Fungi: Heterotrophic, eukaryotic organism with a range of internal membrane systems, organelles and a well defined cell

wall composed largely of polysaccharides (glucan, mannan) and chitin.

Size- 1-5μm in Width and 5-30μm in length

Shape- Egg shaped, Elongated, Spherical, without flagella

Yeast Feed on dead organic

Saprophytes matter

Cellularity

Existence
Unicellular, oval
Chemo-organotrophic or round Types
organism
Eukaryotic, spore-bearing Mould Living in or on another
Parasites
protists, lacks chlorophyll organism
Multicellular
Filamentous

Dimorphic Cause disease in plants, humans and other animals

Molds to yeast

More Bassi first reported

infection in fungi to
Study of Fungi- mycology animal
Mascardian
disease of
Father of Mycology- Raymond Sabouraud
silkworm
 Surrounded by a true cell wall except slime mold
called Thallus Consists of
Body of Fungus 5-10 μm branched filaments
(Thallus of Mold)

Mycelium of mold may be a loosely woven network or it Function to disseminate the species
Mycelium may be an organized, compact structure as in mushroom produced in large numbers Spores
Asexual
➢ Complex of several filaments called hyphae
Mycelium
(5-10 μm wide and 1 μm in diameter) 1. Sporangiospores
➢ New hyphae generally arise from a spore which - Single celled spore
- Formed within sacs called SPORANGIA
on germination put out a germ tube or tubes Vegetative Reproductive a. Aplanospores (non-motile)
➢ These germ tubes elongated and branched to b. Zoospores (motile)
form hyphae Responsible for 2. Conidiospores
Penetrate into
Lumen Protoplasm - Formed at the tip or side of the hypha
the medium in spore formation a. Macroconidia (small single celled)
order to obtain extend from b. Microconidia (large multi-celled)
Tip nutrients medium into air 3. Oidia/Arthrospores
- Single celled spores formed by disjointing
Major region of elongation of hyphal cells
Plasmalemma Three types of Hyphae 4. Chlamydospores-
Growth
Consists of 1. Nonseptate (coenocytic) - Thick walled single celled spores
Central invagination (resistant to adverse conditions)
Wall Matrix Protein
2. Septate with 5. Blastospores
Microfibrils Lipids Septum uninucleated cells - Spores formed by budding
Other subs
Composed of
Central pore
3. Septate with
1. Ascospores [Link]
Hemicellulose or Chitin and Polysaccharides multinucleated cells Sexual
3. Zygospores 4. Oospores
True cellulose only in lower fungi Protoplasmic streaming
 SEXUAL SPORES
Ascospores 1. Single celled spores produced in sac (ASCUS) 2. Eight Ascospores in each ascus
To form
Process of formation Nuclear fusion takes place in ascus Diploid zygote nucleus
Immediately Meiosis
Mitosis
Eight Ascospores Four haploid nuclei

Basidiospores 1. Single celled spores born on club shaped structure called BASIDIUM

Process of formation Nuclear Fusion Meiosis in the basidium Basidiospores formed

exogenously at the tip of
Although rarely do all special outgrowths
8 basidial nuclei Usually 4 spores are
develop into (STERIGMATA)
formed formed
basidiospores

Zygospores 1. Single celled spores born on club shaped structure called BASIDIUM

Oospores 1. Single celled spores born on club shaped structure called BASIDIUM
 Reproduction
Asexual/Somatic/Vegetative Sexual
Fission of the compatible nuclei
Fission of somatic cells yielding Process
Fission of two parent cells
two similar daughter cells
Joining of two cells and fusion
Plasmogamy
of their protoplast
In budding of somatic cells or
Budding
spores, each bud a small
outgrowth of parenteral cells Karyogamy Formation of diploid nucleus
developing into new individual
Meiosis Formation of haploid cells
Fragmentation or disjointing of
Fragmentation the hyphal cells, each fragment
Method
becoming a new organism
Fission of necked gametes one
Gametic Copulation
Spores or both of which are motile
Gamete-gametangial Male gametangium migrates into female
Formation
Copulation gametangium through pore or fertilization tube
Called Gametangial Copulation Two gametangia fuse to form Zygote
Sex organelles of fungi Gametangia develop into resting spore (Zygospores)
Somatic Copulation Fission of somatic or vegetative cells
Antheridium Oogonium Union of male repro. Struc. (Spermatium)
Male gametangium Spermatization
Female gametangium With female reproductive structure