Part 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. Let A be the set of points in the xy-plane satisfying the equation |x| + |y| = 10. The area
of A is equal to

A. 100 B. 140 C. 180 D. 200 E. 250

2. If a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 = a3 + b3 + c3 = 4, then abc equals to

4 4 3
A. − B. C. 4 D. −4 E. −
3 3 4

π 3π 5π 7π
3. Find the exact value of cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4 .
8 8 8 8
1 3
A. 0 B. C. 1 D. E. 2
2 2

5 3
4. Let a, b, c, d be positive integers such that loga b = and logc d = . If it is known that
2 4
a − c = 15, determine the value of b − d.

A. 63 B. 93 C. 997 D. 1023 E. 3117

 
1 1
5. Suppose f (x) is a function that satisfies the equation 4f (x) − f − = 6 for all
  x x
1
nonzero real number x. Determine the value of f .
2
77 37 73 33 37
A. B. C. D. E.
30 70 30 70 30

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
 6. Find the number of ordered pairs (x, y), where x is an integer and y is a perfect square
that satisfies the equation y + 2491 = (x − 50)2 .

A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 E. 10

7. Which of the following is the smallest?

A. 4log7 9 B. 4log9 7 C. 4log8 6 D. 4log6 8 E. 4

8. How many triples (x, y, z) are solutions of the system of two equations
(
y−z =6
x2 + yz = −9

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. infinitely many

9. What is the smallest altitude in the triangle with sides 33, 56, and 65?

56 · 65 33 · 65 33 · 56
A. 33 B. C. D. E. 56
33 56 65
p
3
√ p
3
√
10. Find the exact integral value of 5 2 + 7 − 5 2 − 7.

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5 E. 7

Part 2: Open-ended Questions

11. Marites has a salary of P600,000.00 this year. Next year, her salary will increase by 400%.
The year after, her salary will decrease by 40%. Compute her salary in two years.

12. If x = 22, find the value of x2022 − 23x2021 + 23x2020 − · · · + 23x2 − 23x + 1.
1
. Find the value of f ′′ 1
g ′′ (1).


13. Let f (x) = x5 and g(x) = 5 2
x
14. Find all real numbers x satisfying the equation 2x + 3x − 4x + 6x − 9x = 1.
√ √
15. Find the value of x such that x x + 331 x = 2022 − 338x.

16. Compute the smallest root of x4 − x3 − 7x2 + 5x + 10.

17. There are 7 identical blue shirts, 3 identical red shirts, and 5 identical green shirts. How
many different arrangement(s) is/are there?
2x2 − 5x − 12
18. Compute lim .
x→4 3x2 − 13x + 4

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
19. An 8 cm × 14 cm × 24 cm rectangular block of wood is painted green and then cut into
small cubes, each of which has a surface area of 6 cm2 . Find the number of small cubes
that have green paint on exactly two faces.
p√ √
6+ 2
20. A regular icositetragon (24-sided polygon) is inscribed in a circle of radius .
2
Find its area.
      
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
21. Find the value of tan tan + tan + · · · + tan .
2 · 12 2 · 22 2 · 20232
22. The polynomial 1 − x + x2 − x3 + · · · + x22 − x23 may be written in the form

a0 + a1 y + a2 y 2 + · · · + a22 y 22 + a23 y 23

where y = x + 1 and ai ’s are constants. Find a2 .

23. Find the radius of the circle inscribed in a rhombus with diagonals of lengths 40 and 42.

24. Let x, y, and z be complex numbers such that x+y +z = 2, x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 3, and xyz = 4.
1 1 1
Evaluate + + .
xy + z − 1 yz + x − 1 xz + y − 1
25. A triangle has sides with lengths 3x, 5x, and 7x. If the radius of an inscribed circle is r,
x
find the value of .
r

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
Answer Key with Detailed Solution
1. D

Solution. Consider the graph of |x| + |y| = 10 below.

√
Note that the graph is a square with side length 10 2. Hence, the area is equal to
√
2
10 2 = 200.
2. C

Solution. Since a + b + c = a2 + b2 + c2 = a3 + b3 + c3 = 4, then we have

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ac)
42 = 4 + 2(ab + bc + ac)
6 = ab + bc + ac.
Also, recall that
a3 + b3 + c3 = (a + b + c) a2 + b2 + c2 − (ab + bc + ac) + 3abc
 

4 = 4(4 − 6) + 3abc
12 = 3abc
4 = abc

3. D

Solution. Note that

π 3π 5π 7π
cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4
8 8 8 8 
4 π 4 3π 3π π

4 4
= cos + cos + cos π − + cos π −
8 8 8 8
π 3π 3π π
= cos4 + cos4 + cos4 + cos4 , since cos(π − x) = − cos x
 8 8  8 8
π 3π
= 2 cos4 + cos4
8 8

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
 h π
4 4 π
 π i
= 2 cos + cos −
8 2 8
 π π π 
= 2 cos4 + sin4 , since cos − x = − sin x
 8 8 2 
π π 2 4 π π
= 2 cos2 + sin2 − cos2 sin2 , since a4 + b4 = (a2 + b2 )2 − 2a2 b2
8 8 2 8 8
π π 2
  
2 sin cos
= 2 1 −
 8 8 
2


π 2
  
sin
= 2 1 −
 4  , since sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
2
 √ !2 
2
 
 2 
= 2 1 −
 
2

 
 

 
1
=2 1−
4
3
=
2

4. D
5 3
Solution. Transforming the logarithms to exponential form we have b = a 2 and d = c 4 .
Let a = m2 and y = n4 where m, n ∈ N. This implies that b = m5 and d = n3 . Now,
given a − c = 15, we have m2 − n4 = 15 which implies that (m − n2 )(m + n2 ) = 15. Note
that there are no other combinations in the set of positive integers will be possible other
than m − n2 = 3 and m − n2 = 5. Solving for the values of m and n, we have m = 4 and
n = 1. Thus,
b − d = m5 − n3 = 45 − 13 = 1024 − 1 = 1023.

5. A
 
1 1
Solution. Given the functional equation 4f (x) − f − = 6 for all nonzero real
  x x
1 1
number x, we replace x by and obtain 4f − f (x) − x = 6. Multiplying the second
x x
equation by 4 and adding it to the first equation, we obtain
 
1 1
15f − − 4x = 30.
x x

Hence,
1
 
1 + 4(2) + 30 77
f = 2 = .
2 15 30

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
6. B

Solution. Let y = n2 and x − 50 = m. Hence,

y + 2491 = (x − 50)2
n2 + 2491 = m2
m2 − n2 = 2491
(m − n)(m + n) = 2491.
Note that 2491 = 1 × 2491 = 47 × 53. Thus, there are 8 different solutions corresponding
to m − n and m + n. However, we can verify that these obtain pairs of the form (m, ±n).
And since y = n2 does not depend on the sign of n, we can ignore all the pairs with
n < 0. Thus, there will only be 4 solutions namely (0, 9), (100, 9), (1296, 12452 ) and
(−1196, 12452 ).
7. C

Solution. Observe that

4log7 9 ≈ 4.78427
4log9 7 ≈ 3.41348
4log8 6 ≈ 3.30192
4log6 8 ≈ 4.99718
Hence, the smallest is 4log8 6 .
8. B

Solution. Observe that y − z = 6 can be rewritten as y = z + 6. We substitute this

to the second equation and obtain
x2 + (z + 6)z = −9
x2 + z 2 + 6z + 9 = 0
x2 + (z + 3)2 = 0
This is only possible when x = 0 and z + 3 = 0 implying that z = −3. Furthermore,
y = 3. There is only one triple, (0, 3, −3), which is a solution to the given system of
equation.
9. D

Solution. In any triangle, the longest side is opposite the biggest angle. However, the
shortest altitude is opposite the longest side. Observe that (33, 56, 65) is a Pythagorean
triple. This implies that the triangle formed by these side-lengths is a right triangle. Also,
note that the area of a right triangle can be seen as
1
A = bh
2
33 · 56 1
= · 65 · h
2 2
33 · 56
h=
65

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
10. B
p
3
√ p3
√
Solution. Let x = 5 2 + 7 − 5 2 − 7. Then
√ √
q q
3 3
x= 5 2+7− 5 2−7
3
√  √  23  √  13  √  13  √  23 √
x =5 2+7−3 5 2+7 5 2−7 +3 5 2+7 5 2 − 7 − (5 2 − 7)
 √  31  √  13  √  31  √  13 
= 14 − 3 5 2 + 7 5 2−7 5 2+7 − 5 2−7
h √  √ i 13 q3 √
q
3 √

= 14 − 3 5 2 + 7 5 2 − 7 5 2+7− 5 2−7

= 14 − 3x
Hence, x3 + 3x − 14 = 0. Factoring this gives us√(x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 7) = 0. But since
x2 + 2x + 7 = 0phas imaginary solutions −1 ± 6i, x = 2 is the only real solution.
3
√ p3
√
Moreover, since 5 2 + 7 − 5 2 − 7 is clearly real, we see that the numerical value
is indeed 2.
11. Answer : P1,800,000

Solution. Let x be the salary of Marites this year. Since her salary next year, we denote
it by y, will increase by 400%, then y = x + 4x = 5x. Also, since her salary the year
2 3
after, denoted by z, will decrease by 40%, then z = y − y = y. Hence, her salary in
5 5
two years is
3 3
z = y = · 5x = 3x = 3(600, 000) = 1, 800, 000.
5 5
12. Answer : −21

Solution. Let x = 22. Then

222022 − 23 · 222021 + 23 · 222020 − · · · + 23 · 222 − 23 · 22 + 1
= 222022 − 23(222021 − 222020 + · · · − 222 + 22) + 1
22 [1 − (−22)2021 ]
 
2022
= 20 − 23 +1
1 − (−22)
22 [1 + 222021 ]
 
2022
= 20 −23
 +1
23
 
= 202022 − 22 − 22 · 222021 + 1
2022 2022
=20 − 22 −  22 +1

 


= −21

13. Answer : 75
1
Solution. Let f (x) = x5 and g(x) = 5 . Note that f ′ (x) = 5x4 and f ′′ (x) = 20x3 .
x
′ 5 ′′ 30
Also, g (x) = − 6 and g (x) = 7 . Thus,
x x
   3  
′′ 1 ′′ 1 30 600
f g (1) = 20 7
= = 75.
2 2 1 8

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
14. Answer : 0

Solution. Setting a = 2x and b = 3x , the equation becomes a + b − a2 + ab − b2 = 1.

Multiplying this equation by 2 and completing the square, we have

a + b − a2 + ab − b2 = 1
a2 + b2 − a − b − ab + 1 = 0
2a2 + 2b2 − 2a − 2b − 2ab + 2 = 0
a2 + a2 + b2 + b2 − 2a − 2b − 2ab + 1 + 1 = 0
(a2 − 2a + 1) + (a2 − 2ab + b2 ) + (b2 − 2b + 1) = 0
(a − 1)2 + (a − b)2 + (b − 1)2 = 0

Since (a − 1)2 , (a − b)2 , and (b − 1)2 are nonnegative, the only conclusion we can have
is that these terms are all equal to 0. Hence, a = 1 = b implying that 2x = 1 = 3x .
Therefore, x = 0 is the only solution.

15. Answer : 4
√
Solution. Let a = x. This implies that x = a2 . Now,
√ √
x x + 331 x = 2022 − 338x
a2 a + 331a = 2022 − 338a2
a3 + 338a2 + 331a − 2022 = 0
(a + 337)(a + 3)(a − 2) = 0
√
Thus, a = −337, −3 or 2. However, since a = x, a must be nonnegative. Therefore, we
cal only take a = 2. Furthermore, x = a2 = 22 = 4.
√
16. Answer : − 5

Solution. We rearrange the given polynomial and obtain

p(x) = x4 − x3 − 7x2 + 5x + 10
= (x4 − 7x2 + 10) − (x3 − 5x)
= (x2 − 5)(x2 − 2) − x(x2 − 5)
= (x2 − 5)(x2 − x − 2)
√ √
= (x − 5)(x + 5)(x − 2)(x + 1)
√ √ √
This means that the roots are 5, − 5, 2, and 1. Among these roots, − 5 is the smallest.

17. Answer : 360,360

Solution. There are a total of n = 15 shirts to be arranged. Now, given that these
shirts are identical by color with n1 = 7, n2 = 3, and n3 = 5, the number of ways to do
this is
n! 15!
= = 360, 360.
n1 ! · n2 ! · n3 ! 7! · 3! · 5!

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
18. Answer : 1

Solution. Note that

2x2 − 5x − 12 (2x + 3)(x − 4) 2x + 3 2(4) + 3 11
lim 2
= lim = lim = = = 1.
x→4 3x − 13x + 4 x→4 (3x − 1)(x − 4) x→4 3x − 1 3(4) − 1 11

19. Answer : 160

Solution. Observe that all the edges of the rectangular block of wood, which was cut
into small cubes, are painted green on exactly two faces except for the 8 corners of the
block. And since each of the small cubes has a surface area of 6 cm2 , this means that the
side length of each of the small cubes is 1 cm. Hence, the number of small cubes painted
green on exactly two faces is given by
4(6 + 12 + 22) = 4(40) = 160.

20. Answer : 3

Solution. A regular p icositetragon is a 24-sided regular polygon. Since it is inscribed

√ √
6+ 2
in a circle of radius , we can form 24 identical isosceles triangles with sides
p√ √ 2
6+ 2
. To solve for the side length of the icositetragon, which will serve as the
2
base of each isosceles triangle, we note that the angle of each of these isosceles triangles
360o
is given by θ = = 15o . Since there are 24 identical isosceles triangle, the area of the
24
regular icositetragon is given by
p√ √ !2 √ √ √ √
1 2 1 6+ 2 o 6+ 2 6− 2 48
24A = 24· s sin θ = 24· · ·sin 15 = 12· · = = 3.
2 2 2 4 4 16

2023
21. Answer :
2024
Solution. Note that
   
−1 1 −1 (2k + 1) − (2k − 1)
tan = tan = tan−1 (2k + 1) − tan−1 (2k − 1).
2k 2 1 + (2k + 1)(2k − 1)
Hence,
      
−11 −1 1 −1 1
tan tan + tan + · · · + tan
2 · 12 2 · 22 2 · 20232
= tan tan (3) − tan (1) + · · · + tan (2 · 2023 + 1) − tan−1 (2 · 2023 − 1)
 −1 −1 −1


= tan tan−1 (2 · 2023 + 1) − tan−1 (1)

 
  
−1 (2 · 2023 + 1) − 1
= tan tan
1 + (2 · 2023 + 1)
  
−1 2 · 2023
= tan tan
2 · 2024
2023
=
2024

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
22. Answer : 2024

Solution. Let f (x) = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + · · · + x22 − x23 . Then

xf (x) = x − x2 + x3 + · · · + x23 − x24

and (1 + x)f (x) = 1 − x24 . Hence,

1 − (y − 1)24 1 − (y − 1)24
f (x) = f (y − 1) = = .
1 + (y − 1) y

Thus, a2 is equal to the coefficient of y 3 in the expansion of 1 − (y − 1)24 . Therefore,

 
24
a2 = = 2024.
3

420
23. Answer :
29
Solution. Let d1 = 40 and d2 = 42 be the lengths of the diagonals and a the side of
the rhombus and r be the radius of the inscribed circle. Using the Pythagorean Theorem,
we can compute for a as follows:
s 
2  2
√
d1 d2
a= + = 202 + 212 = 29.
2 2

Note that we can express the area of the rhombus in two different ways:
 
d1 d2 1
Arhombus = and Arhombus = 4 ar .
2 2

Combining the two,

 
d1 d2 1 d1 d2 (40)(42) 420
=4 ar =⇒ d1 d2 = 4ar =⇒ r= = = .
2 2 4a 4(29) 29

2
24. Answer : −
9
Solution. Let S be the desired sum. Note that

xy + z − 1 = xy + (2 − x − y) − 1 = xy − x − y + 1 = (x − 1)(y − 1)
yz + x − 1 = yz + (2 − y − z) − 1 = yz − y − z + 1 = (y − 1)(z − 1)
xz + y − 1 = xz + (2 − x − z) − 1 = xz − x − z + 1 = (x − 1)(z − 1)

Hence,
1 1 1
S= + +
xy + z − 1 yz + x − 1 xz + y − 1
1 1 1
= + +
(x − 1)(y − 1) (y − 1)(z − 1) (x − 1)(z − 1)

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)
 (z − 1) + (x − 1) + (y − 1)
=
(x − 1)(y − 1)(z − 1)
(x + y + z) − 3
=
xyz − (xy + yz + xz) + (x + y + z) − 1
2−3
=
4 − (xy + yz + xz) + 2 − 1
−1
=
5 − (xy + yz + xz)

Observe that

(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2(xy + yz + xz)

22 = 3 + 2(xy + yz + xz)
1
= (xy + yz + xz)
2
−1 −1 2
Finally, S = = 1 = − .
5 − (xy + yz + xz) 5− 2 9
√
2 3
25. Answer :
3
Solution. Solving for the semiperimeter of the triangle, we have
3x + 5x + 7x 15x
s= = .
2 2
p
We can use both formulas A = sr and A = s(s − 3x)(s − 5x)(s − 7x) for the area of
the triangle and combine to obtain
p
sr = s(s − 3x)(s − 5x)(s − 7x)
s    
15xr 15x 15x 15x 15x
= − 3x − 5x − 7x
2 2 2 2 2
r
15xr 15x 9x 5x x
= · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
√
15xr 15 3x2
=
2 4 √
x 2 2 3
=√ = .
r 3 3

Philippine International Mathematical Olympiad Heat Round 2023 (Senior Secondary Set 1)