DOI [Link] TWIST, 2024, Vol. 19, Issue 3, pp.

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From Theory to Manuscript:

Effective Strategies for Writing Scientific Articles in Geosciences

Christian W. Romero-Cóndor*
Proyecto de Investigación Geológica y Disponibilidad de Ocurrencias Minerales en el Territorio Ecuatoriano,
Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético del Ecuador – IIGE, Quito 170124, Ecuador
[*Corresponding autor]

Fausto R. Carranco-Andino
Proyecto de Investigación Geológica y Disponibilidad de Ocurrencias Minerales en el Territorio Ecuatoriano,
Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético del Ecuador – IIGE, Quito 170124, Ecuador

Isabel C. Garcia-López
Ingeniería en Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y Agua,
Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador

Liliana P. Troncoso-Salgado
Facultad de Ingeniería en Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental,
Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador

Marilyn D. C. Castillo-Jara
Facultad de Ingeniería en Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental,
Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador

Edmundo M. Calderón-Viveros
Instituto de Investigación Geológico y Energético del Ecuador – IIGE,
Quito 170124, Ecuador

Abstract
This article provides a detailed guide on writing scientific articles in geosciences, covering everything from title selection
to preparing appendices. An exhaustive literature review was conducted, identifying best practices and critical
recommendations for each section of the manuscript. The methodology included reviewing sources such as books,
scientific articles, and practical guides and organizing the information thematically. The results underscore the importance
of a clear and coherent structure, the proper use of figures and tables, and ethics in scientific research. The discussion
highlights the relevance of scientific dissemination, the impact of digital tools, and the need for rigorous peer review.
Finally, recommendations are offered for selecting the appropriate journal and increasing publication success. This guide
is designed to help geoscience students, technicians, teachers, and novice researchers improve the quality and visibility of
their manuscripts, contributing to the advancement of knowledge dissemination in geosciences.
Keywords
Scientific Writing, Geosciences, Research Methodology, Ethics in Research

INTRODUCTION
Writing scientific articles is a fundamental skill for the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of science.
Publishing in scientific journals allows researchers to share their findings with the academic community, contributing to
developing knowledge in their field (Gastel & Day, 2016). Moreover, scientific publication is crucial for the professional
career of researchers, providing recognition, funding opportunities, and the establishment of international collaborations
(Thrower, 2010).

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Scientific production significantly impacts the academic, industrial, and technical communities. At the academic level, it
promotes innovation and the generation of new knowledge, allowing other researchers to build upon previous studies
(Koltay, 2010). In the industrial sphere, scientific publications can translate into technological advancements and
improvements in production processes (Bennett, 2010), while in the technical sector, they contribute to better practices,
standards, and regulations (Bowling, 2013).
This document aims to provide a detailed guide on how to write an influential scientific article in geosciences. It
addresses all the essential components of the manuscript, from the title selection to the preparation of the appendices, with
practical recommendations and identifying common errors to avoid. This guide is designed to assist researchers,
especially those writing their first article, produce clear, coherent, and well-structured manuscripts.
Writing a scientific article can seem daunting, especially for novice researchers. However, by following a clear
structure and paying attention to details, it is possible to create a manuscript that meets the journal's standards and makes
a valuable contribution to the field of study (Leung, 2014). As shown in Fig. 1, the key components include a clear and
concise title, an informative abstract, an introduction that sets the context, a detailed methodology, well-presented results,
a critical discussion, and meaningful conclusions (John et al., 2020).

Fig. 1 Graphical representation of the necessary chapters for a scientific article and their workflow. (a). Title; (b). Abstract; (c).
Keywords; (d). Introduction; (e). Methodology; (f). Results; (g). Discussion; (h). Conclusion; (i). Acknowledgements; (j).
Bibliographic references; (k). Appendices or supplementary material.
Source: Own elaboration

The current state of the research field should be carefully reviewed, and key publications, especially recent ones, should
be cited. The Introduction should be comprehensible and connect the points mentioned above with a dynamic flow of
reading, making it accessible to scientists outside of the specific research field. Citations should be presented in
parentheses, using only the last name of the first author followed by the year, without commas or periods.
Creating and presenting figures, graphs, and tables are essential for effectively communicating data. These visual
elements must be clear, well-labeled, and directly relevant to the results presented. Utilizing appropriate figures and tables
facilitates the understanding of complex data and reinforces the critical points of the study (Light, 2015). Additionally, it
is essential to seek out and identify a suitable journal for the research topic and to follow the journal's guidelines

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regarding the format and presentation of these elements (Bennett, 2010). Authors can use artificial intelligence tools to
enhance the writing process. These tools can help optimize grammar, writing style, and manuscript coherence, facilitating
the creation of a high-quality document (Leydens & Santi, 2006).
This article presents practical tips and strategies based on a review of various guides and articles on scientific
writing. An extensive review of the literature supports these recommendations. Ultimately, researchers will be better
equipped to communicate their findings effectively and contribute to advancing geosciences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To develop this guide on how to write and publish a scientific article in the field of geosciences, a structured methodology
was followed, which included a literature review, analysis of recommended practices, and synthesis of effective
strategies. The following sections describe the steps to achieve the results presented in this guide.
Various reference sources on scientific writing were reviewed, including books, scientific articles, and practical
guides. This review allowed for identifying best practices and recommendations from expert authors in the field.
The collected information was organized thematically, allowing for a systematic comparison of the
recommendations from different authors. Special attention was given to the essential components of the manuscript, such
as the title, abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, and
appendices (Fig. 1). This analysis allowed for identifying common and divergent points in the recommendations,
facilitating the development of a set of best practices for writing scientific articles.
Specific recommendations on creating figures and tables were reviewed, highlighting the importance of following
journal guidelines regarding format and presentation. Using appropriate figures and tables facilitates the understanding of
complex data and reinforces the critical points of the study (John et al., 2020; Light, 2015). Additionally, common errors
in preparing these visual elements were identified, and strategies were provided to avoid them, thus ensuring effective
communication of the data.
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the scientific writing process is becoming increasingly common.
Several available AI tools were analyzed, evaluating their advantages and limitations. These tools can assist in optimizing
grammar, writing style, and manuscript coherence, facilitating the creation of high-quality documents (John et al., 2020).
The discussion included effectively integrating these tools into the writing process without entirely relying on them to
maintain the author's originality and voice.
A qualitative methodology was used to analyze and synthesize the information from various sources. This
methodological approach ensured that the resulting guide was comprehensive, detailed, accessible, and practical for
students, teachers, technicians, and novice researchers in the field of geosciences.
The guide was then written based on the review, analysis, and synthesis of the information. It was structured
logically and coherently, addressing each component of the scientific article clearly and in detail. Practical
recommendations were included, as well as the identification of common errors and strategies to avoid them. This aims to
help researchers improve the quality of their manuscripts and increase their chances of publication in scientific journals.

RESULTS
Different authors emphasize the need for a clear and coherent structure in scientific articles, which includes title, abstract,
keywords, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, and appendices
(Gastel & Day, 2016; Thrower, 2010). Table 1 presents essential characteristics to consider in the writing of each of these
chapters, as described below:

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 Table 1 Content style and writing of each chapter in a scientific article in the geosciences field
Main Necessary Aspects to Unnecessary Aspects to Recommendations to Recommended
Section Errors to Avoid
Characteristics Include Include Consider Writing Styles
- Clear and concise - Specific keywords - Keep between 10-15 words - Direct and specific
- Long or complicated
- Reflects the study - Avoid unnecessary - Complex abbreviations - Avoid technical jargon - Clear and
titles
Title content jargon - Ambiguous terms - Reflect topic and focus understandable
- Use of abbreviations
- Uses relevant - Reflect the main - Excessive details - Use keywords - Without excessive
- Lack of keywords
keywords objective - Review accuracy and appeal technical language
- Brief and precise - Context and - Abbreviations - Limit to 150-250 words - Excessive details
- Clear and concise
- Provides an justification - Citations and - Include important aspects - Inclusion of
- Informative and direct
Abstract overview - Main methods references - Avoid new information abbreviations
- Structured and
- Logically - Results and - Information not - Ensure self-sufficiency - Information not included
coherent
structured conclusions contained - Write clearly and directly in the main article
- Capture reader's interest
- Detailed results - Be concise but informative
- Sets the context - State-of-the-art review - Too long introduction
- Extensive information - Relate to previous studies - Direct and attractive
- Justifies the need - Knowledge gaps - Lack of clarity in
Introduction not directly related - Define hypotheses and - Informative and clear
- Clearly defines - Objectives and objectives
- Too much historical objectives - Logically structured
objectives research questions - Not justifying the need
context - Explain relevance and
originality
- Be detailed and specific
- Detailed - Ensure reproducibility
- Experimental design
description - Include instruments and
- Data collection and - Raw data - Lack of details - Clear and precise
Methods or - Information for techniques
analysis procedures - Interpreted results - Omission of ethics - Detailed and specific
Methodology reproducibility - Describe statistical
- Ethical considerations - Irrelevant information - Incomplete description - Logically structured
- Ethical procedures
and approvals
considerations - Detail ethical considerations

- Relevant data and

- Clear and objective - Present logically
findings - Interpretation of results - Interpretation of results
presentation - Use tables and figures - Objective and clear
- Well-labeled tables, - Conclusions or - Inclusion of irrelevant
- Use of tables and - Include all relevant data - Concise and precise
Results figures, and charts discussions information
figures - Report statistics clearly - Structured and
- Applicable statistics - Irrelevant information - Lack of clarity in
- Reporting relevant - Be objective without coherent
and descriptive to the findings presentation
statistics interpretation
analysis
- Comparison with - Interpret with existing
- Interpretation of
previous studies literature - Lack of connection with
results - Raw data
- Interpretation of - Discuss implications literature - Reflective and critical
- Identification of - Repetition of results
Discussion findings - Identify limitations - Not addressing - Clear and concise
limitations - Irrelevant or out-of-
- Discussion of - Suggest future research limitations - Logically structured
- Areas for future context information
theoretical and - Conclude with a summary of - New unsupported ideas
research
practical implications findings
- Summary of - Main conclusions - New data - Summarize findings clearly - Introduction of new - Clear and concise
Conclusions
findings - Relevance and - Excessive details - Highlight relevance information - Direct and precise

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 - Relevance and practical applications - Irrelevant information - Do not introduce new - Lack of clarity - Structured and
applicability - Suggestions for future to the conclusions information - Not highlighting coherent
- Proposals for research - Provide future suggestions relevance
future research - Ensure consistency with
presented data
- Be brief and specific -
- Names and roles of
- Recognition of - Long Mention significant - Long acknowledgements - Brief and specific
people and institutions
Acknowledgemen contributions acknowledgements contributions - Omission of important - Clear and concise
- Funding details
ts - Mention of funding - Unrelated information - Include funding details contributions - Formal and
- Thanks to reviewers
- Brief and specific - Unnecessary details - Thank reviewers and editors - Irrelevant information respectful
and editors
- Ensure clarity and precision
- Journal articles, books,
- Ensure complete references
- Complete and and book chapters
- Uncited sources - Follow citation format - Incomplete citations - Precise and consistent
precise - Specified citation
- Irrelevant references - Include all cited sources - Uncited references - Clear and organized
References - Consistent format format
- Incomplete or - Review to avoid errors - Lack of format - Complete and
- Includes all cited - Complete information
incorrect information - Use reference management consistency verifiable
sources to locate the original
tools
sources
- Supplementary
- Include complementary
- Complementary materials such as
- Essential information information - Inclusion of essential - Clear and organized
information questionnaires and
for the main text - Clearly label information - Detailed and specific
Appendices - Clearly labeled additional data
- Irrelevant data - Organize logically - Lack of clear labeling - Accessible and
- Logically - Detailed procedures
- Excessive details - Reference in the main text - Disorganized information complementary
organized - Extensive figures and
- Maintain quality and rigor
tables
- Be transparent and clear
- Conflict of interest
- Transparency and - Include all necessary
Declarations of statements - Unrelated information - Omission of conflicts of
clarity approvals - Clear and transparent
Conflicts of - Institutional approvals - Irrelevant details interest
- Conflict statements - Ensure informed consent - Concise and precise
Interest and and informed consents - Incomplete - Lack of ethical details
- Ethical - Provide ethical details - Formal and ethic
Ethics - Relevant ethical information - Incomplete statements
considerations - Review for accuracy and
aspects
completeness
Source: Own elaboration

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Title
The title of a scientific article is fundamental for attracting the reader's attention and accurately and concisely reflecting
the content of the study. According to Gastel and Day (2016), a compelling title should communicate the main topic of
the study using specific keywords that facilitate indexing and searching in academic databases. This is crucial to ensure
that the article is easily locatable and accessible to other researchers. Clarity and conciseness are essential; titles should
avoid complex abbreviations and ambiguous terms that might confuse readers (Thrower, 2010). Additionally, a well-
crafted title captures the reader's attention and provides an accurate idea of the study's topic and focus (Koltay, 2010). It is
advisable to define a provisional title before drafting the manuscript and to formulate the final title after completing the
article (Lam Díaz, 2016).
Artificial intelligence (AI) can be valuable in generating scientific titles. AI tools can analyze the article's content,
suggest alternative titles that optimize keyword usage, and improve the article's visibility in academic search engines
(John et al., 2020). This may include using machine learning algorithms to identify the most relevant and appealing terms
and ensuring that the title meets standards of clarity, conciseness, and relevance (Gopen & Swan, 1990).

Abstract
The abstract of a scientific article is a critical section that provides a concise overview of the study, including the context,
main methods, key results, and principal conclusions. Its typical length varies from 150 to 250 words, and it should be
structured logically and clearly without including abbreviations or citations (Gil et al., 2016). An effective abstract should
allow the reader to quickly understand the study's purpose, methods, main findings, and significance of the work
(Springer Nature, 2023). According to Wiley (2022), the abstract should reflect all parts of the article, including the
study's rationale, the methodology applied, the results obtained, and the implications of the findings. It is essential to
avoid unnecessary data or excessive details; instead, the abstract should focus on the most significant aspects of the study.
Using clear and direct language is essential to ensure the abstract is understandable to a broad audience (Hillier et al.,
2021). Additionally, it is recommended to structure the abstract into sections covering the problem or objective, methods,
primary results, and conclusions (Springer Nature, 2023). Like the title, it is a good practice to write the abstract after
completing the rest of the article (Lam Díaz, 2016).
Artificial intelligence tools can be useful in writing abstracts. They can help identify and summarize the critical
points of the document and ensure the final text's coherence and clarity (Gil et al., 2016). These tools can analyze the
content and suggest improvements in the style and structure of the abstract.

Keywords
Keywords are terms or short phrases that capture the most important aspects of a scientific article. They are included
immediately after the abstract and facilitate the article's search and retrieval in academic databases and search engines.
Keywords allow researchers and readers to quickly identify the study's content and focus, thus enhancing the article's
visibility (Gastel & Day, 2016).
Selecting appropriate keywords is a critical step in writing a scientific article. These should be specific and
representative of the article's content, encompassing the main concepts, the methodology used, and the most significant
findings (Ellison, 2010). For example, in a study on the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, keywords might
include terms such as "climate change," "marine biodiversity," "ecological impact," and "marine ecosystems"
Keywords should align with the terms used in the relevant literature and be consistent with the standards of the field of
study. This ensures that other researchers can find the article when searching for information on similar topics. Using
synonyms and related terms can also be beneficial in broadening the search scope (Koltay, 2010).
Additionally, artificial intelligence tools can be very helpful in selecting keywords. These tools can analyze the
article's content and suggest relevant terms based on search patterns and current trends in academic literature. This
optimizes the keyword selection process and improves their accuracy and relevance (Leydens & Santi, 2006).

Introduction
The introduction of a scientific article is essential for establishing the study's context and relevance, justifying the
research's need, and clearly defining the objectives. This chapter should include a review of the state of the art and
highlight the knowledge gaps the study aims to fill (Gastel & Day, 2016). The introduction should capture the reader's
interest by presenting the research problem clearly and concisely (Fig. 2). It is crucial to provide the context that helps
readers understand why the study is essential and how it contributes to the existing body of knowledge (Ellison, 2010).

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 Fig. 2 Diagram of the process of problem identification, scope definition, and writing of the research justification. A. Collection of
bibliographic information; B. Review of the relevant literature; C. Analysis and synthesis of information; D. Identification of the
problem; E. Identification of the knowledge gap; F. Identification of research tools; G. Selection of the research problem; H. Selection
of the research scope; I. Delimitation of the study area; J. Definition of the research question; K. Relevance of the research topic; L.
Writing of the justification
Source: Own elaboration

Reviewing the state of the art involves summarizing relevant previous research, highlighting significant findings and
earlier studies' limitations. This analysis helps position the current work within the discipline's broader context and
justifies the study's need (Light, 2015). It is essential to avoid overloading the introduction with excessive details; instead,
it should focus on providing enough information for the reader to understand the importance of the study and the research
questions being addressed. The introduction should also clearly define the research objectives and hypotheses. This
includes a precise statement of the study's goals and the specific questions it aims to answer (Fig. 2). This clarity helps
guide the reader through the rest of the article, providing a clear framework for understanding the methods, results, and
conclusions (Markley, 2010). The introduction should include an argumentative paragraph that delineates the study's
justification, problem statement, and scope, implicitly answering the questions described in Table 2.
Table 2 Argumentation content in the Introduction of a scientific article in the geosciences field
Questions Question Definition
- The research topic is briefly explained
What?
- The purpose and expected outcomes are described
- The identified problem in the baseline survey is addressed
Why?
- Conducted to address a specific knowledge gap
For what - The contribution of the generated knowledge is identified
purpose? - Conducted to contribute to solving an identified problem
- A brief explanation of how the research was conducted
How?
- The methods or methodologies applied are briefly and textually cited
- The specific environment or context of the study is specified, particularly the location where
Where?
the research was conducted, and the study area is delimited
- Relevant dates or periods of the study are indicated, for example, intervals during which the
When?
data presented were collected
Source: Own elaboration

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Regarding the inclusion of figures and tables, in the field of geosciences, the introduction often contains location figures
and the geological context schema, with the optional inclusion of other crucial figures or tables to establish the study's
context. Figures and tables must be clearly labeled and relevant to discussing the content. Artificial intelligence tools can
help identify and highlight keywords and essential phrases in the reviewed literature, thus optimizing the writing of the
introduction (Koltay, 2010). It is worth noting that it is currently recommended to cite information obtained through
artificial intelligence, considering that one does not cite a conversation but rather the product of an algorithm, which is an
intellectual work (PUCC, 2024).

Methods or Methodology
A scientific article's methods or methodology section is fundamental for detailing the study design, setting, subjects, data
collection, and analysis procedures. This section must provide sufficient detail to allow the reproducibility of the study
and address ethical considerations, including institutional approvals and informed consent (Gastel & Day, 2016).
The methodology should explain step-by-step every action taken during the research. This includes clearly
describing the experimental or study design and specifying whether it is a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method
study. It is essential to detail the study's setting and the characteristics of the participating subjects, ensuring that this
information is sufficient to replicate the study in another context (Markley, 2010). When describing data collection, it
should detail how the data were obtained, what instruments were used, and how the validity and reliability of the collected
data were ensured. Additionally, it is important to mention any sampling procedures used and justify them (Ellison,
2010). If the method is well-known, it should be mentioned along with the appropriate bibliographic citation. It must be
explained in detail if it is a new or a modified version of a known method (Villagrán & Harris, 2009).
The analysis procedures should be clearly described, including the statistical or data analysis techniques. This
section is essential for other researchers to reproduce the analyses and verify the results. Additionally, it should mention
how the data were handled and any software used for the analysis (Koltay, 2010). Ethical considerations should also be
addressed, indicating the institutional approvals and the informed consent procedures applied, ensuring the study's
transparency and integrity (Light, 2015). Regarding the inclusion of figures and tables, these can be useful for illustrating
the experimental design, data collection procedures, and analysis methods. For example, a flowchart can show the stages
of the study, while tables can summarize the characteristics of the subjects and the instruments used. Artificial
intelligence tools can assist in organizing and visualizing these elements, ensuring they are clear and compelling (Koltay,
2010).
Result
The results section in a scientific article is crucial for presenting the research findings clearly and concisely. It must
include all relevant data and report applicable statistics without interpreting the results (Gastel & Day, 2016). This section
should be logically organized, presenting the most important findings first and using tables and figures to complement the
text and enhance the understanding of the data.
Tables help present detailed numerical data and comparisons between different variables or groups. Each table
should have a clear title and a legend explaining its content and any abbreviations. The tables must be self-sufficient,
meaning the reader can understand them without referring to the text (John et al., 2020). For example, the results of
petrographic, geochemical, and geochronological assays could be presented in tables.
Conversely, figures are ideal for visually representing data, making it easier to identify patterns and trends. This
section commonly uses bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and box plots. Geosciences are expected to include
stratigraphic columns, geological profiles, pole diagrams, binary and ternary classification diagrams, and multi-element
diagrams. Each figure should be accompanied by a descriptive legend explaining the symbols and abbreviations used and
the meaning of the different parts of the graph (Markley, 2010). For example, a scatter plot can show the relationship
between two variables, while a box plot can represent the distribution of a variable across different groups. It is essential
to present the data objectively and without interpretation. The results should be organized coherently, following the
structure outlined in the methodology. Each subsection should focus on a specific data set and results, allowing for a
smooth reading and easy understanding of the findings (Ellison, 2010).
Additionally, it is helpful to include tables and figures that summarize the main results to provide a quick
overview of the findings. All tables and figures should be cited in the main body of this section and listed in the order
they appear in the text (Lam Díaz, 2016). Artificial intelligence tools can assist in creating and optimizing these visual
elements, ensuring they are accurate and effective in communicating the results (Koltay, 2010).
Discussion
The discussion is a critical section in a scientific article where the results are interpreted in the context of existing
literature. This section explains the significance and relevance of the findings and explores their theoretical and practical
implications (Gastel & Day, 2016). It is essential to compare and contrast the obtained results with those of previous
studies to place the new knowledge within the broader framework of the discipline.
The discussion should start with a concise summary of the main results, followed by a detailed interpretation. It is
crucial to highlight how these findings support, refute, or expand existing knowledge (John et al., 2020). This comparison
should be backed by references to relevant previous studies, which helps establish the validity and significance of the new
findings.

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The study's limitations must be addressed transparently. Identifying and discussing the limitations provides an honest
framework of the study's scope and guides future researchers on potential areas of improvement and precautions to
consider (Ellison, 2010). This includes methodological limitations, sampling issues, and potential biases that could have
influenced the results.
Regarding the inclusion of figures and tables in the discussion, these can be used to illustrate critical comparisons
with previous studies or to highlight significant trends emerging from the results. For example, a comparative bar chart
can show how the study's results align or differ from previous studies, while a table can summarize the characteristics and
findings of similar studies to facilitate comparison (Markley, 2010). In geosciences, binary and ternary diagrams, tectonic
discrimination scatter plots, and other figures can be presented to contrast the acquired data with bibliographic data.
The discussion should also include suggestions for future research. These recommendations should be based on
the identified limitations and the new questions that the results may have generated. It is helpful to propose specific areas
where further research is needed to advance knowledge in the field (Koltay, 2010).
Finally, it is essential to highlight the unique contributions of the study. This can include new methods, unique
data, or novel perspectives of the study. Recognizing these contributions helps position the study within the existing
literature and underscores its relevance and potential impact. This section is written in the present tense, for example,
"these data indicate that..." because the findings of the work are considered established scientific evidence (Lam Díaz,
2016).

Conclusion
The conclusions of a scientific article are essential for summarizing the study's main findings, highlighting their relevance
and applicability. This section should provide a clear and concise closure to the article, avoiding introducing new
information and aligning the conclusions with the initially stated research objectives (Gastel & Day, 2016). The simplest
way to write the conclusions is to list them consecutively or provide a brief recap of the article's content, mentioning its
purpose, the primary methods, the most outstanding data, and the most significant contribution of the research (Lam Díaz,
2016).
This ensures that the conclusions not only summarize the results but also demonstrate how these results answer
the research questions posed (Ellison, 2010). The conclusions should be expressed clearly and precisely, avoiding
unnecessary repetitions of the abstract or other sections of the article. Instead, the focus should be on interpreting the
findings and their practical or theoretical relevance, offering a final perspective on the study (Baker, 2012). Additionally,
the conclusions may include recommendations for future research. These recommendations should be based on the study's
limitations and the new questions arising from the findings. Suggesting specific areas where further research is needed
can help guide future studies and build upon the knowledge generated (Koltay, 2010).
These are rare in the conclusions section regarding the inclusion of figures and tables. However, they can help
summarize the main results or illustrate the practical implications of the findings. For example, a table summarizing key
findings or a figure highlighting the practical applications of the results can provide an adequate visual closure to the
article (Leydens & Santi, 2006). It is important to remember that the conclusions should not be repeated in the article's
abstract. The abstract is an independent section that should offer an overview of the study, while the conclusions should
provide a final and reflective synthesis of the findings (Gastel & Day, 2016).

Acknowledgments
The acknowledgments section in a scientific article recognizes the contributions of individuals and institutions that have
provided significant support during the study. This section allows for thanking collaborators who do not meet the criteria
for co-authorship, such as research assistants, laboratory technicians, colleagues who provided advice, and reviewers who
improved the manuscript with their comments (Gastel & Day, 2016). It is essential to mention any funding received,
detailing the organizations or institutions providing financial support for the project. This transparency acknowledges the
financial support and highlights the importance of funding sources for scientific research (Leydens & Santi, 2006).
Additionally, editors and reviewers should be thanked for their comments and suggestions, which often result in
significant improvements to the manuscript. Acknowledgments should be specific and personal, mentioning names and
individual contributions briefly and respectfully (Ellison, 2010). Finally, keeping this section concise and focused is
essential, avoiding unnecessary length. Including acknowledgments is a gesture of academic courtesy and
professionalism, and it helps to strengthen relationships within the scientific community.

References
The references in a scientific article must list all the sources cited in the document, following the citation format specified
by the journal. The references must be complete and accurate, allowing readers to quickly locate the sources (Gastel &
Day, 2016). Proper citation ensures the article's credibility and academic rigor and acknowledges other researchers'
previous work. Adequate handling of references not only supports the integrity of the study but also provides a map of the
relevant literature, helping to contextualize the findings within the framework of existing knowledge (Leydens & Santi,
2006).
There must be a correspondence between the citations made in the manuscript and those included in the
references, as readers are generally interested in verifying the data used for the research (Lam Díaz, 2016). Each entry in

784
the reference list should contain enough information for others to find and consult the sources, such as authors' names,
titles of works, journal names, volumes, pages, and years of publication.
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are fundamental in managing and organizing references efficiently. Tools like
EndNote, Mendeley, and Zotero help organize and systematize references and allow for their automatic integration into
the text according to the required citation style (Ellison, 2010). These tools can automate the creation of bibliographies,
reduce human errors, and save significant time in the writing process. Additionally, AI can help identify relevant sources
through advanced search algorithms and citation analysis. AI can also assist in synthesizing and validating references,
ensuring that all cited sources are relevant and up-to-date. AI tools can analyze large volumes of data to identify citation
patterns and suggest additional references the author may have overlooked. Moreover, these tools can alert authors to
potential citation duplications or inconsistencies, thereby improving academic work's accuracy and integrity (Koltay,
2010).
Authors should manually review and verify references generated by AI tools to ensure their accuracy and
appropriateness to the study's context. While technology can significantly facilitate the citation process, human oversight
remains essential to maintaining high academic standards.

Appendices or Supplementary Materials

The appendices in a scientific article provide additional information that complements the study but is optional for
understanding the main text. These can include supplementary data, extensive methodological details, questionnaires, raw
data tables, software programs, or any other information supporting the study's findings (Gastel & Day, 2016). The
appendices must be clearly labeled and referenced in the main text, presenting the information in a clear and accessible
manner.
The appendices should be logically and structurally organized, beginning with a descriptive title indicating the
content of each appendix. For example, "Appendix A: Structural Data Presented in Figure 3" or "Appendix B:
Geochronological Data." Each appendix should be mentioned appropriately in the main text, allowing readers to know
where to find the additional information (Leydens & Santi, 2006). Figures and tables included in the appendices should be
labeled consistently with the rest of the document but numbered independently (e.g., Table A1, Figure B2). This ensures
that the appendices are self-sufficient and easy to navigate. Tables can present detailed data or additional results not
included in the main text due to space constraints, while figures can illustrate complex experimental procedures or
complementary results (Ellison, 2010).
Artificial intelligence (AI) tools can significantly contribute to the construction of this section. AI can help
organize and systematize large volumes of data, ensuring the information in the appendices is relevant and well-
presented. Natural language processing tools can automatically generate data summaries and help format tables and
figures consistently (Koltay, 2010).
Conflict of Interest and Ethics Statements
The conflict of interest and ethics statements section is crucial for ensuring the transparency and integrity of the study.
This section should declare any conflicts of interest, that is, any circumstances that may inappropriately influence the
results or interpretation of the study (Gastel & Day, 2016). Identifying conflicts of interest involves reviewing the authors'
financial, personal, or professional relationships that may affect their objectivity. It is essential to be honest and detailed
in these declarations to maintain the trust of the reader and the scientific community.
Ethical considerations are also fundamental. This includes obtaining institutional approvals to conduct the study
and ensuring all relevant ethical standards are met. Additionally, informed consent must be obtained from participants,
clearly explaining the risks and benefits of the study (Ellison, 2010).
To identify unethical and immoral practices, being vigilant about data manipulation, plagiarism, and lack of
transparency in methodology and results is essential. Authors should avoid bias in presenting the results and ensure that
the data are reported accurately and without omissions (Koltay, 2010). Conflicts of interest should not be hidden, data
should not be falsified or manipulated, the work of others should not be plagiarized, ethical approvals and informed
consents should not be omitted, and results should not be presented in a biased or misleading manner. The use of artificial
intelligence tools can help detect potential conflicts of interest and ensure compliance with ethical standards by
automatically reviewing documents and identifying discrepancies or lack of transparency (Cals & Kotz, 2013). Table 3
presents writing tips for the previously described chapters of a scientific article.
Table 3 Recommendations on the writing style of a scientific article
Chapter Characteristics Description of Writing Characteristics
Clear and concise A title should communicate the main topic of the study directly and simply.
Use terms recognized in the field of study to improve the search and reach of the
Relevant keywords
article.
Titles should be specific and avoid terms that could be interpreted in multiple
Title Avoid ambiguities
ways.
Facilitate the search for the article in academic databases by using appropriate
Indexing
keywords.
Reader attraction A good title should be interesting and capture the potential reader's attention.

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 Overview The abstract should provide a brief and comprehensive description of the study.
Include the background of the study to place the reader within the research
Context
framework.
Abstract
Methods Briefly summarize the methods used to conduct the research.
Results Highlight the most important findings of the study.
Conclusions Include the main conclusions and their relevance.
Context Describe the background and current state of the field of study.
Relevance Explain why the study is important and necessary.
Introduction Objectives Clearly define the research objectives and questions.
State of the art Review existing literature and point out knowledge gaps.
Hypotheses Present the hypotheses that the study aims to test.
Study design Describe how the research was structured.
Data collection Explain how the data were obtained.
Methods Analysis procedures Detail the methods used to analyze the data.
Reproducibility Ensure that others can replicate the study by following the described methods.
Ethics Include institutional approvals and informed consents.
Findings Present the results obtained from the research.
Tables and figures Use visual elements to enhance data comprehension.
Results Relevant data Include all important data and applicable statistics.
Logical organization Present the results in an orderly and coherent manner.
Objectivity Report the results without interpretation.
Interpretation Analyze the results in the context of existing literature.
Relevance Explain the importance of the findings.
Discussion Limitations Identify and discuss the study's limitations.
Future research Suggest areas for future research.
Unique contributions Highlight the novel contributions of the study.
Summary Recap the main findings.
Relevance Highlight the importance and applicability of the results.
Conclusions Recommendations Propose suggestions for future research.
Closing Provide a clear and concise conclusion to the article.
Consistency Ensure that the conclusions are consistent with the presented data.
Recognition Thank those who contributed to the study.
Funding Mention the sources of funding.
Brevity Be concise and specific in the acknowledgements.
Acknowledgements
Editors and reviewers Thank for the comments and suggestions received.
Significant
Ensure that all significant contributions are recognized.
contributions
Citation Include all sources cited in the article.
Format Follow the citation format specified by the journal.
References Accuracy Ensure that the references are complete and accurate.
Management tools Use reference management software.
Source location Facilitate readers in finding the original sources.
Supplementary
Include relevant additional material.
information
Clear labeling Ensure that appendices are clearly identified.
Appendices Referencing Reference the appendices in the main text.
Accessibility Present the information clearly and understandably.
Supplementary
Include additional data and questionnaires.
material
Transparency Declare any conflicts of interest.
Declarations of Ethics Address the ethical considerations of the study.
Conflicts of Interest Institutional approvals Include details of ethical approvals.
and Ethics Informed consent Ensure participants' consent.
Integrity Maintain credibility and ethics in the research.
Source: Own elaboration

Critical Recommendations for Preparing Figures and Tables

The layout and presentation of figures and tables in a scientific article are paramount for effectively communicating
research data and findings. Well-crafted figures and tables complement the text and provide a visual and educational way
to present complex information clearly and concisely (Gastel & Day, 2016).
Clarity and Simplicity: Figures and tables should be clear, simple, and understandable. Avoid using unnecessary
elements that may distract or confuse the reader. Each figure and table should have a specific purpose and contribute to
understanding the results.
Labeling and Legends: All figures and tables must be clearly labeled and accompanied by descriptive legends.
Legends should explain all symbols, abbreviations, and components of the figure or table, allowing them to be understood
independently of the text (Ellison, 2010).

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Data in Figures and Tables: Quantitative and comparative data are ideal for table presentation, while data showing trends,
patterns, or relationships are more effectively presented in figures such as binary, ternary, multi-element, bar, line graphs,
and scatter plots. Qualitative and descriptive data can also be represented in flowcharts or specific maps.
Citation of Figures and Tables: When referencing figures and tables in the text, use a clear and consistent format.
For example, "As shown in Figure 1..." or "The data in Table 2 indicate...". Ensure that all figures and tables are
numbered sequentially and cited in the correct order in the text (Koltay, 2010).
Figures and tables facilitate the understanding of complex data and allow readers to grasp critical information
quickly. Their didactic use is essential in scientific education, where they help illustrate abstract concepts and improve
information retention. Data visualization through figures and tables also enables the identification of patterns and
anomalies that may not be evident in the text (Leydens & Santi, 2006).

Inclusion of Figures in Chapters: Where to Place Figures?

Introduction: Flowcharts to illustrate the study design or conceptual framework. Geosciences expects to present a location
map showing the study area and the locations of the analyzed samples. Specifically, presenting a regional stratigraphic
geology diagram in this chapter is beneficial.
Methods: Figures and tables that describe the experimental procedures and study design.
Results: Multi-element, binary, ternary, bar, and line graphs, comparative tables, and scatter plots presenting the main
findings. In geology, photographic diagrams showing outcrops, samples, thin sections, and other aspects are often
presented.
Discussion: Figures that compare the results with previous studies or illustrate theoretical implications. In geology, this
chapter is expected to include graphical representations of paleo-geographic reconstruction models.

DISCUSSION
Importance of Scientific Dissemination in Geosciences
The scientific dissemination of research results in geosciences is essential for increasing public understanding and support
for these disciplines. Effective communication of scientific findings can influence policy decisions and natural resource
management and promote education and environmental awareness (Gastel & Day, 2016). Dissemination not only
strengthens the connection between science and society but can also attract young students to careers in geosciences,
fostering a new generation of scientists.

Traditional Structure vs. Current Didactics

Traditionally, scientific articles follow a rigid structure that includes Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion
(IMRAD). However, the current didactics in the presentation of geoscience articles have evolved to be more accessible
and understandable. Incorporating visual elements such as figures, tables, and interactive graphics can improve the
comprehension of complex concepts (Ellison, 2010). Modern scientific narrative seeks to balance academic rigor with
didactic clarity, facilitating the communication of findings to a broader audience.

Importance of Didactics
Didactics is crucial in preparing scientific articles to ensure the findings are accessible and understandable to a broad
audience. A clear and didactic presentation of results facilitates the understanding and practical application of scientific
knowledge (Ellison, 2010). We advocate for the structure proposed in the results of this research, which combines
scientific rigor with didactic clarity, ensuring that the articles are both informative and accessible.

Inclusion of Digital Tools

Digital tools, including artificial intelligence (AI), have transformed the preparation of scientific articles in geosciences.
These tools can analyze large volumes of data, identify patterns and trends, and suggest improvements in the text
(Leydens & Santi, 2006). AI can also automate the creation of references and style correction, saving time and reducing
errors. Integrating these technologies facilitates the drafting of more accurate and coherent articles.

Role of AI in Article Preparation

Artificial intelligence is increasingly used to prepare scientific articles in geosciences. In addition to assisting with writing
and editing, AI can help generate hypotheses, analyze data, and visualize complex results (Koltay, 2010). AI tools can
also provide insights based on existing literature, suggest new research directions, and enhance geoscience innovation.
Artificial intelligence offers multiple advantages for preparing scientific articles in geosciences. It can efficiently process
large datasets, perform complex analyses, and generate accurate visualizations (Leydens & Santi, 2006). Additionally, AI
can improve the consistency and clarity of the manuscript, identify errors, and suggest stylistic improvements, resulting in
higher-quality and more accurate articles.
Using AI to prepare scientific articles raises important ethical issues and potential conflicts of interest. It is crucial
to ensure that AI is used transparently and ethically, avoiding data manipulation and falsification of results (Gastel &
Day, 2016). Researchers must declare any significant reliance on AI tools and ensure that the presented findings result
from rigorous and honest analysis.

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Selecting the Right Journal for Publishing in Geosciences
Selecting the right journal for submitting a scientific article is crucial to ensure its acceptance and visibility. First, it is
essential to identify journals specializing in the specific field of study within geosciences. Reviewing recent publications
in these journals can help evaluate thematic relevance and audience reach. It is essential to consider the journal's impact
factor, which indicates the frequency with which its articles are cited. Journals with a high impact factor tend to have a
more rigorous review process but offer greater visibility and prestige. Another critical aspect is reviewing the author
guidelines of each journal. These guidelines provide details on the format, length of the article, and citation style, which
can influence the decision to submit. Finally, using artificial intelligence tools can facilitate the identification of suitable
journals by analyzing the manuscript's content and suggesting journals that have published similar works
Advantages of Double-Blind Peer Review
Submitting a scientific article to a double-masked peer-reviewed journal is crucial in ensuring the quality and credibility
of the research. In this process, both authors and reviewers remain anonymous, eliminating biases and ensuring an
impartial evaluation based solely on the scientific merit of the work. This rigorous review improves the validity and
reliability of the presented results as experts in the field identify potential errors, suggest improvements, and verify the
originality and relevance of the study.
Adhering to the review process of the selected journal is essential for the article's acceptance and publication.
Following established guidelines and appropriately responding to reviewers' comments demonstrate professionalism and
commitment to scientific quality. This process not only refines the manuscript but also contributes to advancing
knowledge in geosciences, ensuring that the published research is of high quality and value.
The main scientific indexing bases for geoscience journals are Web of Science, Scopus, and GeoRef. Other vital
databases include Google Scholar, Latindex, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, ProQuest, JSTOR,
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Earthquake Engineering Abstracts. These databases provide access to
high-impact and visibility journals, ensuring that published articles reach a broad and relevant audience. Indexing in these
databases also facilitates the search and citation of works, increasing the dissemination and impact of the research.
CONCLUSION
The comprehensive literature review underscores the importance of a clear and coherent structure in writing scientific
articles in geosciences. A precise title, an informative abstract, and a well-founded introduction are essential to capture
readers' attention and place the study in the appropriate context. The meticulous description of the methodology and the
presentation of results through appropriate figures and tables enhance the understanding and credibility of the scientific
work. Combined with a critical discussion and meaningful conclusions, this ensures the article is accessible and
understandable, contributing valuably to geosciences.
Including artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the writing and publishing of scientific articles offers significant
advantages, such as optimizing grammar, writing style, and manuscript coherence. However, using these tools ethically
and transparently is crucial to avoid data manipulation and falsification of results. Declaring conflicts of interest and
ethical considerations are essential to maintaining the study's integrity and the scientific community's trust. Double-
masked peer review remains a fundamental pillar for ensuring the quality and objectivity of published research.
Selecting the right journal for publication is essential to maximize the visibility and impact of a scientific article
in geosciences. Major indexing databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, and GeoRef, along with other important ones
like Google Scholar and ScienceDirect, facilitate the dissemination of research to a broad and relevant audience.
Complying with the review processes and the guidelines of the selected journals not only refines the manuscript but also
ensures its acceptance and successful publication. This strategic approach to research dissemination strengthens the
advancement of knowledge in the field of geosciences and fosters greater collaboration and academic development.

FUNDING INFORMATION
This research was developed within the framework of the "GEological Research Project and Availability of Mineral
Occurrences in the Ecuadorian Territory" and was also sponsored by the consulting firm GEORESEARCH &
GEOEARTH S.A".

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the participation of the students from the Faculty of Engineering in Geology, Mines, Petroleum, and
Environment at the Universidad Central del Ecuador, the Faculty of Engineering in Geology and Petroleum at the Escuela
Politécnica Nacional, who carried out internship and pre-professional practice activities in the Geological Research
Project and Availability of Mineral Occurrences in the Ecuadorian Territory.

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