer | Seccates V Aristotle Aleconbr‘Anthropology Paper 01 - Volume 01 Anthropclogy is the study of the origin, development, and nature of the human species. The word ‘Anthropology" is a combined form derived from the Greek'ferms “anthropos” (human being) and “logos” (study) and can be translated as “the study of humanity". Anthropology is not just the study of human beings. It is the study of human be ctive ways of life labeled “culture”. The study of anthroy nches to provid an explanation ofthe dévelopme ings living in societies and following dist jlogy weaves together the findings of its various branches to Anthropology is considered as the most comprehensive of all the sciences dealing with man. An inherent © cutiosity of man about himself was the prime factor influencing the emergence of a discipline that systematically studies mankind, For as long as humans have been on earth, they have wondered about who they are, where they came from and. why they act the way they do. Much of the human history, according to anthropologist Haviland, has resulted from the efforts of people to answer these basic questions. Because of the limits of knowledge and technology, throughout most of their history, people ‘were unable to accumulate an extensive and reliable body of data concerning their own behavior and background, Hence, they have relied on bodies of myth and folklore to answer these questions. Anthropology, over the last 200 years, is the naturalistic approach to answering these questions people ask about themselve | 1.1 MEANING, SCOPE & DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY i i 1 | i | Anthropology defines itself as a discipline of infinite curios) t human beings, Anthropologists seek ‘answers to an enormous variety of questions about humans. They are interested in discovering when, where and why humans appeared on the earth, how and why they have changed since then, how and why t ‘modern human populations vary in certain physical features, Anthropologists are also interested in how and why societies in the past and present have varied in their customary idleas and practices. ‘The definition and the meaning of Anthropology was not always the same Since the time it was | envisioned for the first time, Anthropology had a slow growth owing to factors like highly restricted geographical wanderings of the people and Tack of understanding the non-European cultures by mar earlier travelers. The definitions of various scholars gi is evolution ofthe meaning and scope of this discipline, — Definition of Anthropology Astle is referred to as the father of anthropology. He is considered as the first anthropologist who ‘oined, defined and explained the ferm “anthropology”. He defines anthropology as the gossip that lves around man and the anthropotogist as the gossiper who talks about himself Anthropology was beginning to be nourished in the philosophical faculties in the universities of Germany. (D detween the 14th and 17¢h centuries, During this period, anthropology was defn systematic udyof ana ‘ag aphysicaland'moral being. The physical aspect of man includes the biological conditions Reduce Se Five —9 Looted weak J Decrersed prower’ © ny sige Tank | Gojubetion Govakice = Fapenele A Meabs sails Voowtedge 9, biclogyt | - 4 j - y felhonship of Ailhopelogy ond Mechecne. + Aalhyopotagy and — mediieine —metintoun | | steunding inkielalions Medical Seines cnkibutid - | de the daselopmest 4 bielonitad auth opolony . Both pe] Yam came fo have close relochns kn under — | Starduig the dole connect tuner grotchh “i «| gouo-ecename Statin ant cultural feces. | | scnilonies + math the dioiplines study rrecicol | | Systema of human population - Path lilvie the | | ooeaneh auaulhs 4 urna, _gendlis and bath boaters | , Cedloun concep, malheds fiom thet al Sashes fo doal | | wath he medical ospec 6| human populatian | | pifjeunees | I frtivopelogy baa —_univesaal tape ao it oleals enth) | health, dudeare , medicine pachiotomte, hirtonic , | | contemporas, plioulive, _ peooadl and adwancech socielit | phere wo medicine hoo Limiléd 5@ an it stadia | health. clireare, medicere of Calan poraiey gotliss anly| Aritnopology un holialié suene, mudiere i @ 1 pout ~sucnce + Anthio palo content tndluden numerous branches boned on jl rel: under fanduy of human bology | Mecsine t bard on scantifs wdewstanding le |bic’ ( camrect by super natead besiy ) ao emdtimaliatic ( cared by anges, cwataly ) ‘or aduralilic ( «gall heel, wid) I bd Mediate — studies | digeare caurdlicn 1 lum | 4 erelionalidié and noduralealac Caurer » he roots ei clean she betiseen “een ard mechitne 2 dig ao avila pole Gell. Sine beliefs » abllicde 4d. a @ shonglg | fluence i interpeela J 2 symptom and techniques 4 a dualinent . fy wD Necem fo . analipe whe” hedilional eplena meclicine « | Hence close — eooalein velaliavhi | Meclicuie j and anthuepelo oH £newitable - | “> the place 9 mecliecne gp any ma | dctecmuned Soutal and economic” suclan “tho Value dhe! ~ so bo to heallh and i | din cane . Though moden curltiute dows eat cleal aq shosg Upon seafific medicine — ws opposed to fk Mediceie =, one ecannal Pied vAal sou'o - | outta fow fey a lage paul sey . He meaning q desea and health. i” | | ren, ee dlereare — eourodilian in oe an | | |be i Anthropol and falh Stienten Anthopology. maintarns close Links iil earth suinces sich ao geleny, peng, geography (hivadby bola) folb entamines sho a man and hin eultine Bol deal sith sho nalute 4 mélerials jsith sshuch heumany made phapial obs. oo ° oath je sol Samples = le know ey it i" he 1a 7 “ Goth to Reomohuel “the human adtoil; by pachiatoace — envincumenta Gab thy to auundluuct “the envinenmerd od) the puchirhoued populitcn . Spotqhe conditions crib bition : Arithuey and ath Sticnws aro yolated in he seme that adthtopel could not el) have duelped lil, eat series had achieved a. cule deguc maui, Thur no Hue idea of the oe She ala could have beat develbpeel wall gaoke had pronded a chiandlogy oy “tina Sayime —sotth uch fo manne. ib tuchacilogénal arthiopelogy veo “he shail grap Tene ods 4 gaefay © Aabliohig he velatiix\ | | wd diff weal cultines Mune wl e pit Sm the galegc ag he abe deat al’ wy cullival aman lie po ° ) ppabt or Sal sola thal 4 tina pes Oe cher and, he palace lgah onomues he pee ” tpifeo _9| omtmals found. wilh _wltitad demain and delemine te geotogeedl Hina daperil - : f (ab endo upon the gedegit ar paleertolegch to etablish “be age of speckmen q pel puchia tome people « The geologist and palaccnologst place all fouel vamasin 4 mar : difiitel, in ime ard —tolve “he problent due evoludias 2 humon - tochooolog asthe, bh masta Close finko tot mio walagy a orde. te kno ~he naliue fe] gin tons. tool found act a patlicnlar gibt JS rede up The dlincovery J “Peking Han sonellegs + from fincling a. pece 4 quaify wo the locales 000 mils fram the nearest! knosn quath clapesily Sotial-oultinal aittvopelony depends ae fuunan humor georptaph ep chen ck beglno to conoid fan main springs of rumen adlivilg - Jn thy conlink | aritepelayy —clemands 00 muuch knowledge hurd ao q gogapy «Pydosbork Jpoppevoimy” ama “ [Link] = onpre Pempr- ons ponerims = Aepdonguy patos ye! queda era) = Abyodonwuy po doooymnp prof > omumrprregyra = jbo, unped orrourne pea = Yoyoeb voqoprded oumy a + Frerodhos LP yp oo ofinds a earpprndod fe conpomynuos 7H vd non TTY on juouneriave my ugpop = mpipo yo 22/9 7. i. of Pup poy Frtaporphy » hicebool se cp Has\q,Ba-waed 6 sagmnamy 7 PORE Pe NPI een mop GS) Raarspemyes YY. G | fire raen%s argivel bp Bene 3: pyerara hing spl en ¥ poogo FTI oP HIG | _shavttt) G yom 79H long E . © srayyindy 8b (etbewr) saoe 3d PREY? | et ayer = a) prepay ror @ now oy © qrovganlpe mongay “of NPN oO aha vow nd ow b mmps Pamarane (C ung wr pap Fe Pes me Ve naspebgson, Q 3, poodle & psypw @ seen a vbr qrMa mwmpEe fw sau “Taxopeneq poxh a wy vO hypo wp TPH} ANP MPL PF wsmeoMN ' ve \ , Cound epa'vos ) femurs vay va peotbp sr ouyay oy Q,{ { i t i Anthropology Paper 01 - Volume 02 ANTHROPOLOGY & MEDICAL SCIENCES A review of literature reveals that anthropologists have made significant contributions in the field of medicine. In 1942, Ackerknecht, a medical historian, contributed a series of scientific papers on tive medicine’. These papers provided useful guidelines to anthropologists for conducting, research on “indigenous” systems of medicine. This was followed by a series of researches and papers by anthropologists ike Henery and Margaret Mead in 1947. ‘These papers had one thing in common - the J™ fact, way back in 1924, wil sR Rivers and in 1932 Clements had contributed to anthropology in medicine, Clements tied to trace the worldwi on of five basic concepts of disease, namely, sorcery, breach of taboo, oBject intrusion, spirit Intrusion and soul loss, A umber of other valuable studies appeared in the thirties and forties including FieI@°s study op the "Religion and Medicine of the Ga People” in 1937, Herbert Spencer’s study of “Disease, Religion and society of the Fizi Island "in I T641 and Horley’s 's study of “Mono of Liberia’ However, as said earlier, it was Ackerknecht in 1942 who for the first time brought out that "Primitive medicine is not a queér collectioré of errors and Superstitions, nor is tobe explained by simply stating that in the medical field, primitives used spells, prayers, blood - letting, human fat etc. What counts is not the forms_but the place medicine occupies in the Ife of a Wibe or people, the spirit which pervades its practice, the way it merges with other waits rom different fields of experience *. Even today, his cross cultural analysis of the practice of medicine in different cultures is of considerable value to the anthropologists working inthe field of medicine. Anthropolo case studies relating t0 peoples’ reaction to health programs. stiidfes that introducing western techniques in public health, necessitates doping theta ofthe docer and other health persorinel to fit other existing cultural expectations. This idea definitely necessitates a clos’ working relationship between anthropology and medicine. Even in western medicine itis important to understand that the primary frame of reference is the social structure. Hence it was suggested that successful establishment of effective medicine would largely depend on the extent to which scientific medical St of western cultural accretions and adapt itself to the social Ife of the rural settin Jter roots of the relationship between anthropology and medicine are probably as deep as anthropology ingel -From the holistic point of view, right from the beginning iself, anthropology seems to have combined in one discipline the approaches of several sciences, including biological sciences, the sociat sciences and:the humanities. ‘Since the beliefs, attitudes and values of a community strongly influence people's interpretations of the symptoms and the techniques for their tr analyze the efficacy of te traditional systems of medicine for whieh close Working relatiiship between medicine and anthropology is Inevitable. The place of medicine in any society is determined by the current social and economic structure, the value that society places on health and disease, the tasks that are assigned to different categories of practitioners and the technology of medicine available to them. The moderiy culture certainly lays a great deal of stress upon scientific medicine as opposed to folk indigenous medicine.—However, one cannot Torget that socio-cultural forces play a large part in determining the meaning of illness, the function ofliness and ways of counteracting ines, Note: More on this in subsequent chapters Conclusions: Anthropology is distinguished from other disciplines concerned with an understanding of humanity by the scope of its interests, by its attention to all types of societies and by its attempt to understand humanity in all types of societies from every corner of the earth and all periods of time. Anthropology is also different in the way it approaches specific problems it dects with, The basis of this distinctive approach is to be fotind in every corner of the earth with culture as the foundation of human society. As part of ts deep concern with culture and society, anthropology uses holism as its trademark ‘The most important reason for anthropology’s insistence on holism or comparing the ways of life of societies in different parts of the world and different periods of time is that such comparison helps to GS. Kartic{kartiesg@[Link]) as xvanthropology Paper 01 - Vohime 01 iituminate the culture of every society and to establish the basis for finding what is universal to all humanity, what is general to groups of societies and what is distinctive of particular societies. Note: Anthropology onid Barth Sciences & Life Sciences are [Link] detail in relevant chapters elsewhere inthe textbook a WS 1,3 MAIN BRANCHES Seas Peels Rote — hy thee nad A) SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY <_ 7 GR L According to Charles Winick, Social anthropology point of view of the systematic comparative study of social forms and institutio Socal anthropology isa comparative study of human societies, Ideally it includes alls f tivilized and hist — - 5 "the study Of social behavior, especially from the stitutions”. According to others, fecause human beings always possess culture and always live in Socfeties,there is a broad sense in which all of anthropology can be considered as socio-cultural anthropology. Within anthropology those concerned primarily with the ways of life ot people living in recent or existing cultures and societies generally refer to themselves as Socio-cultural anthropologists. When a distinction is made between cultural and social anthropology, cultural anthropologists are generally regarded as those who emphas cultural traditions and their content, wherees social anthropologists are regarded as those wi emiphaiize behavior and social interaction, Because human Social interaction always takes place wi reference to cultural traditions, society is generally regarded as an aspect of culture, and social anthropologists are often regarded as a variety of cultural anthropologists. a Socie-Cultural anthropologists are interested in the description and compatison of all human cultures and they search and describe diverse cultures. Because the predatory expansion of urban and industrialized cultures has threatened the existence of many of the world's small and technologically uncomplicated peoples, much of the research effort in socio-cultural anthropology has involved a kind of desperate, last minute attempt to describe the life-ways of hroken anct-vamshing peoples. ~ smphasis has sometimes led to the description of Socio-cultural anthropology as the study cultures, the goals of Soci anthropology have always be to describe the entire range of human behavior and to develop explanations of the similarities and differs Fes, ——— — ayn tendency to emphasize particular aspects of culture has given rise to a variety of sub fields within Socio-cultaral anthropology. Ecological ib ‘emphasize relationships between cultures and | their environments. Cultural fistorians examine the beliefs that people hold about their past history | and test them against existing historical documents in order to reconstruct the course of development of their culture, Economic anthropologists consider the manner in which goods are produced, the systems of trade or exchange by means of which they are distributed, and the ways in which they are consumed. Social anthropologists consider the kinds of groupings and subdivisions that exist among the members ofa culture and the Kinds of relationships and interactions that take place between them, Psychological anthropologists consider the relationships between the individuals and their cultures. Other specialists siudy religion, culture change, conflict, medicine, education, law, art play, music, and literature. Socio-cultural anthropology thus concerns itself with human cultures and societies. Being a branch of the wider subject of anthropology, itis generally dealt in connection with its other branches: Physical anthropology, archaeology and sometimes Tmgu oo Ethnology, Ethnography & Social Anthropology: It is important to make a distinction between ethnology and social anthropology. This is because the term "social anthropology” was not always used to designate this branch of anthropology previously. The: d mitrarily, the term “ethnology” w: used to designate this branch of anthropology in the United States {Jos tate tatesg@zmaieom) ve Panna cece tote fish hyel — etdeay D> andes A Soa C Tate eerie Head) anid = . — Sa nabologyeé engpishics — Yel gcel =—Fatitial - i act — Konomit ies, rimitive. 40)Aleloage reprodien payee 20% aye ae = mmm yee carymaos gonaflp ovendnaenp ay.é hydosbouys B gpm ap. emvediaay pre mun we Phoroutgy , andeboopy op ur, Peed voprajred vp Doma noes +2 mano 0B yunciay eaprosp vo Song ee Pleaige po | rydotbouyps ae a a ee cay veuny ha R vourvod lids pe condrop 0 proj ¢ Aoploryyo gop -2005 oe + aygradacin «ph peti 0 sey Faro poem Bb Fons 2, co prykp *Bloplenyvo yom» 2 paye enpuoig phi pT sane) ug * eayhun @ponlfep pre + yuunenva roy. 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Holiste Approach —~ view inbuulalzd — and hal be tan ardost and ° Proce 4 colecling dada diem. thet — pads and whole one. pa fo he eitnt we andes and! ~ye hola and hows “be various pail fib ato it: compaithix. apptoach compas dipuert oullune and fouiliés to knoly “We aniky tn civwdy in feu 4 univeral, Spee’ pe feotion 4 culties Yand souclizs plano onl _putenes approach — bres te sowel- exltural optim Jrlo “simpbt Systems ary Geddes ane Oelatin and stadyay oll ” wlalia to each othe ww adn to oblao @ compichensice undudandirg q the whol gowo — cutlur al pln:le Emir and else < approach + ~ fetes on an snlipraline unduustandsi 4 Sourd ~cullrial phenanenen in Tem folk nieo and saenlist s vei - it seoe_clucly approach s- four on tadeph shady © g specifie’ endinicluals, gee averdn to shave comple vedastandang q te care skedeed . Ago 4 Such — Ameanch hale gy 5 te build, Moony conti Aourd We speci Study ond 4 apply he dai on Solve corfempoianes social problem » Haier! Head otgues “hat socio -cerltieal cothsepelogey Da syn Do soual suanier- and humanities hone WE” epi nabiral sente- pox social stusnie poy ae ‘f humans bddas a ong blend 4 Sota) sinus and _ humarrliis . see = Ande henecyeaping Ellery copread tes Speecdircsbton| Phyl and Bidet Arbepolagy | Phyreal anithnopelogy iv corvideed fo be te (ceil boned _of_ofepabgy “To ape cradin rad ‘qust a a bbvologedd otganum and seemdauh, 2 | eer animal » a ‘ knows oo oman |[Link] _aslhlopsleyy + tk dettibes, analyses ond explain Auman guotilion, suman bidlegy and [human vartalion go stlaber Jo envucnmed, eulliie pond souilz > all plates of all Timer - he phyol othapding in dvds rho Stee 0 cowie! — nino -pystell“Bahwopelany . branchu>: I Paledntolony 2- Neonto loge 3 thology. a faleomblogy ; 51 muano science of old bp. How Study o| wilinel preriali én the. calout of athropoloy Neoalotogy; A means sciane f ras ie Cymolagicall cof) hh avithepologeal portance, Jt in whe brane shady {prt tthdooy sie “he sdontifie study of animal behavrour hee and combines that knoraledtge wil theases about (We development af languages. greup Life ancl capastly fr cultiual dlavelopmet - i there Hue brancheo phar calhtepoley conlubuk fo Hee unduatanding | Shuman woludas hueman cabline and pehoundin -| | y Pt-Ldaohboan — sod Yhed! Physical austheoppolegy |" phaser @ clawreal fold © New . ( Bfee bald wae 7) (afte scold soar) . ial vical veal ontmopology.: 3 har a sumed seope| scope - | eum ib obpecbuaca , repearch 8 . | a} died $0 urdewtand duman ewoledbiar “ore human | venialians wall plateo al all ines» bat in ogee yao only éo thease » bel bo praclue,itneves condepts Ue damelid) tumor bf Coneph —heeatere “the ~themes | aw Linilid in nitmber. and dopendenee._ a_ other dirapluies ora Auld. Resbctid to human evoltiliar, comyporiclase | 1 Un ‘hao, conlent analy , antnepamdey : Heridulaiy - applied priced anbuopology foimnal geneiin - Sepharis toas on cLowilicdon i Nok Aetonpothedson Reseauch ~ SF tq simple Milhaldley $b teas oleoudrplive pnot arabica y - at nase enplanid ta qualia ~ - No hoo , Alo made to dwele Kors and aay epee P ' igovew Shek dine pinay approach within — broad! frametsorle 4 holube peuspeckt boa lackey pprestia |