Over voltage and under voltage protection

A Project Synopsis submitted to the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
For the Degree of
Diploma
In
Electrical Engineering
Under the Faculty of Engineering
By
1) Pravin Shahaji shinde
2) Megharaj Prakash Gaikwad
3) Yogesh Dattatray Siddham
4) Prashant Sadashiv Nagane

Under Guidance of
Mr. Y.R.Nagtilak

Department of Electrical Engineering

S.V.E.R.I.’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (POLY.), PANDHARPUR

2024-2025
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the synopsis entitled, “Over voltage and under voltage
protection ”

Submitted by
1) Pravin Shahaji shinde
2) Megharaj Prakash Gaikwad
3) Yogesh Dattatray Siddham
4) Prashant Sadashiv Nagane
are hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the Diploma in Electrical
Engineering

Mr. Y.R.Nagtilak Mr. S.M.Ghodake

(Guide) (HOD)

Mr.S.D.Kolekar Dr.N.D.Misal.
(Project Co-Ordinator) (Principal)

Department of Electrical Engineering

S.V.E.R.I.’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (POLY.), PANDHARPUR
2024-2025
 DECLARATION

I declare that this synopsis entitled, “Over voltage and under voltage protection ” will be the
result of my own research except as cited in the references. The synopsis has not been accepted
for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

1) Pravin Shahaji shinde

2) Megharaj Prakash Gaikwad
3) Yogesh Dattatray Siddham
4) Prashant Sadashiv Nagane
 SYNOPSIS

1. Name of the College SVERIs College of Engineering(Polytechnic), Pandharpur.

2. Name of the Course Diploma (Electrical Engg.)

3. Name of the Student with 1) Pravin Shahaji shinde

2) Megharaj Prakash Gaikwad
3) Yogesh Dattatray Siddham
4) Prashant Sadashiv Nagane
4. Date of Registration August 2023

5. Name of the Guide Mr.Y.R.Nagtilak

6. Proposed Topic of Over voltage and under voltage protection

Diploma Research Project
7. Type of Diploma Sponsored / Non-Sponsored
Research Project
8. Name of Organization /
Industry (If sponsored)
9. Facilities Available and Lab with internet
Requirement (In College/
Industry)
10. Expected Cost of the
Dissertation Work

(Student) (Guide)
1) Pravin Shahaji shinde
2) Megharaj Prakash Gaikwad Mr. Y.R.Nagtilak
3) Yogesh Dattatray Siddham
4) Prashant Sadashiv Nagane
 INDEX

Sr.No. Content Page No.

1 Abstract

2 Chapter 01

2.1Introduction

2.2 Problem Statement

3 Chapter 02

3.1Objective

3.2 Sub-Objective
3.3 Scope of the project
4 Chapter 03

4.1Methodology

5 Chapter 04

5.1Conclusion and Future Scope

5.2References
 ABSTRACT

. Overvoltage and undervoltage protection are critical aspects of electrical systems, ensuring
the reliability and safety of equipment and preventing damage caused by voltage fluctuations. This
paper presents a comprehensive overview of overvoltage and undervoltage phenomena,
highlighting their causes, effects, and the importance of protective measures. We explore various
protection methods, including surge protection devices (SPDs), voltage relays, and automatic
voltage regulators (AVRs), discussing their effectiveness in different applications. The
implementation of these protective strategies not only safeguards electrical equipment but also
enhances system stability and operational efficiency. Case studies illustrate the successful
integration of protection systems in industrial and commercial settings, demonstrating their role in
minimizing downtime and repair costs. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the need for proactive
voltage management solutions to ensure long-term system resilience in an increasingly electrified
world.

 Keywords, Overvoltage, Undervoltage,Protection,Electrical systems,Surge protection devices

(SPDs),Voltage relays, Automatic voltage regulators (AVRs),Equipment reliability,Voltage
fluctuations

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 1. INTRODUCTION

In electrical systems, maintaining a stable voltage level is crucial for the safe and efficient operation
of equipment. Overvoltage and undervoltage conditions can lead to significant damage, reduced
efficiency, and safety hazards. Overvoltage refers to a voltage level exceeding the specified limit,
potentially causing insulation breakdown and component failure. Conversely, undervoltage occurs
when the voltage falls In below acceptable levels, which can impair performance and disrupt
operation.

To mitigate these risks, overvoltage and undervoltage protection mechanisms are essential. These
protective devices and systems detect abnormal voltage levels and take corrective actions, such as
disconnecting the load or activating alarms, ensuring both the safety of the electrical equipment and
the continuity of service. Understanding the principles and implementation of these protection
strategies is vital for engineers, operators, and anyone involved in electrical system management.
This introduction sets the stage for exploring the various methods, devices, and standards related to
overvoltage and undervoltage protection, highlighting their importance in modern electrical
infrastructure.

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT
2.2PROBLEM STATEMENT
Voltage fluctuations, specifically overvoltage and undervoltage conditions, pose significant
risks to electrical systems and their components. These fluctuations can lead to equipment
malfunctions, reduced operational efficiency, and increased maintenance costs. Industries and
businesses often face challenges in mitigating these risks due to the unpredictable nature of voltage
spikes and drops, which can stem from external factors like lightning strikes, grid disturbances, or
internal factors such as equipment failures
.
 Harmonics
Harmonics refer to voltage or current waveforms in electrical systems that deviate from the
fundamental frequency, typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz, depending on the region. These
waveforms are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, such as the second harmonic
(100 Hz or 120 Hz), third harmonic (150 Hz or 180 Hz), and so on. Harmonics can
significantly impact the performance and efficiency of electrical systems, leading to a range
of issues.

 Causes of Harmonics:

Non-linear Loads: Devices such as variable frequency drives (VFDs), computers, and
fluorescent lighting create non-linear loads that distort the current waveform, generating
harmonics.

Rectifiers and Inverters: These components convert AC to DC and vice versa, introducing
harmonics due to their switching actions.

Industrial Equipment: Motors, welders, and other machinery can also produce harmonic
distortion, especially under varying load conditions.

 Effects of Harmonics:

Heating of Equipment: Harmonics can cause excessive heating in transformers, motors,

and conductors, potentially leading to premature failure.

Reduced Efficiency: Distorted waveforms can reduce the overall efficiency of electrical
systems, resulting in higher energy costs.

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 Interference: Harmonics can interfere with communication systems and sensitive
electronic equipment, leading to malfunctions or data corruption.

Voltage Distortion: High levels of harmonic currents can result in voltage distortion in the
power supply, affecting the performance of all connected devices.

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 2. OBJECTIVE
3.1 OBJECTIVE: -

1. Analysis of Voltage Fluctuations: To analyze the causes and effects of overvoltage and
under voltage conditions on electrical equipment and systems.
2. Assessment of Harmonics: To evaluate the impact of harmonic distortion on system
performance and equipment reliability, identifying key sources and consequences.
3. Evaluation of Protective Measures: To review existing protective devices and methods for
managing overvoltage, under voltage, and harmonic distortion, including surge protection
devices (SPDs), voltage relays, automatic voltage regulators (AVRs), and filtering
technologies.
4. Recommendations for Best Practices: To develop recommendations for best practices in
the implementation of protection strategies that enhance the stability and resilience of
electrical systems.
5. Case Studies: To present case studies that demonstrate the successful application of
protective measures in various industrial and commercial settings, highlighting their
effectiveness in real-world scenarios.

3.2 SUB OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT-

 Identify Root Causes:

Investigate the primary causes of overvoltage and undervoltage conditions in electrical

systems, including external factors (e.g., lightning, grid disturbances) and internal factors
(e.g., equipment failure, load fluctuations).

 Characterize Harmonics:

Analyze the sources of harmonic distortion in electrical systems, including non-linear loads
and specific industrial equipment, and assess their contribution to overall power quality
issues.

 Quantify Impacts:

Measure the effects of overvoltage, undervoltage, and harmonics on electrical equipment

performance, lifespan, and operational efficiency through quantitative and qualitative
assessments.

 Review Protection Technologies:

Evaluate various protective devices and strategies, such as SPDs, voltage relays, AVRs, and
harmonic filters, assessing their effectiveness, cost, and suitability for different applications.

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  Develop Implementation Guidelines:

Create practical guidelines for the selection and implementation of protective measures,
considering factors such as system design, load characteristics, and regulatory standards.

 Analyze Case Studies:

Conduct detailed case studies to illustrate successful implementations of protection

strategies, examining their impact on operational performance, reliability, and cost savings.

 Propose Monitoring Solutions:

Recommend monitoring and diagnostic tools for continuous assessment of voltage stability
and harmonic levels, facilitating timely interventions and maintenance.

 Foster Awareness and Training:

Promote awareness and provide training resources for industry stakeholders on the
importance of voltage protection and harmonic management to enhance system reliability
and safety.

Software tool used: - MATLAB / SIMULINK

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 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this project encompasses a comprehensive examination of overvoltage, under

voltage, and harmonic distortion in electrical systems, focusing on the following key areas:

1. Analysis of Voltage Conditions:

Investigate the causes and effects of overvoltage and undervoltage in various electrical
environments, including industrial, commercial, and residential sectors.

2. Assessment of Harmonics:

Study the sources of harmonic distortion, its impact on power quality, and the relationship
between harmonics and voltage stability.

3. Evaluation of Protection Strategies:

Review and evaluate existing protective devices and methodologies for managing
overvoltage, undervoltage, and harmonics, including surge protection devices, voltage
relays, automatic voltage regulators, and filtering solutions.

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 3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODOLOGY

1.Objective

To analyze the effectiveness of various overvoltage and undervoltage protection methods.

2. Literature Review

Review existing protection techniques, including surge protectors, voltage regulators, and
relays.

Study industry standards and regulations regarding voltage protection.

3. Research Design

Type of Study: Experimental, simulation, or both.

Scope: Define the systems (e.g., residential, industrial) and conditions (e.g., transient
events, steady-state).

4. Data Collection

Equipment Needed:

Voltage sensors and measuring devices

Protection devices (e.g., MOVs, TVSS, relays)

Set-Up:

Create test circuits to simulate overvoltage and undervoltage conditions.

Integrate protection devices into the circuit.

5. Testing Procedure

Simulation:

Use software (e.g., MATLAB, Simulink) to model voltage fluctuations.

Analyze the response of protection devices.

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 Experimental:

Apply controlled overvoltage and undervoltage scenarios.

6. Data Analysis

Analyze the data to evaluate the performance of each protection method.

Use statistical tools to assess reliability and response characteristics.

7. Results Interpretation

Compare the effectiveness of different protection devices.

Discuss any trade-offs, such as cost versus performance.

8. Conclusion

Summarize findings and suggest optimal protection strategies for specific applications.

9. Recommendations

Propose guidelines for selecting protection devices based on system requirements and
conditions.

10. Future Work

Identify areas for further research, such as new technologies in voltage protection.

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3.1.1 Circuit Diagram:-

Fig. 1

Fig. 2 Flow Chart

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 4. CONCLUSION

The study of overvoltage, undervoltage, and harmonic distortion is essential for maintaining the
reliability and efficiency of electrical systems. As industries increasingly rely on sensitive
electronic equipment and automated processes, the risks associated with voltage fluctuations and
harmonic disturbances become more pronounced.

This project has demonstrated that both overvoltage and undervoltage conditions can have
significant adverse effects on equipment performance and lifespan, leading to costly downtime and
maintenance. Similarly, harmonic distortion can compromise power quality, resulting in
inefficiencies and potential equipment failure.

Through comprehensive analysis, we have identified key causes and impacts of these issues and
evaluated a range of protective measures, including surge protection devices, voltage relays,
automatic voltage regulators, and harmonic filters. The insights gained from case studies highlight
the effectiveness of these strategies in real-world applications, underscoring the importance of
tailored solutions for different electrical environments

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 REFERENCES

 Bollen, M. H. J., & Gu, I. Y. H. (2006). Signal Processing of Power Quality Disturbances.
Wiley.

 IEEE Power Quality Standards. (2005). IEEE Std 1159-2009, Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc.

 Harrison, B., & Myers, J. (2014). Power Quality in Power Systems. Wiley-IEEE Press.

 Venkatasubramanian, V., et al. (2015). The Role of Power Quality in Electrical Distribution
Systems. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 1-5.

 CIGRÉ Working Group B4.57. (2014). Benchmarking of Control Strategies for HVDC Grids.
CIGRÉ Technical Brochure No. 612.

 Dugan, R. C., McGranaghan, M. F., & Santoso, S. (2012). Electrical Power Systems Quality.
McGraw-Hill.

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