SCIEN

CE (Chemistry)
Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements
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Periodic Classification of Elements

Early Attempts of Classification of Elements
 Matter around us is present in the form of elements, compounds and mixtures.
 Elements are substances containing atoms of only one type. E.g., Na, Mg, Au, etc.
 There are 118 elements known to us. All these have different properties.
 To make the study of these elements easy, these elements have been divided into few
groups in such a way that elements in the same group have similar properties.
Dobereiner’s Triads
Law of Triads: When elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses,
the atomic mass of the middle element was approximately the mean of the atomic masses
of the other two elements.
Dobereiner arranged a group of three elements with similar properties in the order of
increasing atomic masses and called it a triad. He showed that the atomic mass of the
middle element is approximately the arithmetic mean of the other two. But, Dobereiner
could identify only the following three triads from the elements known at that time.
For example:
Consider the triad of lithium, sodium and potassium. The atomic mass of sodium is the
mean of the atomic masses of lithium and potassium.
Element Atomic Average
Mass
Lithium 6.9
6.9+39
Sodium 23 Atomic mass of Na¿ 2
=23

Potassium 39

Newlands’ Law of Octaves

 Law of Octaves: When elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic
masses, the properties of every eighth element is similar to the first.
sa (do) re (re) ga (mi) ma (fa) pa (so) da (la) ni (ti)
H Li Be B C N O
F Na Mg Al Si P F
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
Co and Ni Cu Zn Y In As Se
Br Rb Sr Ce and La Zr ______ _____

Limitations
 Newland could arrange elements only up to calcium, out of the total 56 elements
known.
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 After calcium, every eighth element did not possess properties similar to that of the first.
 Only 56 elements were known at the time of Newland, but later several new elements
were discovered.
 In order to fit the existing element arrangement, Newland placed two elements in the
same position which differed in their properties.
For example: Iron, an element which resembles cobalt and nickel in its properties is
placed far away from these elements.
 The periodic table did not include inert gases because they were not discovered then.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law: The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic
function of their atomic masses.
Achievements of Mendeleev's Periodic Table:
 Systematic Study of Elements – The table provided the arrangements of elements
showing similar properties into groups. This was very useful in studying and
remembering the properties of a large number of elements in a systematic way.
 Prediction of New Elements – Mendeleev had predicted new elements and had left
three blanks for these undiscovered elements. He was able to predict their properties
more or less accurately. He named them eka-boron, eka-aluminium and eka-silicon.

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 Correction of Atomic Masses - Based on the elements’ positions in the periodic table,
Mendeleev was able to correct their atomic masses. The atomic mass of beryllium was
corrected from 13.5 to 9.0.
Features of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
 There are seven horizontal rows in the periodic table, numbered from 1 to 7. These
seven rows are called periods.
 There are eight vertical columns numbered from I to VIII. These eight columns are called
groups. Groups I to VII are further divided into sub groups A and B.
 The properties of elements in a particular period show regular gradation from left to
right.
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
 Mendeleev kept some blank spaces in the periodic table for the elements which were
yet to be discovered.
Predicted element Actual element discovered later
Eka-boron Scandium
Eka-aluminium Gallium
Eka-silicon Germanium

 He also predicted properties of some elements even before their discovery which were
later found to be correct.
Property Eka-aluminium Gallium
Atomic mass 68 69.7
Formula of oxide E2O3 Ga2O3
Formula of chloride ECl3 GaCl3

 Mendeleev’s periodic table could accommodate noble gases when they were
discovered.
Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
 Hydrogen resembles alkali metals as well as halogens. So, a correct position could not be
assigned to hydrogen in the periodic table.
 The position of isotopes could not be explained. Isotopes are atoms of the same element
having similar chemical properties but different atomic masses. If the elements are
arranged according to atomic masses, the isotopes should be placed in different groups
of the periodic table.
 At certain places, an element of higher atomic mass was placed before an element of
lower atomic mass.

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 For example: Cobalt (Co = 58.93) was placed before nickel (Ni = 58.71).
 Some elements placed in the same sub group had different properties.
For example: Manganese is placed with the halogens which are totally different in their
properties.
Modern Periodic Table

 In the year 1913, an English physicist named Henry Mosely found that the atomic number
of an element, which was denoted by the symbol ‘Z’ was a more basic property to group
them instead of their atomic masses. Thus Mendeleev's periodic table was modified for the
same. The elements were now grouped based on the increasing atomic number.
 This came to be known as the Modern Periodic Law and it states, ‘properties of the
elements are a periodic function of their atomic number’. Hence the new classification of
the elements based on this came into existence and was termed as ‘Modern Periodic Table.
 With this system of grouping, it was easy to predict the properties of the elements when
they were arranged in the order of increasing atomic numbers. It is to be noted that the
periodicity of the elements is based on the electronic configuration or the number of
protons in the nucleus.
Position of Elements in the Periodic Table
Periods
 The horizontal rows in the Modern Periodic Table are called periods.
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 There are 7 periods in this table. The periods have the same elements that have the
same valence shell or the energy shell. Example - Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl are placed in the
same shell as they have the electronic shells as K, L and M.
 In a period, the number of electrons present in the energy shells increases by 1 on
moving from left to right within a period. Example - Na - 1, Mg - 2, Al - 3, and so on.
 The number of elements present in a period can be determined by the formula 2n 2,
where n is the number of the shell from the nucleus.
 The first period consists of two elements only namely, hydrogen and helium as they have
only 1 valence shell. Example - hydrogen (Z = 1 or shell as K = 1), helium (Z = 2 or shell as
K = 2)
 The second period has 8 elements with 2 shells and it starts with lithium (Z = 3 or shells
as K = 2, L = 1) and ends with neon (Z = 10 or shells as K = 2, L = 8).
 The third period has 8 elements with 3 shells and it starts with sodium (Z = 11 or shells as
K = 2, L = 8, M = 1) and ends with argon (Z = 18 or shells as K = 2, L = 8, M = 8).
 Similarly, the fourth period has 18 elements with 4 shells and starts with potassium (Z =
19) and ends with krypton (Z = 36).
 The fifth period having 18 elements with 5 shells starts with rubidium (Z = 37) and ends
with xenon (Z = 54).
 The sixth period with 32 elements has 6 shells and it starts with caesium (Z = 55) ending
with radon (Z = 86).
 The seventh and last period is incomplete with 19 elements starts francium (Z = 87) and
going on till oganesson (Z = 118).
Groups
 The vertical columns are called groups and consist of eighteen groups numbered from 1
to 18.
o Group 1 elements are known as alkali metals.
o Group 2 elements are known as alkaline earth metals.
o Group 15 elements are known as pnicogens.
o Group 16 elements are known as chalcogens.
o Group 17 elements are known as halogens.
o Group 18 elements are known as noble gases.
 Elements having the same number of valence electrons are present in the same group.
 Elements present in the same group show the same chemical properties.
Blocks
The periodic table is also divided into 4 blocks that are based on the subshell of the valence
electrons. They are:

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 s-Block elements: All the elements of group 1 and 2 are included in this block and their
general electronic configuration is ns1−2 Example - Hydrogen (H), Sodium (Na), etc from
group 1 and Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), etc from group 2.
 p-Block elements: This includes the elements from group 13 to 18. They have an
electronic configuration as ns2np1−6.
 d-block elements: This includes group 3 to 12 elements. They have a general electronic
configuration as (n−1)d1−10ns1−2.
 f-block elements: This block has sets of elements, lanthanides and the actinides. They
have the electronic configuration of (n−2)f1−14(n−1)d0−1ns2. The lanthanides starts from
Lanthanum (La) - Lutetium (Lu) and the actinides starts from Actinium (Ac) - Lawrencium
(Lr).
Trends in the Modern Periodic Table
Valency
 The valency of an element is determined by the number of valence electrons present in
its outermost shell.
 In a group, all the elements have the same number of valence electrons.
 On moving from left to right in each short period, the valency increases from 1 to 4 and
then decreases to zero.
Atomic Size
 Atomic size refers to the radius of the atom.
 It is the distance between the centre of the nucleus and the outermost shell of an
isolated atom.
 In a period, the atomic radius decreases from left to right. This is because electrons are
added to the same shell and so they experience a greater pull from the nucleus.
 Moving in a group from top to bottom, the atomic radius increases as new shells are
added, resulting in the outermost electrons being farther away from the nucleus.
Metallic & Non-metallic Properties
 Metals show a tendency to lose electrons and are said to be electropositive.
 Non-metals show a tendency to accept or share electrons and are said to be
electronegative.
 Moving from left to right in a period, the metallic character decreases and the non-
metallic character increases. The atomic size decreases and so electrons are not released
easily.
 In a group, the metallic character increases from top to bottom and the non-metallic
character decreases. This is because, as the atomic size increases the valence electrons
can be easily removed.
 Elements on the left of the periodic table are all metals and on the right of the periodic
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table are all non-metals.

 A zigzag line in the periodic table separates the metals from non-metals. The borderline
elements show intermediate properties and are called metalloids.

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Important Questions
 Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Newlands relation is called.
(a) Musical Law
(b) Law of Octaves
(c) Periodic Law
(d) Atomic Mass Law
2. Upto which element, the Law of Octaves was found applicable?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Calcium
(c) Cobalt
(d) Potassium
3. In Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, gaps were left for the elements to be discovered
later. Which of the following elements found a place in the Periodic Table later?
(a) Chlorine
(b) Silicon
(c) Oxygen
(d) Germanium
4. At the time of Mendeleev, the number of elements known was
(a) 63
(b) 65
(c) 62
(d) 64
5. The properties of eka-aluminium predicted by Mendeleev are the same as the
properties of later discovered element:
(a) Scandium
(b) Germanium
(c) Gallium
(d) Aluminium
6. An atom of an element has the electronic configuration 2,8,2. To which group does
it belong?
(a) 4th group
(b) 6th group
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(c) 3rd group

(d) 2nd group
7. The arrangement of elements in the Modem Periodic Table is based on their
(a) increasing atomic mass in the period
(b) increasing atomic number in the horizontal rows
(c) increasing atomic number in the vertical columns
(d) increasing atomic mass in the group
8. Where would you locate the element with electronic configuration 2, 8 in the
Modern Periodic Table?
(a) Group 8
(b) Group 2
(c) Group 18
(d) Group 10
9. Element ‘X’ forms a chloride with the formula XCl2, which is a solid with high
melting point. X would most likely be in the same group of the periodic table as:
(a) Si
(b) Mg
(c) Al
(d) Na
10. Which of these belong to the same period?

(a) A, B
(b) B, C
(c) C, A
(d) A, B and C
 Very Short Question:
1. Indicate the elements which belong to the same group from their atomic numbers
as 9, 17, 24, 30, 35, 45.
2. Arrange the following in decreasing atomic size:
(i) Na, Mg, K
(ii) N, F, O
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(iii) N, S, P
3. Give the name and electronic configuration of second alkali metal.
4. What is the similarity in the electronic configuration of Mg, Ca and Sr?
5. Name the members of alkaline earth family. Which out of them is radioactive in
nature?
Answer: The members of alkaline earth family (group 2) are: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
The last element radium (Ra) is radioactive in nature.
6. The two isotopes of chlorine have atomic mass 35 u and 37 u. Should they be
placed in separate slots in the periodic table?
7. An element “X” has mass number 35 and number of neutrons is 18.
Identify group number and period of the element “X”.
8. Flow does metallic character of the elements vary
(i) in a group
(ii) in a period?
9. Name three elements which behave as metalloids.
10. Which property do all the elements possess which are present in the same
period as the element boron?
 Short Questions:
1. Identify the non-metals from the elements given below.
(a) 2, 8, 1
(b) 2, 8, 7
(c) 2, 8, 3
(d) 2, 8, 5.
2. Identify the elements X and Y from the following information.
(a) X has 17 protons and 18 neutrons
(b) Y has 17 protons and 20 neutrons.
3. Identify the elements from the following characteristics and arrange them in
increasing order of metallic character.
(a) An element which imparts golden yellow colour to the flame.
(b) An element whose oxide is used as a white wash.
(c) An element which is constituent of chlorophyll i.e. green coloring matter in
plants.
4. (a) Atomic numbers of Mg and Al are 12 and 13 respectively. “Write their
electronic configuration.

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(b) Mention the period of the Modern Periodic Table to which the above two
elements belong. Give reason for your answer.
5. From the part of a periodic table, answer the following questions

(a) Atomic number of oxygen is 8. What would be the atomic number of, Fluorine?
(b) Out of ‘X’ and ‘Q’ which element has larger atomic size? Give reason for your
answer.
(c) Out of ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ which element has smaller atomic size? Give reason for your
answer.
6. Calcium is an element with atomic number 20.
(i) Is it a metal or non-metal?
(ii) Will its size be more or smaller than that of potassium?
(iii) Write the formula of its chloride.
7. An element ‘X’ has mass number 35 and number of neutrons 18. Write atomic
number and electronic configuration of ‘X’. Also write group number, period number
and valency of ‘X’.
8. Given below are some of the elements of first group Li, Na, K
(Their atomic numbers are 3, 11, 19 respectively and they belong to 2nd, 3rd and 4th
period respectively). Arrange these in the decreasing order of metallic character
exhibited by them.
 Long Questions:
1. Three elements A, B and C have atomic numbers 7, 8 and 9 respectively.
(a) What would be their positions in the modern periodic table? (Mention group and
period both)
(b) Arrange A, B and C in decreasing order of their size.

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(c) Which one of the three elements is most reactive and why?
2. The elements with atomic number 3 to 10 belong to the second period. Taking
into account the trends in the general periodic properties, predict.
(a) The most electronegative element
(b) The most electropositive element
(c) The element belonging to noble gas family
(d) The element which constitutes large number of organic compounds.
3. “Elements in Periodic Table show periodicity of properties”. List any four
properties.
 Assertion Reason Questions:
1. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
and (d) as given below:
a. Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
c. A is true, but R is false.
d. A is false, but R is true.
Assertion: Atomic size of as is more than that of P.
Reason: Atomic size decreases along a period.
2. For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
and (d) as given below:
a. Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
c. A is true, but R is false.
d. A is false, but R is true.
Assertion: Chlorine is the most electronegative element of the halogen family.
Reason: Size of chlorine is more than that of fluorine.
1. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).
"Properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers." This is
known as modern periodic law. It means that the properties of elements depend on
their atomic numbers, and the elements are given positions in the periodic table on
the basis of their increasing atomic number. Atomic number determines the
distribution of electrons in the orbit, and electrons of the outermost orbit determine
the properties of an element. There are 18 groups (vertical columns) and 7 periods

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(horizontal lines) in modem form of the periodic table. The number of the period is
equal to the number of shells in the atoms of the elements belonging to that period.
i. What is the atomic number of elements of period 3 and group 17?
a. 10
b. 14
c. 17
d. 12
ii. Atomic number of an element is 2, 8, 6. Its period number and valency are
respectively.
a. 3, 2
b. 6, 6
c. 6, 2
d. 2, 2
iii. An element has mass number 40 and contains 20 neutrons in its atom. To which
period and group of the periodic table does it belong?
a. Period-3, Group-3
b. Period-4, Group-3
c. Period-4, Group-2
d. Period-4, Group-4
iv. An elements 'X' has an atomic number of 16. With which of the following elements
will it show similar.
a. Ne (10)
b. N (7)
c. O (8)
d. Be (8)
v. Identify the statement(s) which is(are) true for the modern periodic table.
a. It reflects trends in physical and chemical properties of the elements.
b. It helps to reflect the relative atomicity of bonds between any two elements.
c. It helps to predict the stable valency state of the elements.
d. All of these.
2. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).
The recurrence of properties of the elements after a certain regular interval, when
they are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic numbers, is called
periodicity. There are a number of physical properties such as atomic size, metallic

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and non-metallic character, etc. which show periodic variation. ln periodic table,
various properties vary differently from moving left to right in a period and going
down in a group. ln a period, properties vary because from moving left to right in a
period, number of shells remain same, but valence electron increases by one
number hence nuclear charge increases. ln a group, ongoing down, number of
valence shells increases while number of valence electrons remains same.
i. From top to bottom in a group of the periodic table, the electropositive character of
the element.
a. Increases.
b. Decreases.
c. Remains unchanged.
d. Changes irregularly.
ii. Which element has the largest size in the second period?
a. N
b. F
c. Li
d. Be
iii. Which of the following elements has three valence electrons?
a. Cs
b. Ca
c. Al
d. S
iv. ln the periodic table, the metallic character of elements.
a. Decreases from left to right and decreases down the group.
b. Decreases from left to right and increases down the group.
c. Increases from left to right and increases down the group.
d. Increases from left to right and decreases down the group.
v. Which of the following increases along the period?
a. Number of valence electrons.
b. Atomic size.
c. Electropositive character.
d. All of these.
Answer Key-
 Multiple Choice Answers:
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1. (b) Law of Octaves

2. (b) Calcium
3. (d) Germanium
4. (a) 63
5. (c) Gallium
6. (d) 2nd group
7. (b) increasing atomic number in the horizontal rows
8. (c) Group 18
9. (b) Mg
10.(b) B, C
 Very Short Answers:
1. Answer: Elements with atomic numbers 9, 17 and 35 belong to the same group i.e.,
halogen family.
2. Answer:
(i) K, Na, Mg
(ii) N, O, F
(iii) P, S, N.
3. Answer: The second alkali metal is sodium (Na). Its electronic configuration is 2, 8,
1.
4. Answer: All the elements belong to group 2 and have two electrons in their
valence shell.
5. Answer: The members of alkaline earth family (group 2) are: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
The last element radium (Ra) is radioactive in nature.
6. Answer: No, they should be placed in the same slot (or position) because the
periodic table is based on the atomic numbers of the elements. Both the isotopes
of the element chlorine have the same atomic number (Z = 17).
7. Answer:
Atomic number of X = Mass No. – No. of neutrons = 35 – 17 = 18.
Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 7;
Group No. = 17, Period No. = 3.
8. Answer:
(i) The metallic character of the elements increases downwards in a group.
(ii) The metallic character of the elements decreases from left to the right along a
period.

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9. Answer: The elements are: arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) and germanium (Ge).
[Link]: In all the elements, the last electron is present in the same shell i.e., L-
shell or second shell.
 Short Answer:
1. Answer: The element chlorine (Cl) corresponding to configuration (b) and the element
phosphorus (P) corresponding to configuration (d) are both non-metals.
2. Answer: Both the elements X and Y are the isotopes of the same element chlorine
because they have the same number oi protons (17).
Remember: Two different elements cannot have the same number of protons.
Therefore, X and Y are the isotopes of the same element.
3. Answer:
(a) Sodium
(b) Calcium
(c) Magnesium.
Sodium (Na) belongs to group 1. Both calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are present in
group 2. The element Ca is placed below Mg in the group. Since the metallic character of
the elements decreases along a period and increases down the group, in the light of
these observations, the increasing order of metallic character is: Mg < Na < Ca.
4. Answer:
(a) The electronic configuration of the elements are
Mg(Z = 12) 2, 8, 2 ;
Al (Z = 13) 2, 8, 3.
(b) Both these elements belong to third period since their atoms have three shells.
5. Answer:
(a) Atomic number of Fluorine is (8 + 1) = 9.
(b) Since the atomic size of the elements decreases along a period the element ‘Q’ has a
smaller size than element ‘X’.
(c) Since the atomic size of the elements increases down the group, the element ‘Y’ has
a smaller size than element ‘Z’.
6. Answer:
The electronic configuration of calcium (Z = 20) is 2, 8, 8, 2.
(i) Since it has only two valence electrons, it is present in group 2. It is a metal.
(ii) Both potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) are present in fourth period. Since atomic size
decreases along a period, calcium is smaller in size.
(iii) The valency of calcium is 2. The formula of its chloride is CaCl2.

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7. Answer:
Atomic number of the element ‘X’ = 35 – 18 = 17
Electronic configuration of the element ‘X’ = 2, 8, 7
Group number = 17;
Period number = 3.
Valency of the element ‘X’ = 8 – 7 = 1.
8. Answer: All the three elements belong to the group (1) of alkali metals. Since the
metallic character of the elements increases down a group, the decreasing order of
metallic character is K > Na > Li.
 Long Answer:
1. Answer:
The electronic configuration of these elements are :
(a) A ( Z = 7) 2, 5;
B (Z = 8) 2, 6;
C (Z = 9) 2, 7
Position of element A = 15th group and 2nd period
Position of element B = 16th group and 2nd period ‘
Position of element C = 17th group and 2nd period.
(b) In general, atomic size decreases along a period. Therefore, decreasing order of
size is A > B > C
(c) The element C (Z = 9) is fluorine. It is the most reactive element since it needs
only one electron to acquire a noble gas configuration.
2. Answer:
(a) The most electronegative element has atomic number (Z) = 9. It is fluorine (F).
(b) The most electropositive element has atomic number (Z) = 3. It is lithium (Li)
(c) The element belonging to noble gas family has atomic number (Z) = 10. It is
neon (Ne)
(d) The element which constitutes large number of organic compounds has atomic
number (Z) = 6. It is carbon (C).
3. Answer:
Periodicity i.e., repetition of similar properties is shown by the elements present in
a group and separated by definite gaps of atomic number. For example,
Elements in a group have same number of valence electrons and same valency.
Elements present in a group show similar chemical properties.

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The atomic sizes of the elements in a group increase regularly.

The m.p. and b.p. of the elements in a group increase regularly.
 Assertion Reason Answer:
1. (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
Explanation:
Atomic size increases down a group.
2. (d) A is false, but R is true.
Explanation:
Fluorine is most electronegative element of the halogen family.
 Case Study Questions:
1. i (c) 17
Explanation:
The element is chlorine (Z = 17).
ii. (a) 3, 2
Explanation:
The element (sulphur) belongs to third period and its valency is 2.
iii. (c) Period-4, Group-2
Explanation:
Atomic number of the element= 40- 20 = 20 Electronic configuration of the element
is 2, 8, 8, 2; i.e., the element is calcium which belongs to 4th period and 2nd group of
the periodic table.
iv. (c) O (8)
Explanation:
The element is sulphur. Sulphur and oxygen belong to group 16.
v. (d) All of these.
2. i (a) Increases.
Explanation:
As the size of the atom increases down the group, electropositive character
increases.
ii. (c) Li
Explanation:
Li is the first element of the second period. As the size decreases in the period from
left to right, therefore, Li is the largest atom in the period.

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iii. (c) Al
Explanation:
Al (Z = 13): 2, 8, 3
iv. (b)
Explanation:
Metallic character of elements decreases from left to right and increases down the
group.
v. (a) Number of valence electrons.
Explanation:
As we move from left to right along a period, the number of valence electrons
increases from 1 to 8.

(21)