Introduction to Finite Element

Methods

Finite Element Analysis (F.E.A.) of 1-D

Problems – Heat Conduction
 Heat Transfer Mechanisms
➢ Conduction – heat transfer by molecular
agitation within a material without any motion
of the material as a whole.
➢ Convection – heat transfer by motion of a
fluid.

➢ Radiation – the exchange of thermal

radiation between two or more bodies. Thermal
radiation is the energy emitted from hot
surfaces as electromagnetic waves.
Heat Conduction in 1-D
Heat flux q: heat transferred per unit area per unit time (W/m2)
dT
q = −k
dx
Governing equation:

  T  T
  A  + AQ =  CA
x  x  t

Q: heat generated per unit volume per unit time

C: mass heat capacity

: thermal conductivity

Steady state equation:

d  dT 
  A  + AQ = 0
dx  dx 
 Thermal Convection

Newton’s Law of Cooling

q = h(Ts − T )

h: convective heat transfer coefficient (W m2  Co )

 Thermal Conduction in 1-D
Boundary conditions:
Dirichlet BC: Temperature is prescribed

Natural BC: Heat flus is prescribed

Mixed BC: Combination of temperature and flux is prescribed

Example: A solid being exposed in air:

𝑇𝐴 = 1000 C
𝑑𝑇
𝜅 ቤ + ℎ 𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐵

A B
Weak Formulation of 1-D Heat Conduction
(Steady State Analysis)
• Governing Equation of 1-D Heat Conduction -----
d  dT ( x ) 
−   ( x ) A( x )  − AQ ( x ) = 0 0<x<L
dx  dx 

• Weighted Integral Formulation -----

 d  
L
dT ( x ) 
0 =  w( x )  −   ( x ) A( x )  − AQ( x )  dx
0  dx  dx  

• Weak Form from Integration-by-Parts -----

L
 dw  
L
dT   dT 
0 =    A  − wAQ  dx − w   A 
0 
dx  dx    dx 0
 Formulation for 1-D Linear Element
T1 AQ(x) T2

x f1 f2
1 2
x1 x2

T T
f1 ( x) = − A , f 2 ( x) = A
x 1 x 2

Let T (x) = T11(x) + T22 (x)

x2 − x x − x1
1 ( x ) = , 2 ( x ) =
l l

𝑥 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑥2
‫ 𝑥׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 𝜅𝐴 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑤 𝑥 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑤 𝑥 𝜅𝐴 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
ቚ =0
1 𝑥1
 Formulation for 1-D Linear Element

Let w(x)= i (x), i = 1, 2

2  x2  di d j   2
x

0 = T j    A   dx  −  (i AQ ) dx − i ( x2 ) f 2 + i ( x1 ) f1 
j =1  x1  dx dx   x1
2
=  KijT j − Qi − i ( x2 ) f 2 + i ( x1 ) f1 
j =1

 f1  Q1   K11 K12  T1 

 +  =    
 f 2  Q2   K12 K 22  T2 

 di d j 
x2 x2
dT dT
where Kij =   A   dx, Qi =  (i AQ ) dx, f1 = −  A , f2 =  A
x1  dx dx  x1
dx x1 dx x2
Element Equations of 1-D Linear Element

T1 AQ(x) T2

x f1 f2
1 2
x1 x2

 f1  Q1  A  1 − 1 T1 
 +  =    
 f 2  Q2  L − 1 1  T2 
x2
dT dT
where Qi =  (i AQ ) dx, f1 = − A , f2 =  A
x1
dx x = x1 dx x = x2
 1-D Heat Conduction – Example 1
A composite wall consists of three materials, as shown in the figure below.
The inside wall temperature is 200oC and the outside air temperature is 50oC
with a convection coefficient of h = 10 𝑊 Τm2.K ). Find the temperature along
the composite wall.
1 = 70W ( m  K ) ,  2 = 40W ( m  K ) ,  3 = 20W ( m  K )
t1 = 2cm, t2 = 2.5cm, t3 = 4cm

1 2 3 Use one linear element per material.

T0 = 200 C
o T = 50o C
Element equations:

t2 t3 (1) 3500 −3500

t1 𝐾 =
x −3500 3500

(2) 1600 −1600

𝐾 =
−1600 1600

(3) 500 −500

𝐾 =
−500 500
 1-D Heat Conduction – Example 1
A composite wall consists of three materials, as shown in the figure below.
The inside wall temperature is 200oC and the outside air temperature is 50oC
with a convection coefficient of h = 10 𝑊 Τm2.K .Find the temperature along
the composite wall.
1 = 70W ( m  K ) ,  2 = 40W ( m  K ) ,  3 = 20W ( m  K )
t1 = 2cm, t2 = 2.5cm, t3 = 4cm

1 2 3
T = 50o C
Assembled system:
T0 = 200 C
o

3500 −3500 0 0 𝑇1 𝑓1
−3500 5100 1600 0 𝑇2 𝑓
t1 t2 t3 = 2
0 −1600 2100 −500 𝑇3 𝑓3
x 0 0 −500 500 𝑇4 𝑓4

Boundary conditions and loading conditions:

𝑇1 = 𝑇0 = 200𝑜 C 𝑓2 = 𝑓3 = 0 𝑓4 = −10𝑇4 + 500

Condensed system:
5100 −1600 0 𝑇2 3500 × 200
−1600 2100 −500 𝑇3 = 0
0 −500 500 𝑇4 −10𝑇4 + 500
 1-D Heat Conduction – Example 1
A composite wall consists of three materials, as shown in the figure below.
The inside wall temperature is 200oC and the outside air temperature is 50oC
with a convection coefficient of h = 10 𝑊 Τm2.K. Find the temperature along
the composite wall.
1 = 70W ( m  K ) ,  2 = 40W ( m  K ) ,  3 = 20W ( m  K )
t1 = 2cm, t2 = 2.5cm, t3 = 4cm

1 2 3
T = 50o C
Solutions:
T0 = 200 C
o

𝑇2 199.58𝑜 C
𝑇3 = 198.67𝑜 C
t1 t2 t3 𝑇4 195.76𝑜 C
x
𝑓1 = 1457.6 W 𝑓4 = −1457.6 W

(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
For each element: 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1 + 𝑇1
𝑡

For material 1: 𝑇 𝑥 = −21𝑥 + 200

For material 2: 𝑇 𝑥 = −36.4 𝑥 − 0.02 + 199.58
For material 3: 𝑇 𝑥 = −72.75 𝑥 − 0.045 + 198.67
 Thermal Conduction and
Convection- Fin
Objective: to enhance heat transfer

Assuming 1-D temperature profile:

Governing equation for 1-D heat transfer in thin fin

𝑑 𝑑𝑇
𝜅𝐴𝑐 + 𝐴𝑐 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

w t
2h(T − T )  dx  w + 2h(T − T )  dx  t 2h(T − T )  ( w + t )
Qloss = =
Ac  dx Ac
x
dx
d  dT 
  Ac  − Ph ( T − T ) + AcQ = 0
dx  dx 

where P = 2(w + t) Ac = w  t
 Fin - Weak Formulation
(Steady State Analysis)
• Governing Equation of 1-D Heat Conduction -----
d  dT ( x ) 
−   ( x ) A( x )  + Ph (T − T ) − AQ = 0 0<x<L
dx  dx 

• Weighted Integral Formulation -----

 d  
L
dT ( x ) 
0 =  w( x)  −   ( x) A( x )  + Ph(T − T ) − AQ( x)  dx
0  dx  dx  

• Weak Form from Integration-by-Parts -----

L
 dw  
L
dT   dT 
0 =    A  + wPh (T − T ) − wAQ  dx − w   A 
0 
dx  dx    dx 0
 Formulation for 1-D Linear Element

Let w(x)= i (x), i = 1, 2

2  x2  d d    x2

0 = Tj    A i j
i j  dx  −  i ( AQ + PhT ) dx
+ Ph
j =1  x1  dx dx   x1
− i ( x2 ) f 2 + i ( x1 ) f1 
2
=  KijT j − Qi − i ( x2 ) f 2 + i ( x1 ) f1 
j =1

 f1  Q1   K11 K12  T1 

 +  =    
 f 2  Q2   K12 K 22  T2 
 di d j 
x2 x2

where Kij =    A i j  dx , Qi =  i ( AQ + PhT ) dx ,

+ Ph
x1  
dx dx x1

dT dT
f1 = −  A , f2 =  A
dx x = x1 dx x = x2
Element Equations of 1-D Linear Element

T1 T2

x f1 f2
1 2
x1 x2

 f1  Q1    A  1 −1 PhL 2 1  T1 

 +  =    +    
 f 2  Q2   L  −1 1  6 1 2  T2 

x2
dT dT
where Qi =  i ( AQ + PhT ) dx, f1 = −  A , f2 =  A
x1
dx x = x1 dx x = x2
 1-D Heat Conduction – Example 2
A metallic fin extends from a plane wall whose temperature is 235oC. Determine
The temperature distribution and amount of heat transferred from the fin to the air
At 20oC .
 = 360W ( m  oC ) , h = 9W ( m 2  oC )
T = 20o C l = 10cm, t = 0.1cm, w = 1m

Use three linear elements for the fin, Δ𝑙 = 3.3cm.

T0 = 235o C t
l 𝑃 = 2 𝑤 + 𝑡 = 200.2cm
x

Element equation:

360×10−3 1 −1 2.002×9×3.3×10−2 2 1 𝑇1 𝑓1 𝑄1
+ = +
3.3×10−2 −1 1 6 1 2 𝑇2 𝑓2 𝑄2
𝑥𝑗
𝑃ℎΔ𝑙𝑇∞
𝑄𝑖 = න 𝜙𝑖 𝑃ℎ𝑇∞ 𝑑𝑥 = = 6.006
𝑥𝑖 2

1 −1 2 1 𝑇1 𝑓1 6.006
10.8 + 0.1001 = +
−1 1 1 2 𝑇2 𝑓2 6.006
 1-D Heat Conduction – Example 2
A metallic fin extends from a plane wall whose temperature is 235oC. Determine
The temperature distribution and amount of heat transferred from the fin to the air
At 20oC .
T = 20o C  = 360W ( m  oC ) , h = 9W ( m 2  oC )
l = 10cm, t = 0.1cm, w = 1m

T0 = 235o C t
l
Assembled system:
x

1 −1 0 0 2 1 0 0 𝑇1 𝑓1 1
𝑇2 𝑓
10.8 −1 2 −1 0 + 0.1001 1 4 1 0 = 2 + 6.006 2
0 −1 2 −1 0 1 4 1 𝑇3 𝑓3 2
0 0 −1 1 0 0 1 2 𝑇4 𝑓4 1

Boundary conditions and loading conditions:

𝑇1 = 235𝑜 C 𝑓2 = 𝑓3 = 0 𝑓4 = 0 (Assume𝑓4 is insulated)

Condensed system:
2 −1 0 4 1 0 𝑇2 0 −1 1 2
10.8 −1 2 −1 + 0.1001 1 4 1 𝑇3 = 0 − 10.8 0 𝑇1 − 0.1001 0 𝑇1 + 6.006 2
0 −1 1 0 1 2 𝑇4 0 0 0 1
 1-D Heat Conduction – Example 2
A metallic fin extends from a plane wall whose temperature is 235oC. Determine
The temperature distribution and amount of heat transferred from the fin to the air
At 20oC .
T = 20o C  = 360W ( m  oC ) , h = 9W ( m 2  oC )
l = 10cm, t = 0.1cm, w = 1m

T0 = 235o C t
l Solutions:
x
𝑇2 209.8𝑜 C
𝑇3 = 195.2𝑜 C
𝑇4 190.5𝑜 C

Total heat loss: 𝑓1 = 334.8583 W

Heat loss without the fin: 𝑓1 = 9 ∙ 235 − 20 ∙ 1 ∙ 0.1 ∙ 10−2 W = 1.9W