Topic Matches: [#1 - 368] / 368

1. Both of the models have been implemented in the knowledge

representation language Telos [17] and are stored and maintained by
the deductive object manager ConceptBase [14].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

2. Conclusion In this paper, we have defined a super ontology which

explains the structure of the universe and concepts of reality. This
super ontology will be independent of any specific domain of
application and all other applications to which it will be put to use in
the future. In order to achieve this it will use a unique representation
scheme for representing knowledge in its knowledge base having a
uniform code of structure of an Extended Hierarchical Censored
Production Rule ( EHCPR).

Super Ontology.pdf

In this paper we have discussed the graphical interaction

3.
environment to the object-oriented knowledge base system KIWIS.
We have first introduced the Display Model which, independent of the
interaction paradigms, provides a uniform graphical representation of
the objects in the knowledge base. The LOCO implemenlation of the
Display Model is based on the idea that the graphical representation
of an ob ject is nothing but a special view of that object which can
therefore easily be implemented using the concept of object term in
LOCO.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

A recent paper [13] describes a knowledge representation language

4.
for university requirements. Whereas the application is very similar to
the one presented in this paper the solution and the modelling
methodology is different. In [13] a set theoretic language (similar to
Prolog) is used and it is up to the knowledge engineer to translate the
degree requirements into that language.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 CRITICISM AND OUTLOOK A concept of virtual visual elements that
5.
build the kernel for knowledge augmented visual databases has been
presented in this paper. A special focus was set on the basic
defInition and structure of these objects that help to overcome the
semantic gap between the implicit content of visual information and
an external, explicit representation form of it. At this point of the on-
going work a static solution has been developed which allows to
describe the dualism of logical and physical object representation
with respect to object storage, object processing and object
rendering.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In this paper we consider ontologies expressed in OWL as a typical

6.
example of a knowledge representation language on which most of
the issues can be illustrated. OWL is succeeding to a large degree as
a knowledge representation standard, for instance, used for building
knowledge systems.

Ontology matching state of the art and futur.pdf

I b (red) I C1 (ox) I c (red) I a (ox) 71 171 171 171 17 b (ox) I c,

7.
(red)1 c (ox) I a (redl I (1) All-in-one description ~f0~r;:\~f;\~f;\ ~ e ~ e
~ e ~ e ~ e X (reduced) oxidation in X reduction t t oxidation I X
(oxidized) I reduction in Y # X (2) Step-by-step description Fig 3.2
Electron Transport through Cytochromes Chemical reactions and the
relations among them can be writ ten in a frame-like language or
scheme if we focus on the abil ity to answer questions on the function
of the enzymes, namely static information as shown above. But once
we have to get the relations among compounds or proteins,
deductive features are mandatory, in tracing their connections or
deducing from prim itive knowledge such as a "step-by-step
description" to appro priate knowledge such as an "all-in-one
description" as shown in Fig. 3.2.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Recently there has been increased mterest m the mteractton

8.
between formal knowledge representation and the informal se
mantics of hypermedia networks. Hypertext/ Hypermedia c~ be
 understood as a semantic network where the nodes are arbI trary
multimedia objects and edges may ~t~en. d within these objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

9. Furbach, U. , Baumgartner, P.: Model based deduction for knowledge

representation (posi- tion paper). In: S. Frank, M., Noy N.:(eds.)
International Workshop on the Semantic Web, Workshop at
WWW2002 Hawaii (2002).

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

This is achieved by exploiting some characteristics of LOCO. the

10.
knowledge representation lan guage of KIWIS. LOCO is based on a
tight integration between the logic and the object-oriented paradigm.
offering powerful modeling capabilities as well as declarative query
capabilities. We discuss here the characteristics of LOCO which allow
to effectively construct and maintain individual user's views. and to
achieve the property of clo sure under query: a query is an object
which can be saved and used as an operand to another query. hence
allowing incremental queries.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

It is argued. e. g. in [1.21. that in order to meet the expectations of

11.
end-users the advantageous interaction characteristics of relational
systems must be included in the object oriented paradigm. In this pa
per we discuss how this is achieved in the KIWIS[3] system through
the use of the LOCO language. the native knowledge representation
formalism of KIWIS.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

12. At the University of Liverpool, Bench-Capon's group also insist that

the knowledge representation must be closely aligned to the sources
of knowledge. In a recent paper [ Bench-C. 91], they explicitly
acknowledge the problem of coping with change, stating that "the
greatest barrier to the routine use of knowledge based systems
techniques for practical legal applications lies [ ...
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

3.2 The operationalization of the axioms with the Conceptual Graphs

13.
model in TooCoM TooCoM is based on an extension of the
Conceptual Graphs model ( CGs). The CGs model is an operational
knowledge representation language which provides conceptual
primitive representations through concepts and relationships
between these concepts [17]. The subsomption property and the
signature of relationships are integrated in the model.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

Remember that the purpose of the Display Model was to associate a

14.
unique (default or customized) representation with each of the
objects in the knowledge base. In order to implement this idea, the
VI first de fines a number of primitive VI Description Objects, such as
vertical List, horizontalList, ... in LOCO [17].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Features (1) DDB (2) Inheritance (3) Module (4) Object-ID (5)
15.
Constraints (6) Infinite Terms (7) Exceptions Usages relations among
reactions reaction paths sorts knowledge modules objects & modules
body of rules queries Aims primitive -+appropriate trace paths reduce
amount check inconsistency share objects represent a domain
Generally speaking, deductive mechanism enables to deduce
appropriate knowledge from primitive knowledge, constraint rep
resentation is used in writing conditions. efficiently, object iden tity is
useful in sharing objects, and inheritance and the module reduce the
amou~t of knowledge description, while the represen tation of
exceptions and complex structure are not used well at the present.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Knowledge bases and decision trees A knowledge base is a set of
16.
expressions using a certain representation language (formalism);
popular representa tion languages are, for instance, (see [12]): (1)
production

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In a mainly logical sense: The selected fonn of object representation

17.
corresponds to a open and declarative approach, as mentioned
before. Therefore it is not only useable for the rendering process of
objects in a visual representation fonn but for any purpose that needs
insight into the logical object structure (e. g. dependency of object
components for a configuration application).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE An open and declarative definition of virtual

18.
visual objects is very essential for application dependent processing
of VVOs and their final representation in the environment of a
dedicated VUI. A knowledge augmented visual database is the
repository where all the physical and logical objects and their
correlations can be stored, accessed and retrieved.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Indeed the representation of a concept or a relation type is the same

19.
in the case of a system dedicated to knowledge validation or in the
case of a system built to produce new facts from a knowledge base.
Only the operational representations of the axioms are specific to the
goal of the application.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

Another early knowledge- modeling scheme was based on frames.

20.
Frames were often pro- posed to be at the "knowledge level," since
they supposedly were used for representing objects in the domain
and their relations, a "deeper" level of representation than production
rules. The knowl- edge-level idea behind frames is that they capture
 stereotypical knowledge; this idea, however, is not sufficient for
modeling control knowledge at the task level.

Task-Structure Analysis for KM.pdf

21. 3 Spatial Databases Spatial database applications, such as

geographics and mechanical CAD, illustrate another dimension in
advanced database applica tions. They deal with the representation
of n-dimensional data with explicit knowledge about objects, their
extent, and their po sition in space. The basic data structures and
algorithms required in this area do not neatly match the relational
model.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Symbolic computation in RL/l S. van Denneheuvel K. L. Kwast P. van

22.
Emde Boas Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
University of Amsterdam F. de Geus E. Rotterdam Department of
Medical Information Science University of Groningen Abstract This
article discusses the use of RL/l to build quantita tive models and the
application of these models to assist in decision making. A set of
constraints constitutes a model. Constraint models can be extended
and modified easily and the representation of model knowledge is
separated from its use.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The programming language that has been used, is the Prolog

23.
language, by which the knowledge representation structures and the
inferencing mechanisms have been developed [10], [22].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

24. Moreover, the int~gration of the different representation forms is only

dis cussed for the storage and the display of multimedill objtct!. For
retrieval, only links between objects (or parts of objects) with different
forms of representation have been consid~red so far. The
combination of knowledge representation methods and databases
has been termed "knowledge base manag~m~nt sys- 115 terns" [5)
[40).
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The main drawback to the classical approach to hierarchical relations

25.
is probably that of having performed a single, comparatively
undifferentiated semantic relation which was conceived of as a
undistinguished container in which to include various different
categories of the superordinate subordinate type which were
essentially different, e. g. generic-specific, universal particular,
abstract-concrete, whole-part. The hierarchical network represents
the framework of a semantic tree and as such should be refined
more than the others if the aims are those of knowledge
representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Figure 2: Knowledge Categorization in UnPatient We decided to base

26.
our knowledge representation on objects and classes known from
Object-Oriented Programming3 Although the object-oriented
approach provides the required encapsulation for medical knowledge
(e. g. certain parts of the organism can only be inspected by certain
methods), we will have to extend this approach by a directly
accessable control mechanism for the objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

27. A 2 The Conceptual Graphs model, first introduced by Sowa [17], is a

knowledge representation model which belongs to the semantic
networks. An extension of this model, the SG family [2], presented in
section 3.2, extends the model with reasoning primitives, rules and
constraints.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

 Knowledge representation The PPC software applications are well
28.
structured. Therefore, frames and semantic nets are the most
appropriate representation formalisms. Nets represent objects and
relations among objects, thus modelling the structure of systems in a
natural way.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

29. Drowsing: Naive users can "get acquainted" with a KIWIS applica
tion by using its friendly navigational capabilities. The simplest navi
gation process is based on the elementary browsing paradigm: the
user examines a concept and its neighborhood, a new element is
selected in such a neighborhood to become the current one, and so
on iteratively. In terms of the Display Model, the user starts from the
visualization of an object, and, by clicking on the buttons used to cut
short the object's representations, he visits new objects, thus
disclosing new portions of the knowledge base.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

30. MAX covers a wide range of diagnosis models, including, in particular,

fault trees, such as in KLUE ( Karel 1989). Nevertheless, the formal
structures in the knowledge base of MAX are far from being adequate
to express all the knowledge required in order to perform a diagnosis
in a I;omplex electrical system. The same is probably true of all
currently known techniques of formal knowledge representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

31. Figure 2 shows typical objects like Problem, Symptom, Diagnosis-

rule and Repair for the formal knowledge representation in a
diagnosis application (they are taken from the MAX system) and how
they are now mapped to corrresponding documents via the new ".
doc" objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

For example, if the size of a rule-based knowledge base is measured

32.
by the sum of the "lengths" of all rules, then among all semantically
equal knowledge bases the small est one is preferable, i. e., that one
 for which the sum of the rule lengths is minimal. The choice of the
size func tion obviously depends on the representation language
[12], and several size functions are possible for one and the same
representation language.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In our opinion, a complete ontology representation language must

33.
allow to represent any axiom, and not only predefined axioms. This
allows the knowledge engineer to define properties that are not
included in the language. For instance, in the domain of geometry, a
lot of properties expressed through mathematical axioms can not be
related to well defined properties, like algebraic properties.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

Implementation Framework The ontological development has gone

34.
through a long history since the 1990s. There are a number of
research efforts to incorporate some ideas in Artificial Intelligence for
representing knowledge in World Wide Web. Firstly SHOE came
which is an HTML based knowledge representation language.

Super Ontology.pdf

At ICOT, we have several projects related to molecular biology,

35.
including the development of DBMS and the design of a knowl edge
representation language [12]. We have developed a DBMS,
Kappa[17], based on a nested relational model, where GenBank and
PIR are stored, and will develop some applications to help bi
ologists. We are also developing a deductive and object-oriented
database ( DOOD)[16] language named QuIXOTE [13].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

TOROS-HYPER: A Tool for the Integration of Hyper Documents into

36.
Knowledge-Based Systems Abstract Hans Delfs Siemens AG, ZFE
IS SOF 14 Postfach 3240, D-8520 Erlangen We disl'uss the relations
of knowledge representation and hyper documents and argue that
expert systems can greatly benefit from the integration with a
hypertext system. We present TOROS-Hyper as our approach to
 such an integration, based on the object of]ented programming
environment TOROS. The first stage of ’ fOROS-Hyper provides loose
coupling between ohject::; and hyper documents, i.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

113 Current approaches allow the assignment of keywords to an

37.
object, and semllntic links may be established between differ ent
objects. An object's representation forms the bflSis for its description
as well flS for its presentation. The obj~ct descrip tion is used for
answering queries by the EISj only knowledge thllt is part of an
object's description can be referred to in a query.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

From the query representation, the system derives the logical query
38.
formulation, that is, the conditions relating to the object descriptions
(and their logi clIl combinlltion). Furthermore, the presentation
specification also is derived from the qu~ry repres~ntation, that is, for
the objects thllt are answers to the logical query statement, the
specification of the view in which they are to be presented. With the
conceptual model, we can also illustrate the problem of imprecise
dllta and vague queries.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

39. The onto predicates are used to determine the set of features
potentially relevant to an object about to be added to the BCB, or to
identify the set of BCB objects having a particular feature. Some of
the onto predicates relevant to the Person term would be: onto
(person ,real) onto(person,individual) onto(person, social)
onto(person,living) onto(person,selfmoving) 3,2 Business
Commonsense Base The Business Commonsense Base contains
knowledge about terms relevant to the business world. The BCB uses
a frame-based knowledge representation scheme where each term is
represented by a frame.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Secondly, users immediately see the impact of their actions through

40.
the visual representation. Finally, users can perform intuitive physical
 actions (like selecting and dragging an object) to modify the graphical
representation, or activate dedicated functions (through menus,
labelled bunons, dialog boxes, etc.) to manipulate application
objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Different users may have different perceptions of the reality modeled

41.
in the knowledge base, and of the way in which such reality is repre
sented by means of the knowledge representation model. Qassifica
tions of end US::11i may be done according to several parameters.
As extremes of a multi-dimensional parameter space we find the very
na ive user and the knowledge engineer: Naive users do not know
the knowledge reprelSClltation model.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

42. 502 1.3 The Facility Management System The German Processing
and Archiving Facility( D-PAF) performs ground segment operations
for ES~s first remote sensing satellite, ERS-l. This includes
production and long term archiving and retrieval of digital and image
products derived from ERS-l's Synthetic Aperture Radar( SAR) and
Radar Altimeter and ’ftacking( RPJ) data, and product deliv ery to the
customers. The " Facility Management System"( FMS) is a knowledge
based production planning and,controlling tool currently be ing
integrated into the D-PAF.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

43. We have described the structure of the universe which consists of six
substances that are called dravyas. The super ontology will use a
unique representation scheme for representing knowledge in its
knowledge base having a uniform code of structure of an Extended
Hierarchical Censored Production Rule ( EHCPR). The basic idea
behind the EHCPRs is to simulate densely interconnected neurons
inside a computer memory (through a set of interconnected EHCPRs
here) so as to make the system learn things, recognize patterns,
record changes and make decisions in real time.

Super Ontology.pdf
 The problem of extending the deductive model to object-oriented
44.
databases is to find: (1) a first order model of complex objects which
allows decidable queries, (2) completion, unique name and domain
closure axioms for complex objects, (3) algorithms to ensure
consistency through updates of objects. The logical model of
relational database is extended to complex objects. The
representation, we suggest, is based on versions of objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

330 2.2 Top down and manual The development of the central
45.
representation scheme based on the ExER model offers the
possibility to express explic itly, information about data and
relationships included in data - even across different databases - on
a semantically high level. Otherwise, this knowledge is in many
cases di rectly coded in applications. New applications on distributed
heterogeneous knowledge sources can be realized within the chosen
approach, preserving the logical independence from data in a better
way.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

2 Symbolic computation Intensional objects are declarative

46.
representations of knowledge; therefore it is not known beforehand
how the attributes of an object are invoked. As an application in the
domain of electronics consider the circuit given in Fig lire 1 and its
RL/l representation in Figure 2. In ancient history the bridge of
Wheatstone was used to measure ohm resistance.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Generally, the use of a morphism gives ongm to different

47.
phenomena. The most interesting of them is the generation of a
congruence, that is distinct points of the initial structure, in this case
the spreadviews of the reduced algebra, are identified into the same
point in its representation, that is in the same relation in the relational
algebra. From an algebraic point of view, a function transforming an
algebra in a other one, conserving its structure, must preserve all the
correspondent operations of the two algebras.
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

A «1I1, WI)=V2nl)v « aI’ Wm)= Vml)A «32, Wm)= Vm2)A .. A «l\!,

48.
Wm)=vmn») This representation has several advantages: - these is
only one OID for each complex object regardless the number of its
versions: the unique name axiom is valid, - if all Vij are non-complex
objects, this formula is an instance of the completion axiom for object
0, - it implies the validity of the domain closure axiom, - the model
supports the negation by failure.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

g. in the Object Oriented Database Manifesto of 1989, [23], [24])

49.
shows parallels to the require ments identified for mining
applications: - structural object orientation, i. e. representation of
complex objects (aggregation, sequences and sets) - object classes
and hierarchical relationships like generali- zation / specialization -
object versions and manipulation of dynamic objects As a
consequence of these considerations, an extended entity relationship
approach was chosen for conceptual modelling (cf. [15]), which
allows to represent explicitly the different aspects of mining objects
and relations. The advantages of such high- 89 actual ruture a oove
ground below ground Fig.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Tom Gruber states, “An ontology defines a set of representation

50.
primitives with which to model a knowledge or discourse domain.
Representation primitives are typically classes (or sets), attributes (or
properties), and relations (or relationships between class members).
The definitions of representation primitives include information on
their mean- ing and constraints on their logically consistent
application” ( Mogotlane and Fonou-Dombeu 2016).

Ontology learning from relational database a review.pdf

The model knowledge is used by means of a constraint solver. This

51.
allows the application of the same knowledge for different purposes.
In addition the knowledge representation allows the user to analyze
 rela tioliGhips between variables and to infer new relationships that
hold in special circumstances.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

52. 3 OPERATIONALIZING AN ONTOLOGY WITH TooCoM An ontology is

only a conceptual representation of a domain, independently of any
op- erational applications. To use an ontology in a KBS, it is
necessary to transcribe the conceptual representation into a form in
accordance with the way the KBS will be used. This form must be an
operational form, in the sense that the knowledge representation
model must offer operational mechanisms, such as inference
mechanisms, in order to allow the manipulations to which the KBS is
dedicated.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

53. Examples of representing knowledge using Prolog In this section we

shall give examples, that show how objects, relations and attributes
that have been described in section 3 are implemented in Prolog
language [10], [22], creating by thi~ way the knowledge bases of the
production systems taxonomy and of the generic PPC software. If we
consider the example of figure 1, that shows object relations in the
production systems taxonomy, we can use the following Prolog code
to make the representation of this knowledge.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Default Djsplay Model: the Default Display Model ( DDM) associ ates
54.
a standard visualization with each object in the knowledge base.
Such a visualization reftects the internal representation of objects in
that an object is displayed by means of all its properties (inherited or
locally defined). We illustrate the DDM by means of the object
sheratonBrussels defined in example I and whose visualization is giv
en in figure 1.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

55. The conceptual model also contains knowledge about the steps
performed by the group during the document develop ment process.
 This process knowledge is used to support the collaboration of the
group and, to a certain degree, control it. Policies with a stronger
control may be defined in the knowledge representation language
implemented by the knowledge base system.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In opposition to such first generation expert systems, second

56.
generation ones are based on deep knowledge: the real structure of
the equipment to be maintained is formalized, then a more or less
precise representation of the way every component runs is added.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

57. For texts, the representation may range from a sequence of strings
(as in most of today's commercial IR systems) up to a knowledge
bMed formalism like a semantic network. In the case of multi media
documents, the representation of the semantics of this kind of objects
will be a ml!. jor problem for fut ure research.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

But this implicit information may be very difficult to be accessed by

58.
methods of electronic data processing. In order to reduce this
se11UJntic gap special techniques must be provided to establish
logical and physical links between implicit information and explicit
representation forms of it. This paper presents a method of
augmenting visual objects with additional visual and textual
descriptive knowledge in a logical and user interface independent
way.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

59. The defmition of virtual visual objects, as presented in this section,

reflects many of the problems related with visual object
representation that are known in the respective literature. Primarily
there is the discrepancy between logical and physical objects [3],
secondarily there are the requirements resulting from complex,
composite structures, and finally there is the challenge of different,
heterogeneous environments [4] that can at least partially be
 explained and solved by the means of a consistent model for visual
object description and representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

60. The DBOM application enables the design and maintenance of high
quality ontologies by providing correctness and minimally redundant
data. The correctness quality is provided by the capture of the
intuitions of domain experts which is facilitated by a conceptual-
concerned collaboration with the designer. This collaboration also
benefits from a knowledge representation language abstraction and
fast access to a realistic, richly instantiated ABox.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

A DOOD language QUIXOTE has various features as follows: (1) DDB

61.
(2) Inheritance (3) Module (4) Object-ID (5) Constraints (6) Infinite
Terms ( 7) Exceptions deductive features inheritance mechanism in
objects features of modules representation of object identity
representation of constraints representation of circular structures
representation of exceptions This list is explained in more detail in
Section 6.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The paper is divided into four sections. Section 2 discusses

62.
commonsense reasoning and the approach taken in this research.
Section 3 introduces the Commonsense Business Reasoner and
describes the structure of the Veda C. Storey University of
Rochester Rochester, N.Y. USA system, its knowledge
representation, and its reasoning capabilities.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

If the procedure evaluates to more complex types, a procedural

63.
(uninterpreted) or object identifier based representation is necessary.
A detailed discussion of such representations for complex objects
can be found in [IS 90] and [ KC 86].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 If the user wants to see the definitions of the underlying objects, he
64.
can open a new window or zoom by clicking the corresponding
buttons. One can observe that the DDM is a very simple direct
mapping from the internal structure of an object to its graphical
representation; however this is not a limitation, because it is exactly
this conceptual simplicity that allows us to define a number of
tailoring capabilities that make it very ftexible.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The spatial aspects and relations express¢<t in the formal object

65.
representation may be relevant information for different purposes.
Depending from a specific application context it may

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

At the current implementation stage the main effort was devoted to

66.
the declarative aspects of knowledge representation. In this
approach a limited number of semantic relationship has been
considered since the links between related terms are managed by
means of a uniform structure.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

An other advantage of the operational representation of axioms is the

67.
possibility to use ontologies for reasoning. This aspect becomes
more and more important for the applications of the Semantic Web
[8]: the Web services will use ontologies to reason and this requires
the representation of axioms and not only the representation of ter-
minological primitives organized in hierarchies. For instance, the
RuleML language [4] is dedicated to the representation of rules and
constraints in order to allow deduc- tion, rewriting, and further
inferential-transformational tasks.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

Ontology mapping Effective use or reuse of knowledge is essential.

68.
This is especially so now because of the overwhelming amount of
information that is being continually generated, which in turn has
forced organizations, businesses and people to manage their
 knowledge more effectively and efficiently. Simply combining
knowledge from distinct domains creates several problems, for
instance different knowledge representation formats, semantic
inconsis- tencies, and so on.

document ontology2.pdf

For instance the relation: Nomina transcripticia NT literal contracts

69.
means that the first term is hierarchically subordinate and is a
concept included in the superordinate term, or else is a type of literal
contract, the hierarchically superordinate term. Thus interpreted, the
relation is the same as the ISA relation, which is used in artificial
intelligence for the structured representation of knowledge in the
environment of semantic networks or frames.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

70. GenBank module F== INTERFACE F== MODULE PIR module II

Protein Function DB module ~ (submodules) Chemical reactions
Relations of Reactions Transport Domain (submodules) Feature
Descriptions in PIR Motifs Fig 3.3 Protein Function Database in
QuIXOTE 4 QUIXOTE: a DOOD Language In [ 13J a new database
language QuIXOTE has been proposed as a knowledge
representation language, whose ancestors are lan guages for
deductive and object-oriented databases [ 15J and nat ural language
processing applications. It is shown more precisely in [ 14J and [7J.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

71. Below, we first examine the usage of the term role in the lit erature
and succinctly report on related activities in the areas of database
modeling and knowledge-based representation. We then introduce
the basic object model primitives required to sup port role definition
and role manipulation. Finally based on the basic model, we
elaborate on the details of extending it with the concepts and
primitives which support role definition and role generating activities
and operations.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Generalization is useful because it provides a h igh level semantic
72.
structure and its compact representation . It also contributes to the
information usability both in a utilization phase and in a design
phase. However, it is mainly focused on the complex structures of
entities in the E-R model.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

73. Keywords: CIM, scheduling, planning, constraints, con straint

propagation 1 Introduction In this paper we present a system for
generating produc tion schedules for the German Processing and
Archiving Fa cility for ERS-l satellite data( D-PAF). The scheduling
pro cedure bases on constraint-guided scheduling, where one
represents the scheduling problem by a network of restric tions. This
representation allows the application of con straint satisfaction and
constraint propagation techniques for supporting the scheduler.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Fig. 1. Integration of WFM and CCBR During workflow modeling an

74.
initial computerized representation of selected business processes is
developed. At run-time an instance of the workflow model is created
and the process is executed as specified in the workflow model.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

75. l document or in 80me knowledge representation language within the

EIS.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

It is thus not the intention of this paper to continue the discussion.

76.
Suffice to say that the more flexible syntax of the intermediate
representation assists the knowledge engineer by allowing him to
express the knowledge in the most natural way, and by maintain ing
a clear correspondence with the source.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Depending on the robot’s position relative to the arrangement, the
77.
cup is sometimes behind the ball or not. So, unlike the representation
ON( TABLE, BALL) the formal representation BEHIND( CUP, BALL)
always has to be updated or at least checked in changing positions.
How can the robot prevent incomplete knowledge?

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

78. 21) we can describe the factors which are associated with
propositional knowledge in this respect as follows: 1. Articulation and
representation in a public language as well as in sensible (linguistic
or non-linguistic) signs.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

To express the encoded upper ontology knowledge representation

79.
language.

Super Ontology.pdf

80. 509 We use extensions to OSQL, WS-OSQL, as the language to build

task models. We have developed a platform for effi cient
representation of task models based on a main memory WS-OSQL
compiler [15] integrated with Iris. An overview of this platform is given
in Section 5.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Such a model does exist, it is named object oriented model [2][3]. It

81.
allows real entities to be represented using objects. An object is
made up of values, this is the static representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

QUERY OPTIMIZATION In this paper, we shall consider only queries

82.
which are selections against deduced relations. Each query is
represented as an abstract syntax tree, whose root contains the
selection operation, and the rest of which represents the deduced
relation. This representation gives an initial strategy for executing the
 query, which involves first materializing the entire deduced relation
and then selecting just the required tuples.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

83. In order to formalise the knowledge representation, a model which

contains two parts has been adopted, these parts being: RULE and
REFERENCES.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

84. However, in this paper, we will focus on the data representation and
structural inheritance. The query model is discussed in [ LoOz 90b]. ,
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

However, they are not con cerned about relationship abstraction as

85.
much, which is more essential in hypertext or other network-based
knowledge representation models.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

(3) An integrated knowledge base It is important to increase its

86.
ingredients. For example, a genome map should be the next target to
make an experi mental representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Capturing, representing and sharing domain knowledge in a PFE

87.
organization can be assisted by artifacts such as patterns,
frameworks and reference architectures [6]. Also, proper knowledge
representation eases communication of architectural principles
through the development organization [7]. Additionally, relevant
domain knowledge not only concerns the structure and contents of
the domain, but also organizational and managerial aspects.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

 Thus, in the age of mechanics, knowledge representation was
88.
reduced to mere mechanical calculation procedures. In Kant’s
epistemology, recognition is not only a passive mapping of the
external world, but an active construction of internal representations
by a priori cate- gories of pure reason. In modern terms, categories
are considered as tools which must be assumed before (‘a priori’)
any application of knowledge representation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

In the following the necessity to interpret propositions is discussed on

89.
the basis of examples. If we return to the proposition ”5 + 6 = 11” and
regard it as a representation of knowledge, we implicitly assume, for
instance, that it refers to the decimal and not to the hexadecimal
system of numbers. In the latter case the proposition would be false
and would not represent any knowledge.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

ThlS paper is a continuation of Moreno and Palomar work about

90.
syntactic and morphologic analysis of the spanlsh language (7); we
study the semantic representation of sentences that are slntactically
correct.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

91. 3 Assessing the methods of graph representation based on the

normal forms The normal form is a relation feature in the relational
data model that characterizes it from the point of view of redundancy,
which can potentially lead to logically erroneous results of sampling
or changing data [6].

Graph to RDBMS.pdf

Section 2 of this paper addresses the problem of evaluating software

92.
packages on the basis of their pure technical characteristics, as
compared with each other and with the production management
theory for the various types of production systems. A knowledge
based model is proposed whose objects and relations are described
through two main knowledge bases: (a) the type of production
 system and (b) the generic PPC software package. Section 3
contains a description of the knowledge representation structures
which are going to be used for the description of the production
system and of the generic PPC software package.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

5 Active Task Models The DBMS architectures developed for

93.
conventional databases are not always feasible for supporting active
databases. In particular, disk based databases are often too slow for
ap plications requiring fast responses. Our architecture is a
combination of traditional persistent data representation for
conventional applications and main memory techniques for time
critical mediators.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

94. SPREAD VIEWS Alessandro Campioli, Luciano Lucchesi Systems &

Management Vicolo S. Pierino 4,56100 Pisa, Italy Abstract The data
type spreadview is introduced. Spreadviews gather together features
from the spreadsheet based technology and the relational data base
field. Operations on spreadviews allow both the manipulation of data
representation and the transformation of data via relational
operations which are issued via a spreadsheet oriented interface.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Cognitive constructivism roots back to Kant’s epistemology. In the

95.
tradition of Brentano‘s and Husserl’s phenomenology, Aristotelian
ontologies had been again discussed for knowledge representation.
Recognition needs intentional actions, which direct our awareness
and consciousness to objects of the world.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

96. 4] It is quite obvious that a model of this kind that maps an existing
scenario cannot be applied to any other scenario but its own. Its
represen- tation only reflects one view of the world, to be more
precise the one it projects of itself. Even if it were possible to map all
 scenarios and relations, a representation would present only one
view at one instant.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

97. They used the vector space model to normalize each document
adding some background knowledge from the manually built-up
ontology to enrich the whole document. After that, they used multi-
linear regression to cluster or match the similarity among the
documents and let the domain experts or the ontology engineers
decide whether knowledge learned from the similarity matching or
clustering could be used to maintain the current ontology. They
concluded the paper with several areas for future research: (1) con-
firmation of the proposed idea by experimenting with a certain
amount of new vocabulary; (2) improving the results by introducing
an additional qualitative tagging of keywords in the vector
representation; and (3) attempting to find new ways to automatically
detect ontological relations.

document ontology2.pdf

The importance of a suitable user interface was emphasized since

98.
many years and from various authors, as also sophisticate systems,
based on artificial intelligence techniques, give services which
depend on the efficiency with which the system communicate with
the user and therefore it is able to identify the descriptors which allow
to compare the user's query with the content of documents. In [17] is
supported the thesis according to which a consistency in the
knowledge representation between indexers and users can be
obtained, provided that a semantic system of concepts is accessible
to indexers and users. Considering the above, the authors think it is
possible to implement intelligent interfaces which allow the user to be
able of making significant researches using suitable descriptors, by
creating a communication mechanism to fit the key concepts.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Since encapsulation supports hierarchical structuring and ex plicit

99.
control of relationships, we decided to base the information system
on object-oriented design techniques. To cover particu lar constraints
con~erning attributes and relationships, we had to extend it by rules.
 As an implication we had to use a hybrid knowledge representation
language for implementation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

100. locate. As a point of interest, there is now a debate over thematic

roles about whether they are a product of our language, whether they
are independent of our language and have their ultimate origins in
facts about the world, or whether they are components of our mental
representation of objects and concepts.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The constraint-guided scheduler described in this paper and the

101.
prototype that has been implemented are mainly based on the
requirements to the FMS with respect to hard ware and production
step description representation(i. e., world modelling).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

102. The transformation rule also contains rules to transform the

arguments of the predicate which are used. Since the ES tool box
includes a frame-based representation device where the static
knowledge of the application is described, the types used there serve
as restrictors in selecting the appropriate wording. The transformed
argument is then unified with the clause description.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

But, of course, the choice of the operational knowledge

103.
representation language also constrains this form.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

6 Suggested Study As depicted in Fig. 3 (below), PFE represents

104.
knowledge about the product families mainly from two perspectives:
the representation of the common and variable features in the
product family (feature models - depicted in the left part of the figure)
and the representation of technical assets like code components
(structural models - depicted in the right part of the figure). Feature
 and structural models can be used by the Communities of Practice
as the core mechanisms for brokering: feature models are domain-
level representations that can be easily understood by people that
want to decide on the functionality of products; structural models are
representations (of generic/reusable and concrete/product-specific
solutions) that can be used by people producing or using reusable
assets.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

VIRTUAL VISUAL OBJECTS This section concentrates on a structure

105.
and representation description for complex visual objects. For the
beginning two formal definitions are given: Visual Atoms: A = { All AI
is a basic visual object} visual atoms are basic, physical,
representable objects (e. g. single pixel, image, graphical primitiva,
graphical object, metafile) they may be structured (e.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The following sections will explain concepts and techniques

106.
applicable to the domain of explicit visual object representation.
Section 2 will motivate the use of databases for a common
management of visual objects. Section 3 shows general
n:quirements and consequences for the integration of visual data
objects in different application environments.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

426 ted programmmg, and the rules for artificial inte lligence:
107.
knowledge representation, logic pro gramming, expert systems and
natural language comprehension (dialog modeling and interface
construction). This paper is a presentation of the juridical techniques
used by the DERINFO metho dology.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

This leads to a significant increase of accessible knowledge by

108.
means of a semantically rich representation based on an ex tended
Entity- / Relationship-Model ( ExER), which is repre sented in the
KEETM frame system.
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

: Workshop on Ontology and Information Sharing, IJCAI’01, Seattle,

109.
USA (2001) 4. Bisson, G.: Why and how to define a similarity
measure for object based representation systems. Towards Very
Large Knowledge Bases (1995) 236–246 5.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Petri Net Markup Language BPELPetri Net Process Model BPEL

110.
Process Model sequence flow invoke a sequence sequence invoke b
invoke c Fig. 2. A sample process model with its PNML and BPEL
representation PetriNet object transition arc * node place process
activity * sequence invoke...

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

The work of the SIG PandI addresses and encourages especially—

111.
but not exclusively—the trans-disciplinary discourse on foundations
of artificial intelligence with the help of philosophy. A lot of topics have
been discussed already, e. g., the relation between philosophical
concepts of ontology and ontologies as a concept of knowledge
representation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Tailoring the default display model: When displaying a hotel to a user,

112.
it is clearly more informative to have a more complete presenta tion
of its properties, rather than some reference (e. g. a button) to their
values. For instance, according to the representation as given in
figure I, the user has to click on the button labeled atlanta to access
the fea tures of this conference room; furthermore, because of the
layeled lay out used for properties with more than one value, only
one value is visible.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

113. Thus the relation: Pledge PT Real Contracts means that the term ’
Pledge’ is hierarchically subordinate and identifies a part of the
superordinate term Real Contracts. This relation is identical to the
 relation PARTOF used in the knowledge representation mechanisms.
Conversely, the relation: Real Contracts WH Pledge, Deposito,
Comodato, Mutuo, Fiducia means that Real Contracts is a whole with
respect to Pledge, Comodato, Mutuo, Fiducia.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

A protein function database seems useful in itself, in biochemistry or

114.
protein engineering. Second point is how efficiently we could adapt
this new concept to molecular biological knowledge. One of the
features of QUIXOTE is natu ral representation and inference of
complex objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

For instance, to perform auto- matic reasoning, the operational

115.
formalism must allow the representation of derivation rules and the
effective application of these rules on a set of facts. Thus, the use of
an ontology in a KBS requires an operationalization process, that
consists in transcribing the ontology in an operational formalism, in
accordance with the operational use of the KBS.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

704 M. Siebert 3 Application of the Framework in Proposal

116.
Development The application of the framework to the introduced use
case illustrates the knowledge creation (a benefit argumentation).
The overview in Table 1 showed no significant technologies for the
representation of emotional, sub-symbolic processes. In the first step
the application of the framework to the use case will focus on the
rational, sym- bolic level.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

The contemplations in the following sections will be dominated by the

117.
requirements of open object and method declarations with main
regard to reusing of structural knowledge and special consideration
of logical and physical object representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Therefore reasoning based on certain base pa rameters is done by
118.
production rules. Whenever the infer ence process is leading to
uncertain conclusions, these con clusions are representing the basic
nodes of the probabilistic network. The combination of these two
representation for malisms is demonstrated in figure 4, where solid
arrows rep resent probabilistic dependencies and dashed arrows
stand for discrete production rules.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The basic representation that we are developing is an inheritance

119.
hierarchy of case frames, each describ ing a class of event. For
example a by-pass operation inherits cases such as time, clinician,
patient as well as contributing specific cases such as material of
graft, operation outcome[l). Within this structure we still have the
complex knowledge representation problem of choosing approriate
cases.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

120. model: a representation of something, either as a physical object

which is usually smaller than the real object, or as a simple
description of the object which might be used in calculations.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

121. Juridical principles for juridical applications. The DERINFO

methodology Dr. Fernando Galindo Seminario de Informatica y
Derecho 50009 Universidad de Zaragoza. Espana ABSTRACT
Recent experiences with object-oriented program ming, using the
resources of artificial intelligence (knowledge representation, logic
programming, expert systems, and natural language comprehen
sion) show that it is possible to implement juridical applications, i.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Generally, the readability of a mind map decreases as more

122.
concepts are included in the map. Two mind maps were developed.
The first included 51 documents which were categorised into groups
where some thematically overlapped: interoperability, UML (unified
 modelling language), requirements management, agent-based
systems, development (not directly related to the UML), domain
knowledge representation, information extraction, semantic search,
consistency checking of knowledge models and a specific domain
category named medicine.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

123. The resultant data structure, which is similar to the multilist

representation of links in a network model [14], is shown in Fig. 3-2.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

2.3 Analysis from a Knowledge Management Point of View According

124.
to Section 2, the following three representation issues should be clar-
ified, to show that the above model could really be used as a basis
for building a KMS: a) how the action context is represented, b) how
the experience-based knowledge is represented, and c) how the
generalized knowledge is represented.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

As mentioned in the beginning, we are mainly interested in the se

125.
mantics of environmental datil For this reason, we introduce the
object representation level in our model: Here the seman tics of the
objects stored in the database is represented. For ex ample, at this
level, a series of measurement results should be represented as a
pointwise specified function, and the spatial and temporal distribution
of these values also should be repre sented, e. g. for allowing the
interpolation of values.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

126. In doing so the modeling follows the general paradigm of "object

orientation". While this could in principle also be done within the E/R
model, extension concepts, such as object identity, generalization /
specialization, aggregation on object level, multi valued attributes,
grouping, primary key constraint, referential integrity constraint, allow
a much closer orientation at a structurally object oriented
representation of an application domain. The selec tion of ExER also
 in principal, allows the later integration of databases founded on
other data models ([4, 5]).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

127. Ontologies are applied during the preliminary phases of information

systems 195 development, and especially where the user
requirements and conceptual UML-based models 196 development
are specified. These two uses are closely related to domain
knowledge representation, 197 where an analyst has to be familiar
with the application domain which is going to be covered by the 198
information system. Domain knowledge representation is a general
purpose of domain-specific 199 ontologies.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

Results We identified five domains where ontologies add significant

128.
value in information systems development. Ontologies are applied
during the preliminary phases of information systems development,
and especially where the user requirements and conceptual UML-
based models development are specified. These two uses are
closely related to domain knowledge representation, where an
analyst has to be familiar with the application domain which is going
to be covered by the information system.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

In order to cover a. ll of these aspects, we could not simply apply a

129.
data model, data base language, representation schema, or
knowledge engineering tool. For a serious approach we had to
identify and to model carefully the interface between reliable medical
knowledge and heuristics to support the process of finding a final
diagnosis.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Abstract The aim of converting relational database into Ontology is to

130.
provide applications that are based on the semantic representation of
the data. Whereas, representing the data using ontologies has
shown to be a useful mechanism for managing and exchang- ing
data. This is the reason why bridging the gap between relational
 databases and ontologies has attracted the interest of the ontology
community from early years, and it is commonly referred to as the
database-to-ontology mapping problem.

A novel approach for learning ontology from Relational db.pdf

2.3 Logics and Inferencing In our approach we rely on (i) F-Logic as

131.
representation language for our mapping model (cf. [7], “F” stands for
“ Frames”) and (ii) Ontobroker as the inference engine to process F-
Logic (cf. [8]). F-Logic combines deductive and object-oriented
aspects: “F- logic ... is a deductive, object-oriented database
language which combines the declar- ative semantics of deductive
databases with the rich data modelling capabilities sup- ported by the
object oriented data model” (cf. [10]).

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

132. Semantic Interpret~tion of Natural Language in PROLOG: Logical

Forms Manuel Palanar, Lidia M:> reno, Anpll"o Pascual
Departamento de Sistema InfomBticos y Ca\pltaci6n. Universidad
Politecnica de Valencia ( Spain) ABSTRACT In thlS p. aper we
discuss a semantic interpretation, that we wlll use as a meaning
representation language for natural language ( NL): Spanish
Language.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The development of our knowledge based system is based upon

133.
experience with logic databases[4]. The general motivation behind
this approach is that extended Horn clause logic should be
investigated as a promising formalism for the development of
knowledge based systems, since logic provides! expressive knowl
edge representation, a rigorous framework and the implemented
tools of logic programming.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The operationalization guideline implemented in TooCoM must be

134.
extended to other formalisms than the CGs model. In particular, the
use of a combination of OWL, to represent the terminological
 knowledge, and RuleML, to represent axioms, is planned. It will
permits to build operational ontologies that can be used on the Web.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

135. However, while propositional rules are an intuitive and well-known

formalism to represent knowledge, they are not necessarily the most
suitable representa- tion in terms of structure and efficiency of use in
every day business practice and decision-making. Research in
knowledge representation suggests that graphical representation
formalisms can be more readily interpreted and consulted by hu-
mans than a set of symbolic propositional if-then rules [5]. Next, we
will discuss how the sets of rules extracted by Neurorule may be
further transformed into decision tables which facilitate the efficient
classification of applicants by the credit-risk manager.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Bisson, G.: Why and how to define a similarity measure for object
136.
based representation systems. Towards Very Large Knowledge
Bases (1995) 236–246 6. Ehrig, M., Haase, P., Stojanovic, N., Hefke,
M.: Similarity for ontologies - a comprehensive framework.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

The problem of the relation between knowledge and knowledge

137.
representation or between knowledge and information concerns
some of the workshop’s contri- butions. In an early work, the
philosopher Hegel discussed the relation between

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

138. rules, (2) propositional or predicate logic, (3) associative nets and
frame systems, (4) object oriented representa tion, (5) variable-
valued logic ( VL) [14], and (6) decision trees. Each of these
representation languages has its own advantages and disadvantages
and, under certain restric tions, transformation from one language L
to a another language L’ is possible.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 To meet the above multi-user requirements, the KIWIS User Interface
139.
supports multiple interaction paradigms, and at the same time the
pos sibility to customize the graphical representation of objects. 1bc
ap proach we take in KIWIS is to associate with each object a unique
graphical representation (customized or default) which is to be used
by each of the interaction paradigms. The Display Model takes care
of the mapping from objects to their graphical representation, thus
hiding the customizations from the interaction paradigms.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

140. The original concept of semantic networks is most clearly

characterized in those systems that attempt to create a basis for the
representation of a very large portion of reality, i. e. tools such as
KRYPTON ( Brachman 1983) and KLONE ( Brachman 1979), many
systems for the processing of natural language, or the CYC common
sense project ( Guha 1990).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

141. 3.1.4 Representation Tools In addition to outlining the components of

a business model, some authors offer a set of business model
representation tools. Weill and Vitale (2001) have developed a
formalism to assist analyzing e- business initiatives, which they call
e-business model schematic. The schematic is a pictorial
representation, aiming to high-light a business model's important
elements.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Instances occur when the development of an ontology is

142.
discontinued. This is al- ways the case when a relational
representation is not followed by a further differentia- tion comprising
new relations. The decisive factor, for the purpose of our discussion
is whether we can identify strong interconnections within the scope of
the web of re- lations we are investigating.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

 In order to make these associations more explicit, two major activities
143.
have to be performed: Explicit logical correlations must be defined,
and physical properties (e. g. positional and spatial correlations) of
visual objects must be exposed and formalized. These tasks must be
performed with regard to object integration in a generally accessible
database and can be considered as a process of explicit knowledge
representation or even knowledge augmentation for visual objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Rather than considering an actor as a single object, we are

144.
proposing modeling actors as a network of objects: the action
contexts. Action contexts are not autonomous, as they are managed
by a differ- ent and special object that handles actor’s basic
capabilities such as action context ini- tiation, termination and
switching mechanisms. With this approach we seek to enrich the
actors’ representation of current business process models.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

145. Representations within information processing systems per- mit a

variety of forms. Generalizations and specifications do not
necessarily need to be developed along the lines of language
models. On the following pages, I will be outlining an approach that
allows the meaning behind a representation to come to the fore
through ontological categories (cf. [3]).

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

146. The presentation of objects in response to a query also de pends on

the representation of objects. Here different views of an object should
be provided, in order to present that portion of an object that is
relevant for a query. For example, in a fulltext document, only the
relevant passllges should be dis pillyed.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Although KBSs are now well established, very little work has been
147.
carried out concerning the maintenance of these systems. In this
paper a KBS maintenance tool is described designed to assist
 maintenance engineers in the task of maintaining the Rule Bases (
RBs) of KBSs. The tool is directed at KBSs built using an inter
mediate representation, between the source and the final Rule base,
which is isomorphic with the source i.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

All spatial and positional correlations tbat exist between visual

148.
objects in a common context have to be adjusted (specially if overlay
techniques are usec:!). In a third and final step, the actual
mapping to the desttnation VUI, that means rendering the physical
object components within a specific presentation environment, must
be performed.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Recent GenBank allows operators such as "join" or "one-of" to de

149.
scribe a region separated in several subregions. It is hard to
represent naturally in both relational and nested rela tional models,
while deductive representation is very easy in QUIXOTE. Overton et
al. also show the need for hierarchi cal representation in feature
description and efficiency of an object-oriented database (9].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

A knowledge-based processing component based on conceptual

150.
graphs. The syntactic dependencies extracted at the linguistic level
are used to build the semantic representation.

document ontology2.pdf

KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION STRUCTURES FOR THE

151.
EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION PlANNING AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS I.P. Tatsiopoulos and N.D. Mekras National Technical
University of Athens, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Sector of
Industrial Management & O.R., 28is Octovriou 42 - 10682 Athens -
Greece Abstract This paper describes the knowledge representation
of an expert system which helps solving the problem of evaluating
software packages for production planning and control ( pPC). It
addresses this problem on the basis of the package's function ali ties
 and features as compared with the production management theory
for the various types of production systems. A frame-based
knowledge representation model is proposed whose objects and
relations describe a typology of production systems and a generic
PPC software package.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

152. In design activities, models represent situations as problem and

solution statements. A method is a set of steps (an algorithm or
guideline) used to perform a task. Methods are based on a set of
underlying constructs (language) and a representation (model) of the
solution space.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Furthermore, in order to perform a direct extraction of OWL ontology

153.
from a given relational database schema, we need to formalize the
two knowledge representation models and then design efficient,
automatic algorithms for the relational-to- ontological schema
translation.

OWL Ontology Extraction from Relational.pdf

We go one step further and distinguish between the raw data lind its
154.
representation as parts of the internal dllta. The extern lilly visible
attributes are provided by certain operators that can be applied to the
objects. Here we separate between operators giving the description
of the object and those yielding different presentations (or views).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

155. P'lIO ’11."’,"9 VIII"". hl0 3. Semantics of the Spreadviews in

relational terms Giving semantics to the spreadviews in relational
terms means to represent the spreadview algebraic structure within,
and through, the relational algebraic structure. Such structural
representation has somehow to reproduce the form of the
represented initial structure.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 3.1 The scenarii of use and the operationalization of axioms The
156.
operationalization of an ontology is only conceivable for a well
defined operational use, characterized by a precise scenario of use
[5]. A scenario of use is the description of the purposes for which
knowledge will be manipulated in the system. Defining a scenario of
use mainly consists in describing the way the axioms will be used in
the system, because the operational representation of terminological
knowledge does not depend on the different contexts of application.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

157. SNAP and Pasta-3 provide the user with flexibility both in schema
definition and manipulation. Second, since many research prototypes
are based on either entity relationship, or semantic, or object-
oriented data models, they should base the data manipulation on the
same schema representation as the one used at schema definition
time. as suggested in [5, 13]. However. only some prototypes
provide data manipulation facilities close to those defined for
relational databases.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The specification of the translation of the metaconstructs has to be

158.
specified by means of the LOGIDATA+ rule based language. This
task may be rather difficult in general; how ever, its responsibility is
given to the model engineer, who is supposed to be a skilled
individual (of group of individu als). Also, it can be easily seen that
many translations share some specific steps, which correspond to
the elimination of constructs with given types (that is, the
representation of their concepts by means of concepts with other
types and metatypes); an example is the elimination of aggregation
concepts and their representation by means of function con cepts.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

159. The goals stated in the previous section are achieved by integra ting
four distinct concepts into one framework. These ideas are used in
one general methodology and are the basis for the described app
lication. The methodology makes use of the following ideas: 1.
executable specifications, 2. near-English rule representation, 3. a
 distinction between generic application knowledge and specific
application knowledge (i.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

160. In a mainly physical sense: Without adding much more information,

this formal object declaration can be used as input code for an
interpreter in a VUI which translates logiCal object declarations into a
physical object representlltion (opject rendering). It is the main
advantage of this kind of object declaration that it does not refer to
any absolute physical properties but only contains a relative and
logical representation form of them. The interpreter in the respective
VUI is responsible for the correct mapping of logical cOrrelations to
their physical appearance.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

161. The difference between the models used in information science, and
the approach we try here is the assertion that it offers a
representation basis capable of mapping a world. Models use
categories (i. e. structures or relations) that are meant to refer to a
real world scenario, we get to know them usually “post quem” – after
being consti- tuted.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

162. TOOLBOX FOR OBJECT CREATION AND MANIPULA TION 4.1 Using
Object-OrIented Toolboxes The internal layer of our environment has
to create and manipulate the logical, in-memory representation of the
objects visible at the interface level. These objects include ERC+
objects such as entities, relationships, attributes, as well as interface
objects such as object boxes and diagrams. In the development of
the SUPER environment, we have used a toolbox approach to
martipulate these in-memory representations.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

inUg·:rl~~~~~ II~~~ lIYI Figure 2: A Tailored Representatio.’ 1 The

163.
way in which the property values are displayed dependS fully on the
 nature of these values (objects). The default representation of a
predefu)ed object (like strings and integers) is its value (e.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

164. In order to meet these extraordinary requirements for the

representation of medical knowledge we applied a comprehensive
modelling technique, namely object-oriented design. It a. llows us not
only to cover static properties as well as basic processes of medical
diagnostics appropriately, but also to implement such a complex
application accurately. For the representation of addi tional diagnostic
heuristics and the design of working hypotheses by the diagnostician
we have extended the representation schema by rules.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Hagengruber [3] discusses the problem of “mapping the multitude”.

165.
In her discussion, the capability of ontologies as representation
models are discussed in relation to categories in taxonomies. In her
view, the concept of categories are relations with order.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

166. An Extended Hierarchical Censored Production Rules ( EHCPRs) is

a knowledge representation system for reasoning with real life
problems and a step towards a generalized representation system.
An EHCPR is a unit of knowledge resulting in a knowledge base
which is modular and hierarchical in nature. Jain and Jain used the
Extended Hierarchical Censored Production Rules ( EHCPRs) to
denote the knowledge in intelligent systems [26, 27, 28].

Super Ontology.pdf

167. Introduction. As the utilization of information systems grew. the need

arose for adapting them on one side to the new kinds of applications.
and on the other side to the ever growing user population. These new
necessities made the information system.; evolve in several
interrelated direc tions:from the representation power standpoint.
new data models are being defined to extend the universe of real
world objects that can be handled by the information system. from
 the usability standpoint. a growing interest is given to the problems
related to the human·com puter interaction.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

168. Existing Upper Ontologies Ontology is currently a young research

area which is also known as a branch of knowledge representation.
Different methods and approaches have been used for today
available ontologies which ultimately resulted in different systems.
These ontologies use a rich formal language like first order logic and
classify general interest notions like objects, process, quality, and
event and so on.

Super Ontology.pdf

2 Form Model 2.1 Abstract Form The Abstract Form( FA) is the main
169.
concept of the form model. A FA is the representation of a class of
complex objects. To define the FA concept, we took an approach
similar to the one developed for nonfirst normal form relations [4],
\12], [18], [1], [26], [24], [28], or complex objects [5], [2], [16], [21 .

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

170. answer ;assert resull to fact list Figure 5. Example of simple

production rule ill CUPS A rule is a representation of a small piece of
knowledge provided by a domain expert and encoded by a
knowledge engineer. It can incorporate for instance the recognition of
a subproblem, a solution, or a trap.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Some typical feature predicates relevant to the ontology of Figure 2

171.
are: feature(real,has_att) feature (real ,function) feature (physical
,component) feature (living ,behaviour) feature (living,habitat) feature
(sentient ,goal) feature(social,role) The feature predicates are used
for two purposes. First, an object's ontological classification defines
the features it can have, and therefore, the structure of its
representation in the BCB. Second, it is used to relate a new object to
those already known.
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

For the purpose of this thesis we will shortly survey the efforts in the
172.
former category. These are enterprise models with the goal of being
a computational representation of the structure, activities, processes,
information, resources, people, behavior, goals and constraints of a
business, government, or other enterprise ( Fox and Grüninger
1997).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Future research – Generate ontology Try additional – – automatically

173.
from qualitative tagging the text based on in the vector linguistic
methods representation Evaluate it with Automatic detection data
mining of ontological techniques relations Assisting tool – – –
OntoSeek – (system)

document ontology2.pdf

174. Registration data (basic attributes of objects), descriptive data (object

descriptors, references), structural information (structure of virtual
objects), and operational descriptions (object method declarations)
are organized in the logical part of the visual database. An interpreter
and transfonnation process, proprietary to a specific VUI, is required
for the integration and "materialization" of a logical object in its final
representation environment. In a first step the virtual visual object
declaration must be interpreted, dissolved into sub-components and
mapped into VUI internal, proprietary data and process structures.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

175. We have extensively used the mechanism of subjects and views

provided by InterViews. Subjects are the objects manipulated at the
internal level (for instance, the logical representation of an entity type
provided by the ERC+ toolbox). Views are their visual
representations.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 The LF is the intermediate representation between the syntactic form
176.
of sentence and a pragmatic representation of the sentence. An
intermediate semantic representation is desirable because it provides
a natural division between two separate problems: one concerns
word sense and sentence ambiguity, and the other involves to use
the knowledge of the world and the present context to identify the
particular consequences of a certain sentence.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Related to the first definition it can be said that the term business in
177.
the expression business model relates to "the activity of buying and
selling goods and services" and "earning money". Related to the
second definition it can be said that the term model relates to "a
representation of something as a simple description of the object
which might be used in calculations". By combining the two we get a
first simple understanding which is that a business model is a
representation of how a company buys and sells goods and services
and earns money.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The researchers also built up a system known as ONION ( Ontology

178.
compositION), which is an architec- ture based on a sound formalism
to support a scalable framework for ontology integration. The special
feature of this system is that it separates the logical inference engine
from the representation model of the ontologies as much as possible.
This allows the accommodation of different inference engines.

document ontology2.pdf

There has been a long tradition to automate the process of pattern

179.
and feature recognition and there are continuing tendencies with the
target of automation in image understanding. But these techniques
are still not applicable in a general way, except for acceptable lesults
in very restricted and dedicated areas [1,2]. Therefore it is still a main
task in the development of visually supported applications to fmd
general methods for an explicit knowledge representation and
integration of visual objects.
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The aspect of reusing visual objects for different target applications

180.
and probably different VUIs brings up the topic of object
representation. In the case of visual objects there are not only logical
properties such as descriptors and references but also physical
attributes such as dimensions (image x-size, y size), positions
(textual annotation at <xt, yt», or pure format data (image I is of type
ROB, - TIFF). These physical properties must be considered for the
final object instantiation in a specific target VVI, but for all the
intermediate steps of object and database definitions, the logical
characteristics are the decisive ones.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The Design of an Efficient Data Structure for Manipulating Data in an

181.
Image DataBase System A. Touir Ecole Nationale Superieure des
Telecommunications 46, rue Barrault - 75013 Paris - FRANCE e-mail:
{touir}@inf.enst.fr Abstract: This paper reports the design of
the Inverted Quadtree, a dynamic index structure for image
database. The set of the inserted images are stored in a way that
permits to perform content-oriented retrieval. The content search
manipulates directly the bitmap representation of the image, so this
structure support the pattern searching.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Petrinet-like scripts appear as one attractive way to model these

182.
access paths. Second, hypermedia objects (indivi dual nodes or
subnets) often represent informally ideas whose essence can also be
captured in some formal conceptual model. This relationship can be
explored in two dimensions, either us ing hypermedia as an informal
starting point for formal models, or by using a formal representation
of ideas as ~ start ing point for the development of hypermedia
shows.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

He proves, that although there is always a new DTD for the

183.
intersection of two DTDs, this is not true for their union. Yang et al.
 introduce in [23] a further XML schema integration concept using a
mediator model. Contrary to [22] they transform the XML schema into
a semantic rich representation for capturing the implicit semantics
stored in an XML schema.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Our interfaces avoid using different modes of operation, or different

184.
dialog styles, when going from one function to the other. For
instance, data manipulation is based on the same schema
representation as the one used at schema deftnition time [5, 7, II,
13, 14, 30].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

System Architecture and Specification of a Fast BOM Object

185.
Processor Using a Standard Relational Database Management
System and a Main Memory Cache Frank Steyer TFH Berlin,
Fachbereich 13 ( Informatik) Luxemburger Str. 10, D-1000 Berlin 65 (
F.R.G.) ABSTRACT Based on standard relational tables, a more
com plex data structure (the directed ordered acyc lic graph) together
with its operational inter face, is investigated. Linked lists are used for
representation and kept in cache memory, which allows a much more
efficient data retrieval.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The problem with this is that such representation methods do not

186.
comply with the principles of the data storage in relational databases
[6, 7], which results in the need to perform additional transformations
of the data when it is transferred from the database to the application
for further processing. This raises the challenge of developing a table
structure for storing graphs and corresponding methods for
processing them in order to reduce the overhead of converting data
from one format to another.

Graph to RDBMS.pdf

187. The Display Model considers the graphical representation of an ob

ject as a view on that object. This view describes how the object is to
 be displayed on the screen. According to the DDM, properties of an
object are t<? be displayed in a vertical list.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

188. 4 Virtual Visual Object Structure A2ll A212 A213 A214 A311 A3l11
267 The object structure can also be declared in a more formal way.
In this representation form there is a local physical view of object YO.
Therefore, the parameters < PxAO, PyAO> for effective object
positioning and < SxAO, SyAO> for object dimensions can be
considered as undefined <*, *> until the object is set in an inherited
spatial context.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

For the integrated database, we take an approach to write var ious

189.
data and knowledge in a single knowledge representation language,
QUIXOTE, which is designed at ICOT for deductive and object-
oriented database ( DOOD). As a protein function database is a typical
one with complex data and inference rules, we start to describe it in
QUIXOTE as a part of the integrated database.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Most of our investigated approaches ( Figure 1) pursued the goal to

190.
assist physicians and/or medical specialists in finding a diagnosis
within a limited medical problem domain. Basically, different methods
for knowledge representation have been used: rules (e. g. MYCIN
[3]), objects (e.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

191. Others present the results of user queries as relational tuples rather
than as objects of the data model [7. 13]. As the user is not provided
with the same level of abstraction of database schema
representation. there is a lack of consistency. Multiple
representations of the data. that is being manipulated. are often
neither equi\’alent nor Slmultaneously displayed {l4J. The global view
of manipulated data is partitioned into complementary
representations [17J.
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Provided the compiler includes a rule driven optimizer as researched

192.
in [12] The last issues stems form the experience that no single
spatial representation suites all purposes in a given application.
Instead, objects are often represented in different ways, for example
a con structive solid geometry representation ( CSG) versus a
boundary representation ( BR). Such applications would benefit from
a lan guage mechanism, such as triggers and constraints, that
permits concise description of propagation of updates on either
representa tion.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In such rapidly-evolving systems the methods used in artificial

193.
intelligence are often preferable to the procedural techniques of
traditional computer programming; they are easier to adapt to less
stable problem areas. In particular, artificial intelligence uses an
explicit representation of the necessary knowledge, making it
relatively easy to determine those areas of the knowledge base
which correspond to a particular part of the problem domain. Thus
when this domain is modified, it is easier to modify the corresponding
structures in the knowledge base.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Therefore it is necessary, to establish a reference to the relation of

194.
the basic class. This can easily be done by inserting a surrogate (an
additional key attribute) into every relation which can then be
referenced in the subclass’ relations by an attribute called ’foreign
key’. The addition of these two attributes enables the representation
of inheritance hierarchies in the data model.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

1 Knowledge and Representation Knowledge representation which is

195.
today used in database applications, artificial intelligence, software
engineering, and many other disciplines of computer science has
deep roots in logic and philosophy [15]. In the beginning, there was
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) who developed logic as a precise method
 for reasoning about knowledge. Syllogisms were introduced as
formal patterns for representing special figures of logical deductions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

196. Twenty-seven studies were examined after the elimination of

duplicate and irrelevant documents. Mind mapping was substantially
helpful in organising the basic ideas and in identifying five thematic
groups that show the main roles of formal ontologies in information
systems development. Formal ontologies are mainly used in the
interoperability of information systems, human resource
management, domain knowledge representation, the involvement of
semantics in unified modelling language ( UML)-based modelling, and
the management of programming code and documentation.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

197. Somewhat near this time, Clan- cey had identified "heuristic classi-
fication" [11] as a somewhat ab- stract pattern of inference implicit in
MYCIN (see Figure 1). Heuristic classification itself was presented as
independent of the rule language in which MYCIN was written so that
this higher-level inference pat- tern could be seen independent of the
rule-level representation. Clan- cey's approach is similar to the GT
approach, having identified a task (classification), a method (heuristic
classification) and the kinds of knowledge needed to use the method.

Task-Structure Analysis for KM.pdf

 The driving strategic objective of each project was to migrate these
198.
systems into a set of enterprise-wide systems, which incorporate
current and future requirements, drastically reduce operational and
maintenance cost, and facilitate common understandings among
stakeholders (i. e., policy maker, high-level management, IS
developer/maintainer/ end-users). A logical data model , which
contains requirements, rules, physical data representation as well as
logical data object, clearly documents the baseline data requirements
implemented by the legacy system and is crucial to achieve this
strategic goal.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

engineering.PDF

199. Introduction One major project of our institute currently is the

implementation of the " Behavior-Entity-Relationship Model" (so
called BIER-Model) which is described in [3], [4], [6], [7]. The
implemented system will be a CASE-Tool for information systems
design. It is characterized by the following concepts: - the underlying
data model is the E-R model which is extended by the concepts of
surrogates and time dimension; - the dynamic feature of the universe
of discourse can be decomposed into elementary and complex
processes; - the dynamic component of the model is described by a
Petri net based graphical representation [9] We have implemented
our model in C+ + and we have come across the problem of making
the instances.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

200. Three levels of representation suggested by IMS - Learning Design

allow the specification and implementation of a great variety of e-
learning teaching contents [5]. Level A specifies a time ordered series
of activities to be performed by learners and teachers (role), within
the context of an environment consisting of learning objects or
services. Analysis of existing design approaches revealed that this
was the common model behind all the different behaviorist, cognitive
and (social) constructivist approaches to learning and instruction.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

 The so called yinual yisUIJI objects resulting from this process are
201.
organized in a knowledge augmented yisUIJI database system. In
this way visual data can consistently be accessed and used by
different applications, without primary impact of physical constraints
given by a specific application environment KEYWORDS Visual
databases, visual object description, visual object representation,
visual knowledge representation 1. INTRODUCTION Manifold
progress in the domains of knowledge engineering, of hardware and
software techniques is a challenging basis for the development of
increasingly complex application systems.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

It should be possible to insert such an object with unknown creation

202.
or measurement time, and, nevertheless, to include it into the
respective query results (e. g. looking for "actual" objects). The above
statements illustrate, that the multi-dimensional character of mining
objects requires complex adapted representation and management
mechanisms in a supporting information system.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Keywords: deductive databases, recursive query pro cessing, SQL,

203.
general transitive closure 1 Introduction There is a common
understanding in the research community that relational database
systems have reached their limits in sup porting the demands for new
sophisticated information systems. In particular the fact that relational
query languages are not computationally complete and the
representation of complex ob jects is cumbersome has triggered a lot
of research in deductive databases and object oriented databases.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The DDM stipulates that a property p is represented by means of its

204.
name followed by a colon and the graphical representation of all argu
ment tuplcs x/, ... ,x" such that p(x/ ... ,x,,) holds. lIence ddmProperly
View( Property) is an instance of horizontalLisl: ( horizontalUsl)
ddmPropertyView(P) ’" ( element( name( P)). element(" ; "). e/ement(
ddmValueView(X));- ... J; The third element in the horizontal list is the
represenlation of the col lection of argument tuples x/ ...
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

4 Conclusion and Future Work In this paper we showed an approach

205.
for the retrieval and selection of temporal life insurance policies
based on Structural CBR that makes use of generalized cases, a
concept that allows the representation of configurable products as
cases. In contrast to the widespread questionnaires, which currently
provide some kind of assistance for assessing insurance products,
this facilitates to emphasize personal preferences and works even in
the case when the user provides only incomplete information about
his personal and financial situation. For the next months it is planned,
to launch an ex- periment with three different student groups.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Modem development methods (4th generation languages, knowledge

206.
based system techniques), advanced subsystems (databases,
communication) and sophisticated, visually supported user interfaces
(windowing, graphics, images) make part of an integrated complex
application environment. Application support by visual means is one
of the most impressive features in this kind of advanced software
systems. Visual representation of crucial facts can considerably
enhance the interaction with users in complex application domains.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Classification System Goblin supports (composite) values and

207.
objects with a clear separation of their role. A class provides an
(automatic) clas sification scheme for objects based on their
representation, their behavior, and their constraint . Variables hold
unclas sified data values or references to classified objects.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

208. To extend functionality of expert systems with regard to ac cess to

different autonomously managed data an interface for logical data
integration is developed (fig. 3). The definition of application
dependent schemes and user defined operations abstracts from
original data representation. Goal is the transparent use of data and
operations from e.
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

A Demonstrator of an Architecture of a Knowledge Based Assistance

209.
System 4.1 Blackboard Control Architecture An architecture and its
implementation for a knowledge-based assistance system for the
medical management of the acute radiation syndrome ( RADES) are
presented in accordance to the requirement analysis of chapter two.
The knowledge engineering tool KEE’" has been choosen for the
implementation. KEE’" offers a first-order predicate calculus inference
mechanism, a truth maintenance system, an object oriented
representation oCthe fact-base, and an object-oriented user interface
tool-kit.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

3 Mapping the Process In contrast to machine learning, human

210.
achievement in the form of outstanding thought is not typically
regarded as the result of a quantifiable process, but as the re- sult of
a qualitative process. 2 For human thought, the decisive factor is how
existing knowledge is associated. “ Successful” relations are those in
which stored knowledge (=known and readily available
representations) are modified to reflect new scenarios to allow us to
perceive this knowledge as an adequate representation of reality [5],
[6].

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

An overview of the kl one knowledge representation system.

211.
Cognitive SCience, 9(2)171-216,1985.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Although minimum size does not necessarily guarantee maximum
212.
computation speed for knowledge processing, this principle obviously
guarantees that (1) the knowledge is more understandable, (2) it is
easier to maintain. " Size" is closely related to "notational
convenience," an important criterion for assessing a knowl edge
representation [12].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Without outlining the interesting history of the formal representation

213.
of knowledge, influenced by, among others, Leibniz, we are able to
discern the notion of St! TrlCtllttl’ llt! tWOl'kt; as an important
milestone in this area of resl,urch.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The selected shell 4.1 LEONARDO overview We are currently working

214.
towards the adoption of the LEONARDO shell produced by Creative
Logic Ltd. LEONARDO actually uses the object-rule knowledge
representation schema.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

215. a 1 b a b 1 c b b 2 d c b 3 e d ~a d 1 f e b", d 2 g f f - - c d e /"" g f g c

e - - tree COMPONENT ARTICLE Fig. 2: Tree and its relational
representation

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

216. It is obvious that a DT with a minimal number of columns is to be

preferred since it provides a more efficient representation of the
underlying knowledge.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

217. While Kant’s research of this question was oriented to show

conditions of cognition, one can find in the mediaeval philosophy or
in the philosophy of the early modern times attempts to use basic
concepts (like categories) to construct empirically given concepts [3].
 The tradition of these experiments of mind ( Gedankenexper- imente)
leads to Leibniz’s “lingua universalis”. Leibniz’s concepts of
knowledge representation are related to his invention of a
mechanical calculator.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

It overcomes traditional concepts of mind-body dualism in the

218.
philosophy of mind, traditional knowledge representation in AI, and
rational agents (“homo oeconomicus“) in economics. Personalized
informatics opens a trans-disciplinary perspective for philosophy and
working technology.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

g. spatiality in location-based services. In the middle ages,

219.
knowledge representation was illustrated by graphic diagrams and
pictures. In the ‘summulae logicales’ (1239) of Peter of Spain, an
ontological hierarchy with K. D.-

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

In modern times, Descartes considered the human brain as a store of

220.
knowledge representation. Recognition was made possible by an
isomorphic correspondance between internal geometrical
representations (ideae) and external situations and events. Leibniz
was deeply influenced by these traditions.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

221. Thus, according to Husserl, understanding is not possible by

symbolic representations of the external world, but by the
intentionality of human consciousness [7]. Intentionality also became
a promi- nent criterion to distinguish human consciousness and
computer representation of knowledge in recent AI-debates [19].

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Emotional and subconscious factors affect our behavior. Deliberation

222.
takes time and we must often make decisions before we are ready.
 Thus, knowledge representation must not be restricted to explicit
declarations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

223. 2.1 Categories as a Basis for Processes From a philosophical

perspective, we refer to categories in an ontology, when we have a
systematic representation of principles whose various relations can
adequately de- scribe a subset of the world. The interrelation of these
principles constitutes the world we know. We refer to these relations
as categories.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

224. 670 R. Hagengruber also claims to be authoritative, as the relations

that it defines are constitutive for the subset of the world that the
ontology defines. The kind of philosophical ontology in- troduced here
does not serve the purpose of presenting a unique set of
circumstances or a unique representation of the world, as it exists at
the moment. Instead, its focus is to provide a basis for a process.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

225. Let's take this image as a representation of a subset of reality, and as

part of the thought process. In the analytical part of the process, an
image is dissected into its parts: entities and relations. If process 1
has e1,e2,e3 and three relations, r1- r3, the syn- thesizing process
gives us the relation r11 (e1,e2) as a new entity e4, relation r12
(e1,e3 ) is generated as a new entity e5 by process 2, and so on.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

226. 5 Process-Oriented Approaches As Cole et al. [9] state, “The

system’s purpose is to provide just-in-time knowledge, thus the
system has to be totally integrated to the user’s performance. The
EPSS interface has to contain a representation of the user’s
performance, and performance environment….

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

 The (moderate) constructivist theory [ Rot94] distinguishes between
227.
objective real- ity and subjective perspective and understands
knowledge as representation of reality. It offers a wider
understanding of knowledge as subjective perspective of the individ-
ual, understood as a temporary and viable (individual) state of
consciousness. We experience this state as knowledge in the sense
of “justified true belief” [ Non95, p.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Extended Hierarchical Censored Production Rules ( EHCPRs)

228.
system: An approach toward generalized knowledge representation.
Journal of Intelligent Systems 1999; 9(3- 4): 259-295 40. Gruber T.
The Role of Common Ontology in Achieving Sharable, Reusable
Knowledge Bases in Principles of Knowledge Representation and
Reasoning.

Super Ontology.pdf

MOTIVATION: WHY ONTOLOGY-BASED SYSTEMS Ontologies

229.
provide a number of useful features and serve multiple purposes in
intelligent systems, as well as in knowledge representation and
knowledge engineering in general. Gasevic, Djuric and Devedzic [
Gasevic et al. 2009] describe two of these features: vocabulary and
taxonomy.

Using Goal Modeling to Capture Competency Questons.pdf

Domain knowledge representation is a general purpose of domain-

230.
specific ontologies. Although it is naturally related to all studies in this
systematic review, we feel that

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

[ CrossRef] 71. Haarslev, V.; Hidde, K.; Möller, R.; Wessel, M. The
231.
RacerPro knowledge representation and reasoning system. Semant.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

 Conceptual representation of medi- cal knowledge for diagnosis by
232.
com- puter: MDX and related systems. In Advances in Computers, M.
Yovits, Ed., Academic Press, 1983, 217- 293.

Task-Structure Analysis for KM.pdf

180 An essential feature of new data models is the representation of

233.
arbitrary and variable length objects or attributes as described for
example in [ CDRS 86]. This feature is used to accommodate objects
which are difficult to decompose in atomic types, e. g. unstructured
objects such as text.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

234. Information 2020, 11, 66 14 of 18 exclusion of irrelevant and

unhelpful papers. The five most fundamental thematic groups were
identified, which indicated the most frequent application of formal
ontologies in information systems development: the interoperability of
information systems, human resource management, domain
knowledge representation, integration of semantics into the UML-
based models and the management of programming code and
documentation. It was found that not only formal ontologies can be
beneficial in software (IS) development, especially for semantics-
based UML diagrams validation, but that the UML itself can provide
added value for formal ontologies.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

In our opinion, the data type defined in this way, which from now on
235.
will be called spreadview, combines the advantages and the features
of the relational and of the spreadsheet representation/programming
models.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

236. These considerations emphasize the distinction be tween the CIS

logical structure (i. e. how should the CIS components cooperate
with each other) and the physical representation associated with the
im plementation technology (i. e. how should a CIS be implemented).
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Our strategy for integrating CIS functions is that of a sparse

237.
multidimensional blackboard that is glo bal to all the users, i. e. a
blackboard structure in which several clinical substructures can take
a tum in information processing or in inquirying about clini cal
activities. The blackboard is a functional structure, created in
response to information needs of each clinical department. This
unified frame in which different work structures can cooperate is the
key feature of the proposed architecture whose schematic
representation is given in Fig.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In order to eliminate this kind of redundancy, both Petri nets and

238.
BPEL processes could be mapped to a language with more
expressive modelling primitives like e. g. YAWL [17]. Another option
could be a mapping to a more basic representation like state charts.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

g., needs a complete symbolic representation of a situation, which

239.
has to be updated, if the robot’s position is changed. Imagine that it
surrounds a table with a ball and a cup on it. A formal representation
of their respective relative positions in a computer language may be
ON( TABLE, BALL), ON( TABLE, CUP), BEHIND( CUP, BALL), etc.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

The architecture of Brooks’ robots is reactive, parallel and

240.
decentralised. Perception and action are directly connected without
any explicit internal representation or centralised inferential engines.
Moreover, subsumption ar- chitectural behaviour is fully specified by
the topological structure of its layers, composed of single behavioural
units.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Mapping the Multitude – Categories in a Process Ontology 673

241.
pattern, which is not a language dependent pattern. Any pattern can
 theoretically be dissected into its component parts at any time, and
traced back to its origins. Parts of this representation of reality that
are far apart, can be associated with each other on the basis of their
common ground.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

it has extended the original representation language to support

242.
decomposition of ontologies into modules and assembling new
ontologies from existing modules from the library;

document ontology2.pdf

The concept of role in the AI community has been tradition ally used
243.
to describe attributes by relating objects to each other through the
use of binary relationships in the modeled problem domain [10], [11],
[12]. In the remainder of this section, we will restrict our attention to
the role concept as suggested by the knowledge representation
system KL-ONE [10]. The principal elements of KL-ONE are called
structured conceptual objects or Concepts and are used to group
individual objects into collec tions indirectly by way of descriptions
that collectively apply to all members of such a collection.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Briefly, representation defines a set of ontological constructs that are

244.
necessary for modeling systems, state transitions define system
responses to external inputs and decomposition defines a logical way
for structuring models in well defined parts. We will indicate how our
model satisfies these criteria.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

245. Graphical modelling techniques, while easy to learn and use, might
not capture the full application. This makes it necessary to annotate
the graphical representation. This addition falls outside the
methodology itself.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Each of these tools presents two layers: an external layer, dealing
246.
with user interaction, and an internal layer, manipulating the logical,
in memory representation of the objects visible at the interface level.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

"3500") while a user-defined object yields a button representation (e.

247.
g. atlan ta).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

248. 2 have special advantages and disadvantages. Various factors such

as openness, reusability, overhead for object reconstruction and
representation, consistency control and performance are decisive
factors for the implementation of real systems. Principally there are
no theoretical limitations that prevent from combining concepts of the
different approaches.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

249. It is a conceptual view of the data that follows the object oriented
data abstraction paradigm. It hides the internal representation of its
data structures from the users of this data.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Then, there are pairs of models for which it is possible to find an
250.
equivalent target scheme for each source scheme: for example, this
holds if a binary E-R model and a func ti,onal model, with suitable
technical details, are considered. H'Owever, this is not true in
general: it is clear that equiv alence cannot be guaranteed when the
source model allows finer representation of features than the target
model. For example, if the source model is a variant of the E-R
model that allows the distinction between 1 : 1 , 1 : n, m : n
relationships, and the target is another variant that does not (and at
the same time does not provide any construct for the representation
of this aspect), then for some source schemes there cannot be an
equivalent target scheme.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The authors describe the models adopted for the representation of

251.
statistical information, manipulation and layout of statistical tables. .

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

252. The use of slot referents gives rise to a more compact and flexible
representation based on the dynamic slot value assignment
mechanism.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

253. The model will have the following functions: (1) Semantic
representation can be supported.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Figure 3 shows a graph representation of the model.

254.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

255. 562 ~ CONTINUOUS I'dEASUREABLE o INTERMITTENT

I'dEASUREABLE Figure 3; Graph representation of the model (
PArtM) and the CVP is equal to the cardiac output ( CO) multiplied by
the systemic vascular resistance ( SVR).
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Knowledge + Skills + “x” 43 technology, including the organizational

256.
closure, things become more complex since the rules can no more
explicitly be represented and the real situation comes into the game.
34 Since the times of G. W. Leibniz the formal representation has
opened the possibil- ity to delegate any formal process to a rule
based repetitive procedure that is executed by a machine. Today, this
is still a Turing Machine.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

- Are the maps effective guides to future action? Even if a model is a

257.
good representation of what has happened in a particular project, it
may not be easy to apply to future projects.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

But not only ‘low level’ motor intelligence, but also ‘high level’
258.
cognition (e. g., categorization) can emerge from complex bodily
interaction with an environment by sensory-motor coordination
without internal symbolic representation. We call it ‘em- bodied
cognition’: An infant learns to categorize objects and to build up
concepts by touching, grasping, manipulating, feeling, tasting,
hearing, and looking at things, and not by explicit representations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

259. From a philosophical perspective, we refer to an ontology when we

have a sys- tematic representation whose various relations can
adequately describe a do- main. Humans use special strategies to
reduce the amount of data at their dis- posal. They apply selection
and reorganization techniques to adapt their knowl- edge to new
situations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

260. Along the same lines, the legacy system model representation
should take precedence whenever contradictions occur between
them and the system documentation, since the models attempt to
 capture actual as-is implementation as it has evolved over time, while
documentation may not be up to date with actual practice.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

engineering.PDF

The MIR Rule Base and Class Hierarchy are compiled into a target
261.
representation, the third level view of the knowledge. Currently this
consists of a Clausal form referred to as CMIR ( Compiled MIR). The
Datamap allows the maintenance engineer to intercat and explore
,these second and third levels of knowledge representation in
association with the RB.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Integration of hypertext functionality into TOROS means that facilities

262.
for the definition of and navigation in hyperdocuments are added to
the existing means for the formal representation of knowledge. For
this purpose we will not implement a hypertext system, but instead
we focus on the neat integration of an existing hypertext system into
TOROS. The essential parts of TOROS-Hyper will not depend on the
features of any particular hypertext system.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In this section we discuss a LF Language, we will use a meaning

263.
representation language for NL.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

264. DNA sequences vary greatly in their length, and the feature
descriptions of their re gions overlap and are complicated. Amino
acid sequences are generally shorter than DNA, but they have
complex secondary and 3-D structures. The traditional model has
many restrictions in itself to prevents natural representation of such
data.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 GAMBIT is an iilteractive, graphical tool for the definition of schemas
265.
of relational databases (/ Zehnder/). It monitors the consistency of
the schema and allows the definition of additional transactions.
Further, it provides a graphical representation of the dermed entity
block diagram.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

266. They are addressed by dedicated transformations from local

schemas (bottom) via intermediate steps to external schemas (top).
The first step takes the local schemas (that may be represented in
heterogeneous data models) as input and transforms them to a
common data model representation. This common data model can
be low-level or high-level.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

267. 1 Introduction In the last few years several research efforts have
concentrated on describing databases as first order logical
languages. The expec tations of this research is to enhance the
capabilities of database management systems with the espressive
power of First Order Logic ( FOL) to provide powerful systems that
can be used in AI applications. In fact, while database management
systems are able to manage efficiently large amounts of data, logic
affords both an appropriate representation scheme of the application
domain of knowledge and a computational model for intelligent
databases or knowledge bases { KB}.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The previous two subsections indicated that these semantics-based

268.
conceptual schemas can be used in business, accountancy,
emergency management or software engineering. This list of
application domains is far from complete. It would be almost
impossible to mention all applications, but medicine has to be
included, because the systematic exploration of scientific databases
showed that one of the largest groups of documents involves
knowledge representation in medicine; medicine-related information
systems.
 Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

e. that reflects the structure of the source data. Essentially, the

269.
Datamap tool described allows the maintenance engineer to navigate
round the intermediate representation to identify suspect RuIes. This
is achieved using two directed biparteid graphs which graphically
display the connections between elements within individual Rules
and the connections between the Rules themselves.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Indeed, the use of any data structure that process grid representation
270.
of spatial data, generates an image space where each inserted
image is coded and linked to a speci fic structure. Inserting 2 images
using quadtree structure, gene rates 2 quadtrees. So, each image
has its own set of prefixes, and the searched pattern also has its
proper set.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Each of them is a mean to solve a certain terminal task type. The

271.
control knowledge source primarily works on the control blackboard
to develop the problem-solving plan and to trigger single domain
knowledge sources depending on the activation state of the task
hierarchy on the control blackboard. A natural representation of
blackboard concepts can be easily obtained by object-oriented
programming techniques [11].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Despite this static representation of relation ships, the system did not
272.
provide more flexible means to handle diagnostic procedures,
working hypotheses, or strategies.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In [1] the author describes very detailed how taxonomies can be

273.
used for rep- resenting case features and also addresses the
resulting implications for appro- priate local similarity measures.
 There, the focus is laid upon possible semantics 1 We assume the
commonly used attribute-value based representation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

274. Given the definition of the problem and its characteristics, we

propose an approach to detect inconspicuous contents that relies on
a highly simplified representation formalism for patterns. The
proposed approach consists of two steps. A manual engineering step
that targets a very small set of training instances, where humans
perform the complex understanding offline, extract semantic patterns,
and represent them in a simplified representation formalism.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Knowledge Representation

275.
and the Embodied Mind: Towards a Philosophy and Technology of
Personalized Informatics Wolf-Tilo Balke1 and Klaus Mainzer2 1 L3S
Research Center, Universität Hannover, 30539 Hannover, Germany
[email protected] http://www. l3s. de/~ balke 2 Chair for Philosophy
of Science, Institute of Interdisciplinary Informatics, Universität
Augsburg, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
[email protected]
http://www.informatik.uni-augsburg.de/I3/ Abstract.
Knowledge representation has a long tradition in logic and philoso-
phy.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

276. These formal representations should obey Tarski’s correspondence

theory of truth: Imagine a real world situation X1 (e. g. some boxes
on a table) which is encoded by a symbolic representation A1 =
encode(X1) (e. g. a description of the boxes on the table).

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

114 an environmental problem may ask for information that does not
277.
really solve the problem. In the next step, the user's query hM to be
mapped onto the query representation. Since a nat ural language
 statement is more expressive than any formal representation, there is
II loss of information here.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

278. After analysis the Rule Base and Class Hierarchy are both
represented using an intermediate representation. called MIR ( Make
Intermediate Representation). This is the second level view of the
knowledge. The nature of this intermediate represen tation and the
advantages to be gained from this type of representation have been
discussed elsewhere ([8], [5] and [9]).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

279. In this method, the representation and the storage of the grade of the
uncertainties of is-a relationships is in dependent from the inner
structure of the user classes.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

280. EVALUATING PREVIOUS APPROACHES In this section we review

representation mechanisms which have been used for the
development of medical knowledge bases. Due to the limited amount
of space we can only sketch the main results of our review. For a
detailed review of previous approaches the interested reader is
referred to [7].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

On the Use of Vocabulary Knowledge for Learning Similarity

281.
Measures 275 During kbOF-based learning the evolutionary
population for each local sim- ilarity measure to be learnt is equipped
with a knowledge filter. Together with an additional filter for the
feature weights, n + 1 filters are employed for a case representation
consisting of n attributes.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

In his ‘mathesis univer- salis’, he required a universal formal

282.
language (lingua universalis) to represent human thinking by
 calculation procedures and to implement them to mechanical
calculating machines. An ‘ars iudicandi’ should allow every problem
to be decided by an algo- rithm after representation in numeric
symbols. An ‘ars iveniendi’ should enable users to seek and
enumerate desired data and solutions of problems.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

283. In this context, it is important to highlight that ontologies inherently

have a social nature, i. e. they are typically regarded as an explicit
representation of a shared conceptualization, i. e., a concrete artifact
representing a model of consensus within a community and a
universe of discourse.

Using Goal Modeling to Capture Competency Questons.pdf

In this example, the sequence of incorporating DCPDS, DCPS, and

284.
MCTFS is driven by the time that a re- engineered data model is
available. We did not intentionally impose preference on any of the
systems, but the timing of mode1 availability turns out determine the
bias priority. As shown in Figure 11, the mid-level mode1 ( JPPMl)
has the highest priority; if there is a conflict between it and DCPDS,
the mid-level mode1 representation will take precedence.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

engineering.PDF

Pasta-3 [16. 17]. Tools have been developed as query editors. using
285.
the the visual representation of a database for formulating queries:
GUIDE [30]. [13]. QBD [7].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

286. 3 Mapping into the semantic form In this step the language-related
conceptualisation of an ES predicate is mapped into a semantic
representation, the QLF.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 For interactive queries, the system should allow vague queries and
287.
query for mulations that are independent of the specific structure of
the data and its representation. For vague queries and imprecise
data, methods developed in information retrieval can be ap plied.
Heterogeneous data structures can be handled with con cepts from
object-oriented database management systems.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

As an example, let us consider the query specification window de

288.
picted in figure 4. It allows to formulate a query whose taxget is re
stricted to the single (class) object hotel. The hotel is visualized
according to the representation defined in the Display Model, but the
fields representing property values are now editable (for instance, the
user may specify ’< 4000’ at the rate property).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

6.2 Subtyping of Collection Types Many people are tempted to view a

289.
collection type with ele ment type tl as a subtype of a collection type
with elements of type t2 if tl ::; t2 holds. For instance, one is tempted
to treat the type FullProfSet as a subtype of Prof Set where Prof Set
and FuliProfSet have the structural representation {Prof} and {
FullProj}, respectively.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Knowledge Base Support for Hypermedia Co-Authoring Stefan

290.
Eherer* University of Passau Innstr. 33, 8390 Passau, Germany
email: [email protected] One of the
many possible relationships between hypertext and knowledge
representation is given by the utilization of pro~ess knowledge in the
hypermedia authoring and document "}’llnte nance activity. The
CoAUTHOR system has explored this rela tionship and
demonstrates that process knowledg.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

291. Figure 2: The Factory Reference Model As shown in fig. 2, the

reference model is divided up into three almost independent areas of
 information representing the information, material, and decision flow
In the remainder of this section, we will explain in brief the
representation, elements, and attributes of the process, product, and
resource model. Elements out of these models will be identified with
nodes of a constraint network later.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

292. " Ontologies are agreements about shared conceptualizations.

Shared conceptualizations include conceptual frameworks for
modeling domain knowledge; content-specific protocols for
communication among inter-operating agents; and agreements about
the representation of particular domain theories. In the knowledge
sharing context, ontologies are specified in the form of definitions of
representational vocabulary.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Thus, these categories are not defined by a hierar- chical

293.
representation and ordering of the entities they comprise; instead the
ordering of the entities in a given ontology, O1, depends on the
definition of the relations.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Use of Legacv Svstem Documentation Legacy system logical data

294.
models are required, but, in our case, models were not available at
first, so legacy system documentation was researched as sample
input for conflict isolation. Since this documentation often has more
in-depth definitions than are found in model data dictionaries,
conflicts were sometimes found that would not have been discovered
simply by reviewing the input models. On the other hand, the models
contain more semantics in the form of data dependencies and
association text, as well as in the structural representation of the
element (i.

A Requirement-Based Approach to Data Modeling and Re-

engineering.PDF

Wei, Sun, and Wang [59] focus on a similar problem, but they use the
295.
OWL ontology for the formal representation of UML class diagrams,
 UML sequence diagrams and UML state machine diagrams. They
verify whether these diagrams are consistent and complete. As a
model example, they integrate the conceptual schemas of the
University Information System ( UnivSys) into the OWL ontology and
use SPARQL to receive feedback about whether these models are
consistent and complete.

Formal Ontologies in Information Systems.pdf

In the domain of IS ontologies were originally used in artificial

296.
intelligence and knowledge engineering. Now its importance is being
recognized in research fields as diverse as knowledge
representation, qualitative modelling, language engineering,
database design, information modelling, information integration,
object-oriented analysis, information retrieval and extraction,
knowledge management and organization, and agent-based systems
design. Current application areas of ontologies are also disparate,
including enterprise integration, natural language translation,
medicine, mechanical engineering, standardization of product
knowledge, electronic commerce, geographic information systems,
legal information systems2, biological information systems ( Guarino
1998).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

596 W.- T. Balke and K. Mainzer 5 Summary and Outlook In this

297.
paper we focused on the representation of knowledge for
personalization tasks in Informatics. Starting from the notion that
most relevant information for personal- ization tasks cannot entirely
be elicited as expert knowledge, but is embodied in the individual
user (which is also consistent with current brain research), we
propose to use flexible preference-based frameworks to personalize
computer systems under the paradigm of bounded rationality. This
means that though an electronic system cannot anticipate all
possible influential factors, it can at least enrich user-related
processes with some intentional, situational and domain-specific
common knowledge.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

 The resulting specifications are almost independent one of another,
298.
each consisting in a particular view on the real equipment. Object
oriented model includes multiple inheritance that could be used for
regrouping multiple specifications, but we show in next section that
every problems are not solved using that concept. That is why we
propose a new concept, named multiple specialization, that enlarges
the inheritance defmition by allowing independent specifications to be
connected through a single structural representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

299. 3 General Architecture Although DB offers a unified view of

meteorological data, it comprises different modules, each having their
own data representation scheme. The current implementation of the
database is composed of four modules. There is one module for each
type of data (soundings, surface based observations, and gridded
data) and one controlling module which inter faces with the client
(see figure 1).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

348 For example, consider a sensory device that accepts new im

300.
ages from its vision system. This information analysis may lead to
updates of edge boundary representation of the scene. The ob ject
recognizer should react on such an event, because it may affect its
belief on the objects in the vision field.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

301. [6] G. Falcitelli, L. Meo-Evoli, E. Nardelli, F.L. Ricci,"The Mefisto*

model: an object-oriented representation for statistical data
management" ,in " Data Analysis, Learning Symbolic and Numeric
Knowledge", Nova Science Publishers, 1989.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

g. by a separate process. Presently, we have two main interests: Is

302.
the use of linked lists an appropriate imple mentation technique for
the’ representation of com plex data objects, for what types of
objects, for mixed types ? Second, is the use of a main memory
 cache an appro priate architecture for significantly improving the
processing speed of complex objects ?

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

303. Here we have the limits of formal representation as a usual problem.

But the con- ceptual damage is not given by the alleged inability of
the implicit everyday knowl- edge to cope with a certain kind of
problems, but the source is given by the paradigm of a machine
information processing. This states that any knowledge leading to a
successful action is not only an explicit knowledge but also a
knowledge that can be formalized.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

In this environment the workshop’s discussions centered around the

304.
topics of knowledge representation as a common field of research in
philosophy and informatics, ontologies and ontology, knowledge and
context, personalization of knowledge/embodied mind,
epistemological framework, and philosophy of infor- mation. These
topics are addressed in one or more of the presented papers.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

Thus, we distinguish formal and embodied acting in games with more

305.
or less simi- larity to real life: Chess for instance is a formal game
with complete representations, precisely defined states, board
positions, and formal operations. Soccer is a non- formal game with
skills depending on bodily interactions, without complete represen-
tations of situations and operations, which are never exactly identical.
According to Merleau-Ponty, intentional human skills do not need any
internal representation, but they are trained, learnt, and embodied in
an optimal ‘gestalt’, which cannot be re- peated [16].

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

2 MODELING OBJECTIVES The goal here is to develop a modeling

306.
method that naturally represents open systems and which at the
same time is in some ways complete. There is at this stage no widely
accepted theory for design model completeness, but a framework
has been suggested ( Wand, 1990). This framework categorizes a
 modeling method into three parts, namely, representation, state
transition and decomposition.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

307. In this paper, we presented only a small part of our graph ical user
interface. The data definition, insert, update and deletion operation,
query processing and optimization is sues, representation of results,
predefined joins, special op erators and their semantics are far
beyond the scope of this paper and will be presented in a later paper
[8].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

308. The FAJtuie class The class FA-Rule implements the FA Rule. An
object of that class represents a rule. The compilation of a rule builds
an internal representation of that rule that allows its activation and
the execution of its BEFORE and AFTER clauses.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

309. The next value can be selected by clicking in the shaded area behind
the currently displayed value. It is also possible to get a menu of all
possible values. Note that buuons are used to cut short an object
representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

But as the notion buying and selling seems too narrow, I try to extend
310.
it. So differently put, the business model is an abstract representation
of the business logic of a company. And under business logic I
understand an abstract comprehension of the way a company makes
money, in other words, what it offers, to whom it offers this and how it
can accomplish this.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Capture. As explained earlier, the business model of a company is a

311.
simplified representation of its business logic. However, as such
 business models exist only as abstract concepts or mental models in
the head of people reasoning on them.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

312. Figure 61: SVG screenshot of channel strategy In a nutshell, I applied

an XSL document (cf. excerpt Figure 62) to the MJF case seized in
BM2L and got a SVG document (cf. excerpt Figure 63). This outcome
can be read by a web browser and gives me a graphical
representation of a company's distribution channels (see Figure 61).
The goal of this is to achieve a rapid understanding of a part of a
business model, in this case channels, through visualization (cf.
section 2.4.1 on visualization).

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The representation of all kinds of axioms and their use in an

313.
inference engine through an original operationalization process
allows to perform the original goal of Protégé, that is the interactive
building of a KBS [11]. Moreover, in TooCoM, it is pos- sible to
automatically make the ontology operational and to manipulate it at a
concep- tual level. The context of use of each axiom can be specified
and the KBS appropriated to the application which is intended can be
automatically generated.

TooCoM a Tool to Operationalize an Ontology.pdf

Firstly, many of the representations applied by these algorithms

314.
cannot be easily interpreted and validated by humans. For example,
neural networks are considered a black box technique, since the
reasoning behind how they reach their conclusions cannot be readily
obtained from their structure. Therefore, we have, in recent work [1],
proposed a two-step process to open the neural network black box
which involves: (a) extracting rules from the network; (b) visualizing
this rule set using an intuitive graphical representation, viz. decision
tables.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

 554 ~ KSDS ’8 1 ’0 EXPERT CADUCEUS INTERNIST -1 ’" . ::;
315.
! ii g, ABEL Patrec MEDAS AI-RHEUM CASNET LITO-2 RX
ONCOCIN MYCIN patient -dependent VIE-MED patient-indcpcndel\t
Figure 1: Categorization of Existing Approaches In addition, we
provide several access facilities (browser for diseases and
symptoms, factor analyses, etc.) to support all pro cedural knowledge
concerning medical decision making. It turns out that our initial
ch,osen representation schema, namely object oriented design has
to be extended with rules (section 3.1).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

4.3 Natural Language Interpretation The parser translates the· text

316.
description into a set of predicates called meaning list, thereby
reducing impreci sion and ambiguity of the natural language
descriptions considerably. These predicates state facts about the real
world entities involved with multimedia data like their properties and
relationships. As in most parsing methods, we chose the use of first-
order predicate calculus. as a formal representation of the description
data.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

317. We tried to use a graphical formalism and an automatic generation of

the predicate based on user's graphical manipulations. Many
interfaces lack the consistency in the representation of the query
results. These results are often represented in a tabular form [25].

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

So, for example, the risk of spontaneous combustion is partly

318.
dependent on the quantity of oxygen in the worked-out area and on
the duration ofits influence to the coal. However, this context cannot
be formulated adequately by a production rule like "If the quantity of
oxygen and its duration of influ ence to the coal are sufficient, a
spontaneous combustion will occur" but rather by a rule like "The
more likely the quantity of oxygen and its duration of influence to the
coal are to be adequate, the more likely a spontaneous combustion
will oc cur". For reasoning with this type of uncertain contexts, a
 special representation formalism for uncertain knowledge has to be
applied.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

319. We are assuming that the representation of an information item is

some sort of symbol, possibly complex. The symbol, due to
insufficient representatIonal facilities can be assigned several
possible interpretations deyending upon the structural and semantic
context in which It is used. In addition, the interpretation assigned to
a symbol may be influenced by other information such as exphcit and
Implicit circumstantial information.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

means that the tenn Individual Offences identifies the set, the
320.
elements of which are expressed by Sacrilegium, Calumnia,
Conspiratio, etc. The pair is basically used to express the fact that
the collective terms are hierarchically further up a hypothetical tree
representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

321. Traditionally, a simulation is considered a dynamical representation

of a sys- tem. This means that, if one wishes to produce a simulation,
one must extract a model, by selecting some variables from the
investigated system; and then con- struct an update function, which
lets the variables in the simulator change as if they were the
variables observed in the system [20]. In a nutshell, a simulation is
considered the observation of a model that evolves over time.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

322. 3.4 Multimedia information systems According to the different kinds of

environmental data, an EIS should be able to store knowledge in
differ!’ nt forms of representation. Allthough there is increMing
r~~tllrch IIctiv it)’ conc~rning multimedia information systems, th~re is
littl~ work on the retrieval problem in th~se syst~m.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 Currently this intermediate representation is translated into an RB
323.
represented in Clausal Form. However the target representation
could just as easily be the Horn Clause Sub set used by Prolog or
straight Production Rules popular in many expert system shells. The
Datamap tool described here thus has potential for implementation
on any Rule based representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

This paper describes motives for our experiments, status quo of

324.
biological database researches, features of QUIXOTE, the concept of
a protein function database, examples of its representation in
QUIXOTE, and evaluation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

AN OBJECT MODELING METHOD FOR OFFICE INFORMATION

325.
SYSTEMS DESIGN LT. Hawryszkiewycz University of Technology,
Sydney Key Center for Advanced Computing Sciences PO Box 123
Broadway NSW 2007, Australia ABSlRACT The paper describes a
modeling method for information systems with a significant group
support component. The proposed modeling method satisfies
representation, state transition and decomposition criteria.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

326. - Environmental data has different forms of representations, since

facts as well as texts or elements of a knowledge representation
formalism should be managed by an EIS. Even for the storage of
facts, a large number of data types is required (For example, a series
of measurement results should be represented as a pointwise
specified funclion in order to allow the interpolation of values).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

327. 2.1 Bottom up and manual One of the aims of this phase is to make
technical prereq uisits for parallel access to the involved multiple
knowledge sources available. The second aim is the preparation of a
high semantical level of representation in order to store explicit
database contents and to express implicit data relationships.
 Particularly, this concerns relationships between overlapping
databases, which are autonomous and not coupled so far.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

328. Text generation is not only a very interesting area of re search in its
own right, but also from a practical point of view, because explaining
every ES predicate in great detail decreases the acceptance of the
user as well. At the QLF level the text generation will be supported by
a unified ap proach to represent arguments including nps,
subordinate clauses and infinitive clauses. The inclusion of the
discourse representation module which was developed in the
WISBER Project, will allow the generation of pronouns when appro
priate.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

329. Cost Structure The Cost Structure is the representation in money of

all the means employed in the business model.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

The answers to these questions may change during the ontology

330.
development, but at any given time they help to limit the scope of the
model. In this stage also the ontologist formulates some competency
questions ( CQ) that the ontology should be able to answer and that
can be tested later [41]. The aim of the CQ is to check if the ontology
includes sufficient information to answer these questions and if the
answers require a particular level of detail or representation of a
particular area.

A novel approach for learning ontology from Relational db.pdf

331. Let us consider instead the representation given in figure 2: here the
object atlanta is expanded, and, in it, the values of the proper ty
facility are listed in a scrollable window.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

 One important topic in the project phases already com pleted has
332.
been the development of a central representation scheme. This
scheme serves as a basis for the implementa tion of the " Semantic
Background Model" of the current ap plication domain. An extended
Entity/ Relationship model ( ExER) was chosen which covers the
classical E/R model of

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In general the purpose of creating a model is to help understand,

333.
describe, or predict how things work in the real world by exploring a
simplified representation of a particular entity or phenomenon. Thus,
in the case of a business model the model (i. e. representation) shall
help understand, describe and predict the "activity of buying and
selling goods and services" and "earning money" of a particular
company.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Therefore the process of modeling social systems and in this case

334.
business models help identifying and understanding the relevant
elements in a specific domain and the relationships between them (
Morecroft 1994; Ushold and King 1995). In addition, the visual
representation of a business model can dramatically enhance
understanding.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Such a formal representation and the multitude of existing tools to

335.
manipulate XML documents have a number of advantages. It
becomes easy to verify the validity of a business model to the
business model ontology. Different business models can be
compared or can be evaluated to one another.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

5 Conclusions and Future Work Our goal was to conceive a method

336.
that would complement and improve the accuracy of detection of
inconspicuous contents obtained by data-intensive methods. Our
proposed method relies on a highly simplified pattern representation
 extracted in a manual engineering step that uses a very small set of
training instances. Additionally, we attempted to process and classify
ten input texts under one second to support collaboration with real-
time data-intensive applications.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

At the opposite extreme, we have the loosely structured process

337.
where any possible action can succeed any other action. Schwarz
and Roth-Berghofer [7] represent multiple levels of abstraction
explicitly by considering the workspace, user action, task concept,
and process levels separately. While different levels of abstraction
are appropriate in different scenarios, my goal is to develop systems
that infer which knowledge sources will be helpful to users; this is a
less demanding standard than automating access to knowledge
sources, but still requires significant detail in the process
representation.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

338. 6 Implementation The first practical phase of the described

information system was the integration of existing data. It was less a
problem of syntactical conversions, but of "semantic compatibility".
Basic problems are null values, various values of one attribute in
different fIles, different representation formalisms.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

This metaphor allows and explicit representation of context

339.
identification and management opera- tions. Thereafter, the actor
management entity is defined in our model as the actor’s “operating
system”.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

340. On the implementation side, the database tables and rows are
mapped onto classes and instances of the KEE system's frame
concept by the KEElink communication software. As the Pr /T net can
also be represented in these frames, there is only one formalism for
 the representation of the concepts. The generic E/R model of the
Pr/T net and its mapping onto the KEE frame system is given in [8J.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

341. 424 5 CONCLUSIONS ADAMS allows a statistical database to be

defined and the rela tive statistical tables to be manipulated by
defining mathematical relations between meta-data. The system uses
context-driven editors. The representation of the operations and
meta-data is of the icon-graphical type to provide the less
experienced users with editors using visual languages.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

342. IT additional procedures for examination have to be performed,

attributes of the class ’exami nation’ are concerned. IT procedures for
treatment are concerned objects of ’treatment’ will be activated. ’
Figure 3 exemplifies a part of the representation of ’ Hepatitis B’.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

343. An additional feature which we require are user-tkfiMd types in order

to support extensibility of the database system. Their mtemal
representation may be based on the type complex. For an efficient
handling the user may define special operations to gain more type
specific accuracy, e.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

As illustrated in Figure 1 systems like CADUCEUS and KSDS can be

344.
considered to provide the most comprehensive features for case-
independent knowledge representation.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The main contribution of this work refers to the development of a

345.
classification approach that does not require a training corpus and
uses a simplified representation of semantic meaning while
 potentially bringing data-intensive methods such as [1] from 90%
accuracy to 96% accuracy.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

346. 4 Relational List of Edges These disadvantages lead to the extreme

inefficiency when any of the described methods of the graph
representation is used for storing graphs in relational databases [9,
10], and therefore it is necessary to develop a new method that
satisfies the following requirements: - compliance with the 3rd normal
form; - minimizing the amount of memory used, the absence of
empty cells; - the ability to present a wide range of graphs: oriented.
/non-oriented, weighted/unweighted; - simplicity of software
implementation of processing algorithms.

Graph to RDBMS.pdf

347. This work stems from a simple observation, that is that the partition
of the view attributes in two orderly subsets, one depending from the
other, allows one: to make use of a spreadsheet-like representation
for the view, in which the independent attributes play the role of
indexes, and the dependent attributes values play the role of cell
contents; to define a set of view operations that make them a flexible
and useful tool to represent and manipulate relational structures. in a
user friendly manner.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The "components" column points out authors that go beyond a

348.
simple definition and classification of business models by presenting
a conceptual approach to business models, proposing a set of
business model components. Simply put, they specify of what a
business model is composed of. The "representation tool" column
specifies authors that offer a set of tools or graphical representations
to design business models.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

349. 3.2 Extension of Structural CBR Approach through Generalized

Cases The structural CBR ( SCBR) approach has been proven useful
when modeling and searching for products within e-commerce
 scenarios. Its extension by the new concept of generalized cases
allows the representation of complex and configurable products, for
instance, parameterized insurance products. SCBR with generalized
cases has been successfully applied and tested for management of
reusable electronic design components [2, 4, 10].

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

350. The software that we developed addresses the efficiency issue with
an architecture containing a master module, which create
subprocesses that will read the data and send it to the master
through interprocesses communication channels. Each subprocess
(three of them presently exist) is designed to optimize the access
time to the particular data it must handle. The flexibility problem was
resolved by defining a conceptual view of the data, where each
record is described in a similar way, independent of its actual
representation in the database.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

351. 2.1 Workflow Management WFM involves the modeling, the execution
and the monitoring of workflows [9]. During workflow modeling an
abstract representation of a business process is created, specifying
which tasks are executed and in what order. A workflow model thus
includes functions (i.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

The next way to represent graphs is an adjacency list, according to

352.
which the graph is represented as array L, each element of which
denotes vertex i and contains another array Li with the numbers of
vertices j connected to the i-th vertex. There are several approaches
to the software implementation of adjacency lists: using collections,
step arrays, or other dynamic data structures depending on the
programming language, as well as representation as a table with 2
columns, where the first column indicates the vertex number and the
second column specifies all adjacent to it ( Fig. 3).

Graph to RDBMS.pdf
 Software Development Environments ( SDE) has been playing an
353.
important role to support software engineers in the execution of
software processes through the application of specific procedures
that combine integrated tools and techniques in accordance to
particular software paradigms. Process-Centred Environments are
the most recent generation of SDE, whose goal is to guide and assist
developers in the application of software development methods, by
exploiting an explicit representation of the process [11]. Moreover,
SDE are evolving to integrate knowledge management activities
within software processes aiming to foster the institutionalization of a
learning software organization [9].

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

354. An MOT as its name shows, is used for input into and output from the
database. It is the only type for which there is perfect equivalence
between the object and its representation through a medium. Only an
object of this type (an MO) can thus be entered or delivered directly
through a medium.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

As we can see from the figure, a graphical window is as sociated with

355.
an object and contains the representation of the object's properties.
Since a property is defined by a pair <property_name,
property_values>, each property representation consists of a string
corresponding to the name of the property followed by the graphical
represr. ntation of its valucs.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Having collected enough information to make a computer

356.
implementation, a running version very often becomes an important
communication channel between the knowledge engineer and the
domain expert because it yields a visible and easily understandable
interpretation of the problem. As the knowledge in the program
accumulates and the problem becomes clearer we often find better
ways to represent and process the knowledge. To express some
chunk of knowledge as a rule in a rule set one must be sure that this
knowledge is suited for that kind of representation.
 Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

In principle, the algorithm describes the problem-solving strategy but

357.
the task concept is not explicitly represented. A cognitive problem
solving model allows the explicit representation as a task concept of
the sequential diagnosis strategy rendering iterative steps possible
[14]. In contrast to NEOMYCIN task types, e. g., creation of a
hypothesis, can be defined.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

Contrary to most existing xml languages in business that represent

358.
structures for the exchange of transaction- oriented messages or
documents, BM2L focuses on the representation of a company's
business model. Rather than concentrating on e-business processes,
like for example the Electronic Business using eXtensible Markup
Language, short ebXML ( ebXML 2003), BM2L is situated at a higher
level of abstraction, the one of the business model/business logic of
a firm. BM2L aims at making it possible to encode the business
model of any given company.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Before we can study agile processes, we must develop the means to

359.
track user activity and analyze it for process-based use. By
developing common process representation protocols for dynamic
process and sharing tools for collecting such representations, we can
create a shared base for research that will support not only the study
of agile processes in situ, but also enable the development of next-
generation process-oriented knowledge management systems. The
TaskTracer suite offers a set of tools that, when coupled with other
data sources, can gather the data needed for agile process inference
— a first step in understanding process-oriented knowledge
management “in the wild” of users’ environments.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

360. This information need is mapped onto a query representation, that is,
the system's understanding of the query. The mapping call be
perform~d automatically (e. g. if the system allows the us~r to enter a
 naturlll Illnguage statement), but mostly this has to be done by the
user hiIrulelf by formulating his query in a c~rtain qu~ry language.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

361. The superordinate goal of the project was to build up a holistic

knowledge man- agement solution for the field of biotechnology,
which – like the example of the pilot user ACGT as a member of the
growth area protein research Halle – allows the trans- fer of
knowledge from the individual knowledge carrier into the company
and thus leads to the building up of organizational competence1.
With the successful reference example of the internal use at ACGT,
the goal is to construct a platform for the whole growth area, so that
the company-spanning knowledge exchange can be supported.

Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.pdf

362. It became necessary to provide MAX with a hypertext cumponent in

addition to the existing means of representation and processing (for
more details see Delfs 90). There are more reports on expert system
applications where the integration of hypertext was necessary in
order to obtain a sufficient functionality (cf. e. g. Alderman 1989,
Fischer 1989, Scott 1989, Timpka 1987).

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

363. In EPS II, the expert's heuristic knowledge is complemented by an

explicit representation of the rules laid down by the Internal Revenue
Code. Both these kinds of knowledge are expressed in the form of
propositions in LLD, the Language for Legal Discourse [ McCarty 89].
When the system is used, prototype solutions furnished by the
human expert can be modified or "deformed" to satisfy the needs of
the client and the constraints of the law.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

This includes the firm of interest, its suppliers and allies, the major
364.
flows of product, information and money and finally the revenues and
other benefits each participant receives. By using such a
representation the authors intend to uncover major contradictions of
a business model, highlight the core competencies to implement the
 model, show the position of each player in the industry value chain,
deduce the organizational form and IT infrastructure for
implementation and reveal which entity owns the customer
relationship, data, and transaction.

The_Business_Model_Ontology_a_propositio.pdf

Specification Validation and Simulation In order to allow the user to

365.
conceptualy validate a speci fication, the software provides a
graphical representation of the behavioral components of the system.
Such representation is of the object data flow type [2]. The software
will actually execute the specification allowing to perform all the
methods over the classes.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

1 Hypertext and Knowledge Representation We discuss, at a general

366.
level, the relationship between hypertext and knowledge
representation; we then express tillS in more specific terms with
reference to the requirements of diagnostic expert systems and
derive the ohjectives of our current TOROS-Hyper development
project.

Database and Expert Systems Applications.pdf

The reviewed method of the graph representation can be used when

367.
developing information systems with a distributed architecture, in
which one of the relational systems for the database management is
responsible for the data storage.

Graph to RDBMS.pdf

368. This representation accepts any combination of "fact" but makes it

difficult to verify data integrity and to process a large volume of data
[13]. In addition, an object property is often converted to a join table,
and a data property is always converted to an attribute. These
conversions rarely take into account the value of the cardinality.

Generating_Relational_Database.pdf
.