Matrix Definition An array of mn numbers arranged in m rows and n columns is called an m Xn matrix. Each of these mn numbers is called an element of the matrix. Thus, ay 92 41n a ay... rm}, eee 5 a 2 | is anm X n matrix, and is read asm by n matrix, Omi Im2 ** Amn To locate any particular clement of a matrix it is convenient to rise two suffixes i and j, where i stands for the particular row and j for the particular column to which the element belongs. Thus in the above m x n matrix, the clement aj belong to the ith row and jth column. A matrix may be denoted by a single capital letter A or by any other suitable symbol. The symbol of Matrix is (_) or [ |: Thus A = (aj) wherei = 1,2, ....™m ;j Herei = 1,2andj = 1,2,3. or Evarnplen ( 3.7) isa2 x 3 matrix, ie, the matrixhas 2 rows and 3 columns, Now the clement in 419 is 3 and in ap, is 4. 1,2, Type of Matrix 1. Row Matrix, A matrix of n elements arranged in one row only is called a row matrix. It is an 1x n matrix. Thus (a}, a, ..., d,) is a row matrix. Again (2143) is a row matrix. 2. Column matrix. A matrix of m elements arranged in one column only is a column matrix. Its, anm X 1 matrix. a 3) a 2 ‘ Thus | a3 | is a column matrix. |1] is also an example of it. 6 a, 7 = F 3. Square matrix. If in a matrix, the number of rows is equal to the number of columns (ic,, if i 2-1 ™ =n is an m x n matrix), then it is called a square matrix of order n. Thus 3 _2} and Hp). — 3, 8 21] are square matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively. 3430 Business Mathematics and Statics Tf again, in the same matrixm # n, then it will be a rectangular matrix. 4 Diagonal matrix, The leading clements of a square matrix are known as di agonal elements, Ligh Ge) ! For Example. In the square matrix | 4 2 1] 51,2, 4 are the diagonal clements, a 2 4 Now a square matrix whose all the elements except the diagonal clements are zero, is known ag 100 diagonal matrix. Thus |0 2 0 | is a diagonal matrix, 004 Itis also written as A = diag. (1 2 4). Note. (i) Square matrix A will be a diagonal matrix, ifall the non-diagonal elements are zero, Gi) A diagonal matrix whose diagonal clements are all equal is sai 0 0 id to be a scalar matrix, 200 ‘sf 0 2 0 | is ascalar matrix general form is | 0 GB W]lo 002 Y 0 @ S. Unit matrix. In a scalar matrix if all the diagonal elements are unity (ie, 1) then it is called aunit 00 matrix (or, identity matrix). Thus 0 1 0 | is a unit matrix. I is usually denoted by I. 001 Note. In a unit matrix A = (4), ay = Ofori x, ay = 1 fori = j. 6. Null matrix. A matrix in which every element is zero is known as aull matrix. Itis denoted by O. (CeO ThisO=]0 0 0 0 ® @ 7. Transposed matrix. If the columns of matrix A be changed into rows of another matrix, then this changed matrix is said to be a transposed matrix, and is usually denoted byA’. 24 an ThusifA= (2 2 3) thena’=/13].Againls —2 is the transposed of a ay) Zi 5 (; | one pee 8. Symmetric matrix. Its a special type of square matrix A = (ay) for which jj = ji for all andj. 3x2 oes ‘aude Thus|—2 4 2] isasymmetric matrix. 3 Bn) 7 ah hg . ps 5 AgainifA = |h b f| then A’ = b f | ie, Ais symmetric, Saplaney gfe Note. (i) If A = A’, then it is clear that A must be a symmetric matrix. ee, Talon Oe We find that transpose of A’ is ie, (A')! = A Peete eee matrix, A square matrix Ais said to Pe ee transpose of A’ with a negative sign, ie, if A = A’. For Example wa-(_2 §)-4'=(Gs 56) eames <. Ais skew symmetrix matrix.Matrix u 10. Orthogonal matrix, A square matrix A is sa ; Lan S where A’ is the transpose o ‘quare matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrixif A’ A = A A’ =I, f A and J is the unit matrix, 11. Order of a matri i is sai 14 22] ute A matrix of a x 1 elements is said to be a matrix of ardet a, Thus 2 3 5 | is a matrix of order 3. L i 0 4 12, Sub-matrix, The matrix formed by omitting either some rows or columns from a matrix A is known as the sub-matrix of A. 2 6 7 8B Wa=| 3 0 25 vsubmatrcot is (3 6 H ln 13 eae SO) 13. Inverse of a matrix. If the matrices A and B are so related that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse of A and is denoted by A” '. Since A and B are conformable for the product AB, BA and AB = BA, A and B are square matrices of same order. Thus a matrix A has an inverse only where it is a square matrix. 14. Conformable matrices. Matrices (two or more) are said to be conformable when they have the same values for m and also for n. Thus the matrices 23-1) (a b -a nal 68 Be b Glave o ‘ are conformable because 24 -2 cnc ee cach of them is a 3 x 3 matrix (or matrix of order 3).. : 15. Equal matrices. Two matrices are said to be equal when they are conformable and their corresponding elements are equal. IfA = (ay), B = (by), then A = B means ay nd ies ce a 6 3} 4 6 10/2 Again | 3 2} and ) are not equal matrices but they are conformable. gain) 2 29!) am Dae eae : ae et of the corresponding element of the matrix . Scalar multiplication of a matrices. The p» BA arias quantity ii ict Kis an m x n matrix whose every say ee A and the scalar quantity. It is denot Kay) _ {#1 93) x ay, 42 -(x bale bs a1 422 a Ces Bro aio we dels Het3 C2 Lge Example. K (: Worked out Examples baie 1, LetA = (; 32. ita Find A’, (A'y' B’, 2A, (2A)! 24 1 jc (2. ey S| Glass (j 2 N