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Introduction
• Batteries are often shown on a schematic diagram as the
source of DC voltage but usually the actual DC voltage source
is a AC power supply.
Uncontrolled rectification • There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to
convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low
voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices.
• A more reliable method of obtaining DC power is to
Diode Application transform, rectify, filter and regulate an AC line voltage.
By Manegene • A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks,
each of which performs a particular function.

Introduction Introduction

• Power supply: a group of circuits that convert the standard ac • Rectifier: a diode circuits that converts the ac input voltage to a
voltage (240 V, 50 Hz) provided by the wall outlet to constant dc pulsating dc voltage
voltage • The pulsating dc voltage is only suitable to be used as a battery
• Transformer : a device that step up or step down the ac voltage charger, but not good enough to be used as a dc power supply
provided by the wall outlet to a desired amplitude through the in a radio, stereo system, computer and so on.
action of a magnetic field

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Introduction Introduction

• There are two basic types of rectifier circuits: • Filter: a circuit used to reduce the fluctuation in the rectified
– Half-wave rectifier output voltage or ripple. This provides a steadier dc voltage.
– Full-wave rectifier - Center-tapped & Bridge full-wave rectifier • Regulator: a circuit used to produces a constant dc output
• In summary, a full-wave rectified signal has less ripple than a voltage by reducing the ripple to negligible amount. One part of
half-wave rectified signal and is thus better to apply to a filter. power supply.

Diode Circuits or Uncontrolled Rectifier

Rectification
Rectification: The process of
converting the alternating voltages
and currents to direct currents

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Performance Parameters RMS and Average voltage

• Average value of the output voltage, Vdc • The DC voltage on the load is the average over
• Average value of the output current, Idc the period T of the output voltage of the
• Output dc power, Pdc rectifier
Pdc = VdcIdc
• rms value of the output voltage & current,
Vrms, Irms OR VL & IL • Similarly, it is possible to define the r.m.s.
• Output ac power, Pac voltage on the load:
Pac = VrmsIrms = VL*IL
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Form Factor (FF) Form Factor (FF)

• The ratio of the two voltages is the Form Having assumed the load to be purely resistive,
Factor (FF) it is possible to define the currents as

• This parameter is quite important since it is an

index of the efficiency of the rectification
process.

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The rectification ratio (η) The rectification ratio (η)

also known as rectification efficiency, is expressed We have assumed ideal switches, with no losses,
that is RD = 0. Therefore
Where

PD represents the losses in the rectifier (RD is the

equivalent resistance of the rectifier -in this case diode
resistance and usually assumed to be negligible)

The Ripple Factor (RF) PIV

It represents the smoothness of the voltage
waveform at the output of the rectifier. • Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)
The RF is defined as the ratio of the effective AC
component of the load voltage versus the DC • The maximum reverse voltage which the
voltage diode is exposed to

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Single-phase half-wave diode rectifier with resistive load.

Types of rectifiers
• Half wave rectifier
• Full wave rectifier A

– Center tapped B

– Bridge
These apply for both single phase and multi-
phase

Waveforms
Operation
• The a.c. voltage across the secondary winding AB changes polarities
after every half-cycle.
• During the positive half-cycle of input a.c. voltage, end A becomes
positive w.r.t. end B.
• This makes the diode forward biased and hence it conducts current.
During the negative half-cycle, end A is negative w.r.t. end B. Under
this condition, the diode is reverse biased and it conducts no
current.
• Therefore, current flows through the diode during positive half-
cycles of input a.c. voltage only ; it is blocked during the negative
• In this way, current flows through load R always in the same
direction. Hence d.c. output is obtained across R. It may be
• noted that output across the load is pulsating d.c. These pulsations
in the output are further smoothened with the help of filter circuits
discussed later.

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Example 1: A half wave rectifier has a pure resistive load of R

Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d)
 Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1.
1 V
Vdc  
2 0
Vm sin t dt  m
 1

V V Vdc Vm
Vdc 
2 
Vm sin(t ) dt  m ( cos  cos(0))  m
2 
I dc  
R R
0
Vdc Vm
I dc   
I rms 
Vm
R  R
1 V
Vrms 
2 
(Vm sin t ) 2  m
2 2R
0
 Vm Vm
1 V *
2 0
Vrms  Vm2 sin 2 t dt  m 
Pdc

Vdc * I dc

 R
 40.53%
2 Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm .
*
V 2 2R
Vrms Vm 
m
I rms   FF 
Vrms
 2   1.57
R 2R Vdc Vm 2

Vac
Vm RF   FF 2  1  1.57 2  1  1.211
the load and diode currents IS  ID  Vdc
2R (d) It is clear from the diagram that the PIV is Vm

The main disadvantages of half Example

wave rectifier are:
• Determine η, FF, RF, TUF, PIV of the diode, CF
• High ripple factor, of the input current, input PF.
• Low rectification efficiency,
• Low transformer utilization factor,
and,
• DC saturation of transformer
secondary winding.
25

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Determine the Average Voltage, Vdc

1
f 
1 T
V 
T

 v (t )dt
dc
T 0
L
  2 f
T
1
V  V sin tdt V
2

dc
T
m
V  m
 0.318V

0
dc m

V T
V  (cos
m
 1) V 0.318V
T I  
dc
2 dc
dc m

R R
26 27

Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier Waveforms

28 29

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Determine the rms Voltage, Vrms Determine Pdc, Pac, and η

1

   v (t )dt  (0.318V ) 2
1 2

P 
T

V 2

T 
m
rms L
0
dc
1 R
   (V sin t ) dt 
T
1 2
2

V 2

(0.5V ) 2
T 
P 
rms m
0
m
ac

V 
V
rms
 0.5V
m
m
R
2
(0.318V ) 2

I 
V

0.5V
rms m   40.5%m

rms
R R (0.5V ) m
2

30 31

Determine FF and RF Determine the PIV

V 0.5V • PIV is the maximum (peak) voltage that

FF  rms
 m

appears across the diode when reverse

V 0.318V
dc m
biased. Here, PIV = Vm.
FF  1.57  157%
R F  FF  1 2

-
- PIV +
R F  1.57  1  1.21  121% 2

+
32 34

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Summary – Half-Wave Rectifier Application as a Battery Charger

• RF=121% High
• Efficiency = 40.5 Low
• TUF = 0.286 Low
– 1/TUF = 3.496
– transformer must be 3.496 times larger than when
using a pure ac voltage source

Diode conducts for vs > E,

starting when Vmsinα = E
37 38

Waveforms for the Battery Charger Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

Diode turns off when

vs < E (at β = π – α)
Charging current io =
(vs – E)/R
io = (Vmsinωt – E)/R for
α < ωt < β Center-Tapped Transformer
39 40

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Waveforms for the Full-Wave Rectifier Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

T
2
2
T 0
Vdc  Vm sin t

2Vm
Vdc 

Vdc  0.636Vm
PIV = 2Vm
41 42

 2 Vm
1 2Vm I dc 
Operation
Vdc 
  Vm sin t dt 
  R
0


 Vm sin t 
• During the positive half-cycle of secondary 1 Vm Vm
voltage, the end A of the secondary Vrms  2
dt  I rms 
winding becomes positive and end B  2 2 R
0
negative. This makes the diode D1 forward
biased and diode D2 reverse biased.
Therefore, diode D1 conducts while diode PIV of each diode = 2Vm
D2 does not. The conventional current
Vm
flow is through diode D1, load resistor RL
and the upper half of secondary winding IS  ID 
• During the negative half-cycle, end A of the secondary winding
2R
becomes negative and end B positive. Therefore, diode D2
conducts while diode D1 does not. The conventional current
flow is through diode D2, load RL and lower half winding
Example 3. The rectifier in above has a purely resistive load of R
• current in the load RL is in the same direction for both half-
cycles of input a.c. voltage. Therefore, d.c. is obtained across Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple factor (d)
the load RL TUF (e) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of diode D1 and(f) Crest factor of
transformer secondary current.

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2 Vm 2 Vm
* Single-Phase Full Bridge Diode Rectifier With Resistive Load
P V *I  R
  dc  dc dc   81.05%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm V
* m
2 2R
Vm
FF 
Vrms
 2    1.11
Vdc 2 Vm 2 2

Vac
RF   FF 2  1  1.112  1  0.483
Vdc
The PIV is 2Vm

Full Bridge Single-phase Diode Rectifier with DC Load Current

Example 4 single-phase diode bridge rectfier has a purely resistive load of R=15
ohms and, VS=300 sin 314 t and unity transformer ratio. Determine (a) The
efficiency, (b) Form factor, (c) Ripple factor, (d) The peak inverse voltage, (PIV) of
each diode, , and, (e) Input power factor.
 2 Vm
1 2Vm I dc   12.7324 A
 m
Vdc  V sin t dt   190.956 V
0
  R
 1/ 2
1 
Vrms    Vm sin t 2 dt 
Vm
  212.132 V
  0  2
Pdc V I
  dc dc  81.06 % Vrms
Pac Vrms I rms FF   1.11
Vdc
Vac
2
Vrms  Vdc2 V2
RF    rms  1  FF 2  1  0.482 The PIV=300V
Vdc Vdc Vdc2

Re al Power V I cos
Input power factor =  S S 1
Apperant Power VS I S

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Example 5 solve Example 4 if the load is 30 A pure DC

From example 4 Vdc= 190.986 V, Vrms=212.132 V I dc  30 A and I rms = 30 A
P V I V
  dc  dc dc  90 % FF  rms  1.11
P V I Vdc
ac rms rms

Vac
2
Vrms  Vdc
2 2
Vrms
RF 
Vdc

Vdc

Vdc2
 1  FF 2  1  0.482 Filtering/Smoothing
The PIV=Vm=300V
4 Io 4 * 30
I S1    27.01 A
2 2
Re al Power
Input Power factor= 
Apperant Power
VS I S1 * cos  I * cos  27.01
 S1  *1  0.9 Lag
VS I S IS 30

Types of filters Capacitor filter

(a) Capacitor filter

(b) Choke input (inductor)
(c) Capacitor input filter

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Effect on a half wave rectifier Effect on a full wave rectifier

Choke Input Effect on full wave rectifier

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Capacitor input filter (Π filter) Effect on full wave rectifier

Introduction
After application of filters to the circuit, it is still
clear that the final waveform is still not steady.
Regulation/stabilization While this can be used by many equipment,
there are still some that cannot be able to
withstand any variation in the voltage.
Stabilization is thus necessary

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Zener diode regulator

regulation
For low current power supplies - a simple voltage regulator
can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected in
reverse.
• Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and
maximum power Pz (typically 400mW to 1.3W)

Example

END

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