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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A

3KVA SOLAR INVERTER

ABSTRACT
This work is on design and construction of a 3KVA solar
inverter. Solar inverter converts the variable direct current (DC)
output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency
alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial
electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is
a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use
of ordinary AC-powered equipment.
In solar inverter, Solar panels produce direct electricity with the
help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive
direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on
alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and
forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity
the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the
appliance. As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar
inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.8 PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF PHOTOVOTAIC
CELL
2.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL
2.3 REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY
2.4 REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL MATERIALS
2.5 REVIEW OF EARLY INVERTERS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
3.1 BASIC DESIGNS OF A SOLAR INVERTER
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.3 DESCRIPTION OF SOLAR INVERTER UNITS
3.4 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5 CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
3.7 HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST INVERTER BATTERY
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.4 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
solar inverter converts direct current (DC) output of a
photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating
current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or
used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical
balance of system (BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system,
allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered equipment. Solar
power inverters have special functions adapted for use with
photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking
and anti-islanding protection.
The solar panel used in solar inverter produces direct electricity
with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to
positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home
work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant
back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC
electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the
appliance. As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar
inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.
An inverter produces square waves or a sine wave which can be
used for running lights, televisions, lights, motors etc. However
these inverters also produce harmonic distortion.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE

PROJECT
Solar technology isn’t new. Its history spans from the 7th
Century B.C. to today. We started out concentrating the sun’s
heat with glass and mirrors to light fires. Today, we have
everything from solar-powered buildings to solar-powered
vehicles. Here you can learn more about the milestones in the
historical development of solar technology, century by century,
and year by year. You can also glimpse the future. From
the 3rd Century BC when Archimedes fought off Roman ships
by concentrating the suns rays at them with brass shields (they
burst into flame), through work by some of the best known
figures in the history of science, harnessing the power of the sun
has long been a goal of human innovation. Let’s look at some of
the highlights:
In 1767 Swiss physicist, alpine explorer, and aristocrat Horace
de Saussure is credited with inventing the first working solar
oven, amongst other discoveries. Constructed from 5 layers of
glass and measuring around 12 inches across, the oven worked
by allowing light to pass through the glass before being
absorbed by the black lining and turned into heat. The heat is
then reflected by the glass, therefore heating the space inside the
box up to 87.5 degrees Celsius.
Also in 1839 Edmond Bequerel, born in Paris in 1820,
discovered that when two electrodes were placed in an
electrolyte (electricity-conducting solution), a voltage developed
when light fell upon the electrolyte. The basic principles of solar
power had been uncovered.
Many people using solar power these days which prove that its
necessity has been increased in the current years. A Solar
inverter is similar to a normal electric inverter but uses the
energy of the Sun, that is, Solar energy. A solar inverter helps in
converting the direct current into alternate current with the help
of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one
direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when
there is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small
appliance like mobile e phones, MP3 players, IPod etc. where
there is power stored in the form of battery. In case of
alternative current it is the power that runs back and forth inside
the circuit. The alternate power is generally used for house hold
appliances. A solar inverter helps devices that run on DC power
to run in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power.
If you are thinking why to use solar inverter instead of the
normal electric one then it is because the solar one makes use of
the solar energy which is available in abundant from the Sun and
is clean and pollution free.
Solar inverters are also called as photovoltaic solar inverters.
These devices can help you save lot of money. The small-scale
grid one have just two components i.e. the panels and inverter
while the off grid systems are complicated and consists of
batteries which allows users to use appliances during the night
when there is no Sunlight available. The solar panel and the
batteries that are placed on rooftops attract Sun rays and then
convert the Sunlight into electricity. The batteries too grab the
extra electricity so that it can then be used to run appliances at
night.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE

PROJECT
The main objective of this project is to design and construct a
solar power generating device that can collect an input dc
voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220vac output
which can be use to power ac appliances which is rated 3KVA.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The main function of solar inverter is to convert battery's Direct
Current (DC) into pure sine wave Alternative Current (AC) to
feed home compliances.
Solar power inverter system is consisted of solar panels, charger
controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries, while solar DC
power system is not included inverters. The inverter is a power
conversion device, which can be divided into self-excited
oscillation inverter and external excited oscillation inverter.

1.4 PURPOSE OF THE

PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to build a power generating device
that transforms direct current (DC) generated by a PV system
into alternating current (AC), which can be sent into AC
appliances. These inverters can be used either in concert with
battery systems or to directly power certain devices. They also
tend to have a few identifying features that are specifically
intended to be used with Photo Voltaic arrays, such as maximum
power point tracking (MPPT).

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE

PROJECT
Solar inverter is useful in making appliances work at residential
and industrial levels, such as:
 A Solar Inverter is better optimised for solar power than the
regular one. For example, it will prioritise power supply
from the solar panels. This means that when the energy
from the Sun is adequate like during afternoons, the
inverter will draw power entirely from the solar panels to
power your home or office even if public power supply is
available. This can lead to huge savings on power bills.
 Similarly, a Solar hybrid inverter will prioritise charging
from solar panels, enabling your batteries to charge via the
 PV panels even when public power supply is on, leading
also to savings on your power bills.
 Solar inverter has always helped in reducing global
warming and green house effect.
 Also use of solar inverter helps in saving money that would
have used for buying fuel for conventional generator
 Some solar inverters will allow you prioritise charging to
solar panels or power grid depending the battery level.
Some solar inverters are even intelligent enough just to
take just as much deficit current from the grid as is
required.
 A solar inverter helps in converting the Direct current in
batteries into alternative current. This helps people who
use limited amount of electricity.
 There is this synchronous solar inverter that helps small
homeowners and power companies as they are large in
size.
 Then there is this multifunction solar inverter which is the
best among all and works efficiently. It converts the DC
power to AC very carefully which is perfect for
commercial establishments.
 Solar inverters are the best way and they are better than the
normal electric ones. Also their maintenance does not cost
much money.
 Solar Inverters can work when there is no Sunlight but
provided their battery is charged fully with the help of
Sunlight.
1.6 PROBLEM OF THE
PROJECT
  Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a
solar inverter
 It will work effectively and produce direct current only
when the Sunlight is strong.
 The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires
lots of space
 The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the
Sun is strong.
 Maintenance and replacement may require more effort. In
the event of a problem, a technician will need to access the
roof to make repairs. Depending on your maintenance plan
and warranty, this may cost you money.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

 This device is rated 3KVA that means any load more than 500w should for no reason
applied to this device.
 The intensity of the Sun varies throughout the day. This creates an over-charging problem
if the panels are connected to the battery directly, and It should also be able to tell you
when you connect the panels wrongly (i.e. positive to negative, etc) and also provide
protection against short-circuit. For this reason a charge controller must be used to offer
protection from high voltage and current from the panels.
 The inverter frequency is rated at 50hz
 Iron casing and good heat sink is been used for heat absorption

1.8 ORGANISATION OF THE

PROJECT
This work is organized in such a way that every reader of this
work will understand how solar power inverter is been made.
Starting from the chapter one to chapter five focused fully on the
topic at hand.
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to solar power
inverter. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective
limitation and problem of solar power inverter were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of solar power inverter. In
this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was
reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the
method involved during the design and construction were
discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result
accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
REFERENCES
[1] The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms,
Seventh Edition, IEEE Press, 2000,ISBN 0-7381-2601-2, page
588
[2]. James, Hahn. "Modifi ed Sine-Wave Inverter Enhanced".
Power Electronics.
[3]. Barnes, Malcolm (2003). Practical variable speed drives
and power electronics. Oxford: Newnes. p. 97.
ISBN 0080473911.
[4]. Rodriguez, Jose; et al. (August 2002). "Multilevel
Inverters: A Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications".
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics (IEEE) 49 (4): 724–
738. doi:10.1109/TIE.2002.801052.
[5]. Owen, Edward L. (January–February 1996). "Origins of
the Inverter". IEEE Industry Applications Magazine: History
Department (IEEE) 2 (1): 64–66. doi:10.1109/2943.476602.
[6]. Dr. Ulrich Nicolai, Dr. Tobias Reimann, Prof. Jürgen
Petzoldt, Josef Lutz: Application Manual IGBT and MOSFET
Power Modules, 1. Edition, ISLE Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-
932633-24-5.
[7] [Link]
power-optimizers-advantages-disadvantages/
[8] [Link]
common-problems-with-a-solar-inverter.
[9] [Link]

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