Q1 Explain Importance of Engineering and Industrial design in Product

Design and Development- :

( FCI-MUS-CBS )

Engineering and industrial design are critical components of product design

and development, and they play important roles in ensuring the success of a
product in the market. Here are some of the key reasons why engineering and
industrial design are essential in product design and development

1. Functionality: Engineers are responsible for ensuring that a product

functions correctly and meets the necessary performance requirements.
Industrial designers, on the other hand, are responsible for ensuring
that the product is aesthetically pleasing and user-friendly. Together,
they work to ensure that the product functions as intended and meets
the needs of its users.
2. Cost-effectiveness: Engineers and industrial designers work together
to develop products that are cost-effective to produce. Engineers take
into account the materials and manufacturing processes required to
produce the product, while industrial designers ensure that the product
is designed with these factors in mind.
3. Innovation: Engineering and industrial design are both focused on
finding innovative solutions to problems. Engineers are responsible for
developing new technologies and techniques that can be used to
improve the functionality of products, while industrial designers are
focused on creating designs that are visually appealing and user-
friendly.
4. Marketability: Engineering and industrial design both play important
roles in the marketability of a product. Engineers ensure that the
product is reliable and performs as intended, while industrial designers
create designs that appeal to consumers and differentiate the product
from competitors.
5. User experience: Industrial designers are focused on creating products
that provide a positive user experience. This includes designing
products that are comfortable to use, easy to understand, and
aesthetically pleasing. Engineers work to ensure that the product
functions correctly and meets the needs of its users.
6. Safety: Engineers play a crucial role in ensuring that products are safe
to use. They design products with safety in mind, taking into account
factors such as the materials used, the manufacturing processes
involved, and the potential risks associated with the product. Industrial
 designers also play a role in safety by designing products that are
intuitive and easy to use, reducing the risk of accidents or injury.
7. Sustainability: Engineers and industrial designers are increasingly
focused on developing products that are environmentally sustainable.
This includes designing products that use fewer resources, generate
less waste, and have a smaller carbon footprint. Engineers also play a
role in ensuring that products are designed with end-of-life
considerations in mind, such as being easy to recycle or dispose of
responsibly.
8. Compatibility: In many cases, products must be designed to work with
other products or systems. Engineers and industrial designers work
together to ensure that products are compatible with other products or
systems in the market, reducing the risk of compatibility issues that
can affect the user experience.
9. Brand Identity: Industrial design plays an important role in
establishing a product's brand identity. A well-designed product can
help establish a brand's reputation for quality, innovation, and style.
Engineers also play a role in brand identity by ensuring that the product
performs well and meets the expectations of consumers.

Explanation using TESLA EV example- ( FCI-MUS-CBS )

1. Functionality: Engineering and industrial design ensure that Tesla's

EVs meet functional requirements and perform well. The engineers at
Tesla focus on optimizing performance, efficiency, and safety of the
battery, motor, and other components of the vehicle. The industrial
designers, on the other hand, focus on creating a user-friendly
interface, ergonomic designs, and aesthetic appeal to provide a
seamless driving experience to the customers.
2. Cost-effectiveness: Engineering and industrial design help to make
Tesla's EVs cost-effective by optimizing the use of materials, improving
energy efficiency, and reducing the overall cost of production. The
engineers at Tesla focus on designing and developing new technologies
that help to increase the range and reduce the cost of batteries.
Industrial designers use sustainable materials, such as recycled
plastic, to reduce costs and environmental impact.
3. Innovation: Engineering and industrial design drive innovation in
Tesla's EVs. The engineers use cutting-edge technology to develop new
features, improve performance, and enhance safety, while the industrial
designers use creativity, artistry, and user-centered design to create
 unique and aesthetically pleasing products. For example, Tesla's
electric motors use a unique magnetic field architecture that improves
efficiency and reduces weight, making them more innovative than the
traditional gasoline-powered engines.
4. Marketability: Engineering and industrial design are critical in
creating marketable products. Tesla's EVs are designed to appeal to a
specific target market, including environmentally conscious consumers
who value sustainability, innovation, and luxury. The industrial
designers use aesthetic appeal, unique features, and customization
options to create a product that stands out in the market.
5. User experience: Engineering and industrial design ensure that Tesla's
EVs provide a seamless user experience. The engineers focus on
creating a vehicle that is easy to use, safe, and reliable, while the
industrial designers create an intuitive and user-friendly interface that
allows drivers to monitor and control their car's performance and other
features easily.
6. Safety: Engineering and industrial design play a crucial role in
ensuring the safety of Tesla's EVs. The engineers use scientific
principles and advanced technologies to design and develop safety
features, such as collision avoidance systems and advanced airbag
systems, while the industrial designers focus on creating a comfortable
and ergonomic interior that minimizes driver distraction.
7. Sustainability: Engineering and industrial design help to make Tesla's
EVs sustainable. The engineers focus on designing and developing
battery systems and other components that are recyclable and
environmentally friendly. The industrial designers use sustainable
materials, such as recycled plastic and bamboo, to create a sustainable
product.
8. Compatibility: Engineering and industrial design ensure that Tesla's
EVs are compatible with other technologies, such as charging stations
and home solar systems. The engineers and industrial designers work
together to design and develop products that are compatible with other
systems, making it easy for customers to use and maintain their
vehicles.
9. Brand identity: Engineering and industrial design are critical in
creating a brand identity for Tesla's EVs. The sleek and futuristic
designs, advanced technologies, and sustainable materials used in the
production of Tesla's EVs have created a unique and recognizable brand
identity that sets it apart from other car manufacturers.

In conclusion, engineering and industrial design are essential in product

design and development, as they ensure functionality, cost-effectiveness,
innovation, marketability, user experience, safety, sustainability,
compatibility, and brand identity. Tesla's EVs are an excellent example of how
engineering and industrial design work together to create a high-performance,
stylish, and sustainable product that has disrupted the traditional automotive
industry.

Regenerate response.
Q2 List and Explain various phases of product design in Product Design
and Development.
OR
What you understand by generic product development process?

CRI-DTPS

Let's use Tata Nexon Electric as an example to explain the various phases of
product design and development for an electric vehicle:

1. Conceptualization: Tata Motors identified the potential for electric

vehicles in India and developed a vision to create affordable and
accessible electric vehicles for Indian consumers. The Nexon Electric
was conceptualized as an electric version of their popular compact SUV,
the Nexon.
2. Research: Tata Motors conducted research into battery technology,
charging infrastructure, and consumer preferences for electric vehicles
in India. This research helped them to understand the market and
identify key features and specifications for the Nexon Electric.
3. Ideation: Tata Motors generated multiple design concepts for the Nexon
Electric, focusing on the integration of the electric powertrain into the
existing Nexon platform. They also worked on optimizing the vehicle for
Indian road and weather conditions.
4. Design Development: Tata Motors created detailed designs for the
Nexon Electric, including 2D and 3D drawings, technical specifications,
and material selections. They also worked on developing a reliable and
efficient battery system for the vehicle.
5. Testing: Tata Motors tested the Nexon Electric to ensure that it met
safety standards and performance requirements, including range,
acceleration, and braking. They also conducted user testing to gather
feedback and make adjustments to the design.
6. Production: Once the designs were finalized and tested, Tata Motors
moved into the production phase. They invested in a new assembly line
at their Pune plant to manufacture the Nexon Electric, working closely
with suppliers to optimize the supply chain.
7. Launch: Tata Motors launched the Nexon Electric in early 2020,
introducing it as India's first long-range electric SUV. They continued
to gather feedback from users and make adjustments to the design,
launching new versions of the Nexon Electric with updated features and
improvements.
In the case of Tata Nexon Electric, each phase of the product design process
was essential to creating a successful electric vehicle for the Indian market.
The research phase, for example, was important to understand battery
technology and charging infrastructure in India, which allowed Tata Motors
to develop a competitive advantage. The design development phase was
crucial to creating a visually appealing and functional electric SUV, while the
testing phase was essential to ensure safety and performance. The production
phase was necessary to manufacture the vehicle at scale, and the launch
phase was important to introduce the vehicle into the market and gather
feedback from users.

TATA NANO EXAMPLE- CRI-DTPS

1. Conceptualization: TATA Motors' initial concept was to create a low-

cost car that would be affordable for Indian consumers. The TATA Nano
was envisioned as a four-seater car that would cost less than $2,500
which will be comfortable safe and all weather high fuel efficiency & low
emission.
2. Research: TATA Motors conducted extensive research into
manufacturing processes and supply chain management to reduce
costs. They also conducted market research to understand consumer
preferences and identify potential competitors.
3. Ideation: TATA Motors generated multiple design concepts for the TATA
Nano, focusing on minimizing costs while still meeting safety and
performance standards.
4. Design Development: TATA Motors created detailed designs for the
TATA Nano, including 2D and 3D drawings, technical specifications,
and material selections. This phase also involved extensive prototyping
and testing to refine the designs.
5. Testing: TATA Motors tested the TATA Nano to ensure that it met safety
and performance requirements. They also conducted user testing to
gather feedback and make adjustments to the design.
6. Production: Once the designs were finalized and tested, TATA Motors
moved into the production phase. They built a new manufacturing
facility in West Bengal, India, and developed new processes to optimize
production efficiency and quality.
7. Launch: TATA Motors launched the TATA Nano in 2009, introducing it
as the world's cheapest car. However, the launch was not without
issues, as there were reports of fires and other safety concerns with the
vehicle.
Each phase of the product design process was essential to creating a
successful low-cost car like the TATA Nano. The research phase, for example,
was important to understand how to reduce costs and create an affordable
vehicle. The ideation phase was important to generate multiple design
concepts and select the most feasible and cost-effective one. The design
development phase was crucial to creating a car that met safety and
performance standards while still being affordable. The testing phase was
essential to ensure that the car was safe and reliable. The production phase
was necessary to manufacture the vehicle at scale, and the launch phase was
important to introduce the vehicle into the market and gather feedback from
users.
Q3. Explain market segmentation with suitable example.

Market segmentation is the process of dividing a broad market into smaller,

more defined groups of consumers with similar needs, interests, or
demographics. The purpose of market segmentation is to allow companies to
create more targeted and effective marketing campaigns and product
offerings.

Criteria for market segmentation in product design and development can vary
depending on the industry and specific product, but some common criteria
include:

Consumer market: This includes products that are purchased by individuals

for personal use, such as clothing, food, electronics, and automobiles.

Business-to-business (B2B) market: This includes products that are sold to

other businesses rather than to individual consumers. Examples include raw
materials, office equipment, and software.

Government market: This includes products that are purchased by

government agencies, such as military equipment, public transportation, and
infrastructure.

International market: This includes products that are sold in other countries
and can include products specifically designed for different cultures,
languages, and legal requirements.

Non-profit market: This includes products sold by non-profit organizations,

such as charitable donations, event tickets, and fundraising items.

Each of these product markets has unique characteristics and requires

different strategies for product design and development, marketing, and
distribution. Understanding the specific product market is critical for
companies to develop successful products and remain competitive in their
respective industries.
Q4. Explain necessity of economic analysis of product? CR-BR

Economic analysis is a crucial step in the product design and development

process carried out during organization strategic planning

It involves evaluating the costs and benefits associated with developing and
launching a new product. Here are the key components of economic analysis
in product design and development:

1. Cost analysis: This involves determining the costs associated with

developing and launching a new product. This includes the costs of
materials, labor, marketing, research and development, and any other
expenses related to the product.
2. Revenue analysis: This involves estimating the potential revenues that
the new product will generate. This includes forecasting sales and
projecting the potential profit margins.
3. Break-even analysis: This involves determining the point at which the
revenues from the product will cover the costs associated with
developing and launching the product. This helps companies determine
if the product is financially viable.
4. Return on investment (ROI) analysis: This involves evaluating the
potential return on investment for the new product. This can help
companies determine if the investment is worth pursuing and if the
potential returns are high enough to justify the investment.

By conducting a comprehensive economic analysis of a new product,

companies can make informed decisions about whether to proceed with the
development and launch of the product. This can help companies avoid costly
mistakes and ensure that their resources are being used effectively. It is
important to note that economic analysis should be an ongoing process
throughout the product development lifecycle, as costs and revenue
projections may change over time.
Q5. Explain in detail descriptive and prescriptive design models.

Descriptive and prescriptive design models are two approaches to product

design and development that are often used together to create successful
products. In this explanation, we will provide a detailed explanation of both
models, along with a diagram and an example.

Descriptive Design Models:

1. Descriptive design models focus on describing the current state of a

product.
2. This approach involves analyzing the product's current design,
identifying its strengths and weaknesses, and documenting its features
and specifications.
3. Descriptive design models are often used in the early stages of product
design and development, when the focus is on understanding the
problem that the product is meant to solve and defining the product's
requirements.

Descriptive design models may include techniques such as user research,

ethnography, and usability testing. These techniques help designers to
understand how users interact with the product and identify areas where the
product can be improved. The insights gained from descriptive design models
are used to inform the development of prescriptive design models.

Example – Phone design.

An example of a descriptive design model in product design and development

could be the analysis of an existing smartphone's user interface. The designer
would perform user research and usability testing to understand how users
interact with the smartphone's interface. The results of this analysis would
be documented, including the features and specifications of the smartphone's
interface.
Prescriptive Design Models:

1. Prescriptive design models are focused on prescribing a particular

course of action to improve the product.
2. This approach involves taking the insights gained from descriptive
design models and using them to develop a set of design principles,
guidelines, and best practices.
3. Prescriptive design models are used to guide the design and
development of the product, with the goal of improving its performance,
usability, and overall user experience.

Prescriptive design models may include techniques such as design thinking,

user-centered design, and agile development. These techniques help
designers to generate and test new ideas, refine the product's design, and
iterate quickly to arrive at a final product that meets the needs of users.

An example- Fitness Watch

of a prescriptive design model in product design and development could be

the development of a new fitness tracker. The designer would use the insights
gained from the descriptive design model to create a set of design principles,
guidelines, and best practices for the fitness tracker. These principles would
guide the design and development of the fitness tracker, with a focus on
improving its performance, usability, and overall user experience.
Q6 Write note on concept development and evaluation. ISC-CBP

The product development team works on developing and refining ideas for a
new product, and then evaluates those ideas to determine which ones are
most promising. Here is an explanation of concept development and
evaluation, along with an example.

Concept development is the process of generating ideas for a new product.

The goal of this stage is to create a pool of potential product concepts that can
be further developed and evaluated. The concept development stage typically
involves the following steps:

1. Idea Generation: The first step in concept development is to generate

ideas for new products. This can be done through brainstorming
sessions, market research, or by leveraging the expertise of the product
development team.
2. Screening: Once a pool of potential product concepts has been
generated, the team will screen the concepts to determine which ones
are worth pursuing. The screening process involves evaluating each
concept based on its feasibility, market potential, and alignment with
the company's strategic goals.
3. Concept Refinement: After the initial screening process, the team will
refine the most promising product concepts. This may involve further
research, prototyping, or user testing to ensure that the concept is
viable.

Concept Evaluation is the process of assessing the potential of each product

concept and selecting the best one for further development. The concept
evaluation stage typically involves the following steps:

1. Concept Testing: The first step in concept evaluation is to test each

product concept to assess its potential. This can be done through
surveys, focus groups, or user testing.
2. Business Analysis: Once the product concepts have been tested, the
team will conduct a business analysis to determine the potential
financial impact of each concept. This analysis may involve assessing
the costs associated with developing and marketing the product, as well
as the potential revenue and profit margins.
3. Product Development Plan: Based on the results of the concept testing
and business analysis, the team will develop a product development
plan for the chosen product concept. This plan will outline the steps
required to bring the product to market, including design, development,
manufacturing, and marketing.
Example – Apple Watch

During the concept development stage, the product development team

generated a pool of potential product concepts, including a wearable device
that could monitor health and fitness. The team screened these concepts
based on feasibility, market potential, and alignment with Apple's strategic
goals, and ultimately chose the wearable device concept for further
development.

During the concept evaluation stage, the team tested the product concept
through user testing and surveys. They also conducted a business analysis
to assess the potential financial impact of the product. Based on the results
of the testing and analysis, the team developed a product development plan
that included design, development, manufacturing, and marketing. The result
was the highly successful Apple Watch, which has become a market leader in
the wearable device category.
Q7. Explain Identifying customer’s needs in product design and
development.

Identifying customer needs is a crucial step in product design and

development. This involves understanding the customer's problems,
preferences, and desires to create a product that meets their needs. an
overview of how to identify customer needs in product design and
development, along with an exam

1. Conduct market research: It involves gathering information about the

market, target audience, and competitor products. The research may
include surveys, focus groups, interviews, and other qualitative and
quantitative methods.
2. Analyze customer feedback:. Analysing reviews, comments, and
feedback from customers who have used similar products in the past
can provide valuable insights. This feedback can help in identifying the
pain points of customers and the features they wish to see in a product.
3. Use Design Thinking approach: The Design Thinking approach
involves putting oneself in the shoes of the customer and understanding
their needs. The approach involves empathizing with the customer,
defining the problem, ideating solutions, prototyping and testing the
solutions. This approach can help in identifying the customer's pain
points and creating a product that solves their problems.
4. Develop user personas: User personas represent fictional characters
that represent the target audience. Developing user personas involves
understanding the demographic, psychographic and behavioral aspects
of the customers. User personas help in understanding the needs and
preferences of different customers and designing a product that caters
to their specific needs.

Example-Apple I-phone-

Apple identified that the customers needed a smartphone that combined a

mobile phone, an internet browser, and a music player in one device. Through
market research, they found that people wanted a phone that was easy to use,
had a long battery life, and could be customized to their preferences. They
also conducted usability testing to understand how people interacted with
their prototype designs.
Q8. Explain voice of customer VoC. CCC-FUQ

Voice of the Customer (VoC) is a critical aspect of product design and

development, as it involves gathering and analyzing feedback from customers
to understand their wants, needs, and preferences for a product.

The key criteria in VoC that are used in product design and development are:

1. Customer Needs: Understanding the needs and wants of the customer

is crucial in product design and development. This can be done through
surveys, interviews, or focus groups to gather feedback on what
customers are looking for in a product.
2. Customer Satisfaction: Companies must focus on customer
satisfaction to ensure that the product meets the customer's
expectations. This can be done by measuring customer satisfaction
levels and identifying areas where improvements can be made.
3. Usability: The product must be user-friendly and easy to use. The
design of the product should be intuitive and easy to navigate, with
clear instructions for use.
4. Functionality: The product must be able to perform the tasks for which
it was designed. The features and functionality of the product must
meet customer needs and preferences.
5. Quality: The product must be of high quality to ensure customer
satisfaction. The design and manufacturing process must be of high
quality to ensure that the product meets customer expectations.
6. Cost: The product should be affordable for the target market. The
design and development process must consider the cost of the product,
as well as the pricing strategy that will be used to sell the product.
Explain Quality function Deployment (QFD) in product design and development
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a product design and development methodology that is
used to translate the Voice of the Customer (VoC) into actionable design requirements. It is a
systematic process that helps companies develop products that meet or exceed customer
expectations.

The QFD process involves the following steps:

1. Gathering and Analyzing Customer Feedback: The first step in the QFD process is to
gather and analyze feedback from customers to understand their needs, wants, and
preferences for a product. This feedback is used to create a set of customer requirements.
2. Identifying Technical Requirements: The second step in the QFD process is to identify the
technical requirements that are needed to meet the customer requirements. This involves
a cross-functional team of designers, engineers, and other technical experts who identify
the design features, characteristics, and attributes needed to meet the customer
requirements.
3. Prioritizing Design Features: The third step in the QFD process is to prioritize the design
features based on their importance to the customer. This is done by assigning weights to
the customer requirements and design features, and calculating a score for each design
feature based on its ability to meet the customer requirements.
4. Developing Design Concepts: The fourth step in the QFD process is to develop design
concepts that meet the prioritized design features. This involves brainstorming and
developing different design options and selecting the best design concepts.
5. Testing and Validating Design Concepts: The final step in the QFD process is to test and
validate the design concepts to ensure they meet the customer requirements. This
involves creating prototypes and testing them with customers to gather feedback and
make necessary improvements.

Overall, the QFD process is a customer-focused approach to product design and development
that ensures that the customer's needs and preferences are at the forefront of the design
process. By using QFD, companies can develop products that meet or exceed customer
expectations and are more likely to be successful in the marketplace.