Attempt any three questions from section A
Q1. Briefly explain components of research proposal.
Q2. Explain the following:
Cross sectional Data; Before and after studies; Longitudinal studies.
Q3. Briefly explain: Trend Analysis; SWOT Analysis; Four ways of Qualitative data collection.
Q4. Define sampling and sampling frame? State the reasons why sampling is used in the context of
research studies and define type of Sampling?
Section B
Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate term from the parentheses.
1. Coding is a process of assigning numerical values to different attributes of a _________ variable.
(random, categorical, binary)
2. Open-ended data is the data that _________ (could not be coded, has multiple response, is not
predetermined)
3. The reliability in research refers to the _________ of its findings. (accuracy, consistency, validity)
4. A group of subjects in a sample having similar composition of the attributes as that of the population
to which it belongs, is called _________ sample. (random sample, stratified sample, representative
sample)
5. If a survey about health insurance is administered by randomly selecting patients who are waiting in
doctors’ offices, such method of selecting a sample refers to _________ sampling. (simple random
sampling, convenient sampling, systematic sampling)
6. Grouping the study population into mutually exclusive subgroups by their homogeneous
characteristics before sampling so as to improve the representativeness of a sample can be termed as
_________ (randomization, stratification, pretesting)
7. The degree to which data and results are accurate reflections of reality is called _________. (validity,
reliability, applicability)
8. Examining the relationship between poverty and homelessness, homelessness would be labeled as
the _________ variable. (dependent, independent, dummy)
9. A quantitative study usually ends with the confirmation or disconfirmation of the _________.
(hypotheses, laws, theories)
10. Random sampling by _________. (Chance, Choice, Purpose, quota)
Answer in ‘True’ or ‘False’ to the following statements.
1. All the independent variables in a regression equation are the causes of variation in the dependent
variable.
2. A case study is a qualitative study.
3. Construct is a theoretical creation that can be directly observed.
4. Randomization in an experimental research design is a form of sampling in which the selection of
subjects is made at random.
5. Subjects are those who participate in research and from whom the data are collected.
6. The term ‘subject’ in research is synonymous to the term ‘unit of analyses.’
7. Response rate is a percentage of respondents in a sample who have answered to the questionnaire.
8. After selecting a topic, the next step in the research process is defining (or formulating) the research
problem.
9. The sampling frame is also called the “working population.”
10. The change in an outcome variable that is due to changes in the independent (predictor) variable,
even if the independent variable is not an intervention, is called treatment effect.
Choose the best answer.
1. Increasing the sample size has the following effect upon the sampling error?
(a) It increases the sampling error
(b) It reduces the sampling error
(c) It has no effect on the sampling error
(d) All of the above
2. The probability of selecting an item in probability sampling, from the population is known and is:
(a) Equal to one
(b) Equal to zero
(c) Nonzero
(d) None of the above
3. A questionnaire that collects information that is valid is said to be:
(a) relevant
(b) accurate
(c) counter balanced
(d) balanced
4. A question that poses some problem or topic and asks respondents to answer in their own words is
called a(n):
(a) sentence completion question
(b) unbalanced question
(c) fixed-alternative question
(d) open-ended question
5. Another term for fixed-alternative questions is _____ questions.
(a) open-ended response
(b) closed-ended
(c) pivot
(d) concise
