RESISTORS
•Resistors are the most
commonly used component in
electronics and their purpose is
to create specified values
of current and voltage in a
circuit.
The symbol for a resistor is shown in the
following diagram (left: American symbol,
right: European symbol.)
• The unit for measuring resistance
is the OHM. (the Greek letter Ω
- called Omega).
•). Higher resistance values are
represented by "k" (kilo-ohms)
and M (meg ohms). For
example, 120 000 Ω is
represented as 120k, while 1
200 000 Ω is represented as
1M2.
Different types of Fixed Resistors
FIXED RESISTORS- have only
one ohmic value, which cannot be
changed or adjusted.
CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR
CARBON RESISTORS are very
popular for most applications
because they are inexpensive and
readily available in standard sizes
and wattages.
½ Watt 1 Watt 2 Watt
METAL FILM RESISTORS are another type of
fixed resistor. These resistors are superior to carbon
resistors because their ohmic value does not change
with age and they have improved tolerance.
Wire-wound resistors are fixed resistors that
are made by winding a piece of resistive wire
around a ceramic core. These are used when a
high power rating is required.
•These are the most durable of the
resistors, with high heat
dissipation and high temperature
stability. Resistances range from
0.1 Ohm to about 150 kOhm,
with power ratings from around 2
W to as high as 500 W, or more.
Chip Resistors
•Chip resistors are surface mount
components(SMC). It is the most
common type of resistor in a
modern circuit.
Tolerances, E-series & Preferred Values.
• We now know that resistors come in a
variety of sizes and resistance values but
to have a resistor available of every
possible resistance value, literally
hundreds of thousands, if not millions of
individual resistors would need to exist.
Instead, resistors are manufactured in
what are commonly known as Preferred
values.
• For example, a 1kΩ ±20% tolerance resistor
may have a maximum and minimum value
of.
• Maximum Resistance Value
• 1kΩ or 1000Ω + 20% = 1,200Ω's
• Minimum Resistance Value
• 1kΩ or 1000Ω - 20% = 800Ω's
• Then a 1kΩ ±20% tolerance resistor may
have a maximum value of 1200Ω's and a
minimum value of 800Ω's resulting in a span
of some 400Ω's!!.
Resistors come in a range of tolerances but
the two most common are the E12 and the
E24 series.
Tolerance and E Series Table.
Tolerances of the Different E Series
Resistors
• E3- 50 % Tolerance
• E6- 20 % Tolerance
• E12- 10 % Tolerance
• E24- 5 % Tolerance
• E48- 2 % Tolerance
• E96- 1 % Tolerance
• E192- 0.5 % Tolerance
Tolerance Codes for Resistors (±)
B = 0.1%
C = 0.25%
D = 0.5%
F = 1%
G = 2%
J = 5%
K = 10%
M = 20%
PHOTORESISTORS AND THERMISTORS
Photoresistors
• These are special types of
resistors that change its
resistance when heat or
light is applied. Increasing
the light level will
decreases the resistance.
This type also called LDR
(Light Dependent
Resistor).
Thermistors
Thermistors are
temperature
sensitive resistors.
Increasing the
temperature will
decreases the
resistance (in most
cases).
VARIABLE RESISTOR
•Variable resistors provide varying
degrees of resistance that can be
set with the turn of a knob.
•Special kinds of variable resistors
•Potentiometer
•Rheostat
•Trimmer
Basic Types of Potentiometer
• 1. Single Turn- used for gain, treble, base
control in amplifier, brightness, contrast in
TV etc…
• 2. Multiple Turn- used for precise setting
of resistance.
• 3. Trimmer- used for one time resistance
adjustment.
Note: In the other variable resistors(as potentiometer),
you will see the value on its body.
•Potentiometers and rheostats
are essentially the same thing, but
rheostats are used specially for
high power AC electricity, whereas
potentiometers typically are used
with lower level DC electricity.
•Trimmers, on the other hand,
are miniature potentiometers
that are adjusted infrequently
and usually come with pins
that can be inserted into
Printed Circuit Board (pcb).
Trimmer Resistors
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
The following table shows the colors used to identify resistor values:
1st digit
2nd digit
Multiplier
Tolerance
1st digit
2nd digit
3rd digit
Multiplier
Tolerance
1st digit
2nd digit
3rd digit
Multiplier
Tolerance
Temperature
Coefficient
Resistor Troubles
• Open
• Out of Tolerance
• Noise Control (for Potentiometers)
Overviews:
• Resistors are commonly used to
perform two functions in a circuit.
• The first use is to limit the flow of
current in a circuit.
• The second use is to produce a
voltage divider.
