A Project Report on

“Laser Security System”

For the Degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering

Submitted By

Mr. Yash Dehenkar. Miss. Khushi Raut

Mr. Prakash Redekar Miss. Sambodhi Vairagade
Miss. Swarali Gimonkar

GUIDE: Prof. V. B. Waghmare

(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

YAVATMAL, 445001
Academic Year: 2024-2025
 (DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

YAVATMAL, 445001
Academic Year: 2024-25

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Laser Security System” which is being submitted
here with for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering from Government
College of Engineering, Yavatmal during the academic year 2024-25. This is the result of the work
completed by

Mr. Yash Dehenkar 23010121293001

Mr. Prakash Redekar 23010121293002
Miss. Swarali Gimonkar 23010121293003
Miss. Khushi Raut 23010121293004
Miss. Sambodhi Vairagade 23010121293005

Prof. V. B. Waghmare Prof. A. S. SINDEKAR

Guide Head of Department
Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Government College of Engineering, Yavatmal Government College of Engineering, Yavatmal

Prof. V. B. Waghmare
Principal
Government College of Engineering, Yavatmal
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled, “Laser Security System”

was carried out and written by us under the guidance of Prof. V. B. Waghmare,
Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering,
Yavatmal. This work has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any
degree or diploma or certificate nor has been submitted elsewhere for the award of
any degree or diploma.

Mr. Yash Dehenkar

(23010121293001)
Mr. Prakash Redekar
(23010121293002)
Miss. Swarali Gimonkar
(23010121293003)
Miss. Khushi Raut
(23010121293004)
Miss. Sambodhi Vairagade
(23010121293005)

Place: Yavatmal
Date :21/11/2024
 CONTENT

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 ABSTRACT

This project deals with a model of laser security alarm system

design. Laser security systems used to be difficult to install and
rarely available to anyone other than the super-rich. Now, there are
dozens of different security systems on the market that utilize
Lasers and can effectively protect everything from small apartments
and businesses to large areas of property. Most home laser security
systems consist of two parts: a basic alarm unit and an infrared
motion detector. Laser based security system is a type of security
and alarm System that uses laser light and a light sensor. Why a
laser to be used? It is known that a laser Light goes through long
distance without any scattering effect (disturbing) and it is only
Visible at source and the destination point so it can be used as
mediator between source and Destination but to analyse the source
a sensor is need, here the use of LDR is applicable. Just Analysis is
not enough alerting should be done in general alerting is sound
effect so here Buzzer act as alerting. Making use of this, a laser
security system is designed. Its working: There is a laser diode that
generates the laser beam which continuously strikes over the Light
Dependent resister sensors. When any person crosses the path, it
inhibits laser to reach LDR And the sensor generate a low which is
read by controller to power on the buzzer.
 INTRODUCTION
Need of security is the basic necessity of any individual. The feeling
that we are safe and everything around us is all right is imperative for
a peaceful living. But in this unsafe world, when crime, terror and
threats are on their peak, how can one attain that sense of security?
Here, laser security system provides us with a solution and for this
reason more and more people are installing them in order to stay safe
and secure. Various electronic security Systems can be used at home
and other important working places for security and safety Purposes.
Laser Security alarm is a device used for security purposes. It has a
wide application in field of security and defence starting from the
security of simple house hold material to a very high valued material
of an organization. They once used to be expensive solutions for
Security needs. Owing to cost cutting and fast technological
advancements, this form of Security system is becoming more
affordable. Lasers differ from other light sources in a few significant
ways. There are two features that Are important for security systems.
Unlike a light bulb or flashlight, laser light doesn’t spread out, it is a
narrow beam. And laser light is essentially a single colour. Because
laser light doesn’t spread much, it can be sent it a long way and still
have enough energy in a small area to trigger the security system
detector. Because it’s a single wavelength, it can put a blocking filter
on the detector to let laser light through without letting background
light onto the detector. Laser light travels in a straight line. For
instance, to protect the front of the yard, putting the Laser at one
comer and the detector at the other corner would do the job. That’s
not a very practical configuration, though. More typically, if it is
needed to protect the perimeter of a room, or at least the enhances. So
laser security systems start with a laser pointing to a small mirror.
 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

• LASER:
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical
amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic
radiation. The term “laser” originated as an acronym for “light
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. A laser differs
from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial
coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling
applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence
also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances
(collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers
can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit
light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single
Colour of light. Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses
of light as short as a Femtosecond.

Applications:
• Medicine: Bloodless surgery, Laser healing, surgical treatment,
kidney stone treatment, Eye treatment, dentistry.
• Industry: Cutting, welding, material heat treatment, marking parts,
non-contact measurement of parts.
• Military: Marking targets, guiding munitions, missile defence,
electro-optical Countermeasures(EOCM), alterative to radar,
blinding troops.
• Law enforcement: used for latent fingerprint detection in the
forensic identification field.
 • Product development/commercial: laser printers, optical discs (e.g.
CDs), barcode Scanners, thermometers, pointers, holograms, bubble
grams.
• Cosmetic skin treatments: acne treatment, cellulite and striae
reduction.
• LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a

light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photo resistor
decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light-
Sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching
circuits. Photo resistors work based off of the principle of
photoconductivity. Photoconductivity is an optical phenomenon in
which the material’s conductivity is increased when light is absorbed
by the material. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the
device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor
material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the
semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from the valence
band to the conduction band. Hence when light having enough
energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to
the conduction band which results in a large number of charge
carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts
flowing through the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is
said that the resistance of the device has been decreased. This is the
most common working principle of LDR. In the dark, a photo resistor
can have a resistance as high as a few mega ohms (M ohms), while in
the light, a photo resistor can have a resistance as low as a few
hundred ohms. If incident light on a photo resistor exceeds a certain
frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electrons conduct electricity, thereby lowering
resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photo resistor can
substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique
photo resistors may react substantially differently to photons within
certain wavelength bands.

• LED (Light Emitting Diode):

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light

source. Like an ordinary Diode, the LED diode works when it is
forward biased. In this case, the n-type semiconductor Is heavily
doped than the p-type forming the p-n junction. When it is forward
biased, the Potential barrier gets reduced and the electrons and
holes combine at the depletion layer (or active layer), light or
photons are emitted or radiated in all directions. A typical figure
Blow showing light emission due electron-hole pair combining on
forward biasing. It is a PN-Junction diode, which emits light when
activated. The explanation behind the emission of Photons in an
LED diode lies in the energy band theory of solids. According to
this theory, Whether the electron-hole combining will give out
photons or not depends on whether the Material has a direct band
gap or indirect band gap. Those semiconductor materials which
Have a direct band gap are the ones that emit photons. When a
suitable voltage is applied to The leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing Energy
in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence
and the colour of The light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy band gap Of the
semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than I mm2)
and integrated optical Components may be used to shape its
radiation pattern.
Applications:
o Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the
source to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
o Illuminations where light is reflected from objects to give visual
response of these objects.
o Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human
vision.

• BUZZER:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, and piezoelectric. Typical uses of
buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation
of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Early devices were
based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell
without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to
interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz.
Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a
sounding board. The word “buzzer” comes from the rasping noise
that electromechanical buzzers made. The buzzer consists of an
outside case with two pins to attach it to power and ground. When
current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic disk to contract
or expand. Changing this then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate.
That’s the sound that you hear. Adjust the potentiometer to increase
or decrease the resistance of the potentiometer. If you increase The
resistance of the potentiometer then it will decrease the volume of
the buzzer. If you decrease the resistance of the potentiometer then it
will increase the volume of the buzzer.

Applications:
• Electronic metronomes
• Game show lock-out device
• Microwave ovens and other household appliances
• Sporting events such as basketball games
• Electrical alarms

• TRANSISTOR :

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals and electrical power. Transistor has many
functions, such as detecting, rectifying, amplifying, switching,
voltage stabilizing; signal modulating and so on. It is composed of
semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection
to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor’s terminals changes the current through another pair of
terminals. As a variable current switch, transistor can control the
output current based on the input voltage. Because the controlled
(output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in
integrated circuits. The fundamental principle behind all transistors
is simple: Current flow between two terminals is prevented by an
energy barrier that has been set up between them. To operate the
transistor, a third terminal is provided that allows you to lower the
energy barrier. Common applications of transistor comprise of
analog & digital switches, power regulators, signal amplifiers &
equipment controllers. Transistors are also the constructing units of
incorporated circuits and most up to date electronics.
• RESISTOR :

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors
act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower
voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are
used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High -
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power
as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test roads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with
temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a
lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity. Resistors are common elements of
electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components
can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are
also implemented within integrated. The electrical function of a
resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial
 resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders
of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance will fall within
a manufacturing tolerance.

• BATTERY:

An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more

electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into
electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or
cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to
move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to
flow out of the battery to perform work. Primary (single-use or
“disposable”) batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common
examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude
of portable device. Secondary (rechargeable Batteries) can be
discharged and recharged multiple times; the original composition of
the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include
the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium ion batteries used
for portable electronics. Batteries come in many shapes and sizes,
from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to
battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for
telephone exchanges and computer data centers.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 WORKING

The basic sensing component of a modern laser security system is an

infrared motion detector. The motion detector contains four parts: the
laser, the mirrors, the detector and the sensing electronics. An
infrared motion detector works by projecting a beam of light that
shoots across a space into a series of mirrors and finally into a
detector, which emits a particular voltage into the sensing electronics
as long as the laser hits it. When the beam of light is broken, the
detector Changes its voltage output into the sensing electronics,
which then trigger an alarm.

If infrared sensors are placed strategically, the beams of light will

make it impossible for an intruder to come into the area without the
sensor being alerted. The sensor, which is connected to the basic
alarm unit through a wireless connection, then triggers the basic unit
to alert the monitoring service through which the customer purchased
the security plan. The monitoring service will contact the home and,
if no response is received, will contact the police. In most models, the
basic unit also sounds a loud alarm, though some systems use a silent
alarm that contacts the police without notifying the suspected
criminal.

ADVANTAGES

1. High Sensitivity
• Laser beams can detect even minor interruptions, making them
highly sensitive to unauthorized access or movement.
2. Long Range
• Laser security systems can cover significant distances (up to
hundreds of meters), allowing for the protection of large areas with
fewer devices.
3. Low False Alarm Rate
• Because they rely on a focused beam of light, laser systems are less
likely to trigger false alarms from environmental factors like wind or
small animals compared to motion detectors.
4. Cost-Effective
• The components required for a basic laser security system (laser
pointer, LDR, transistor, buzzer) are relatively inexpensive, making it
an affordable option for many users.
5. Easy Installation
• Laser security systems are generally straightforward to install,
requiring minimal tools and technical knowledge. They can often be
set up quickly in various environments.

6. Customizable
• Users can easily adjust the position and angle of the laser and LDR
to fit specific security needs, allowing for flexibility in design and
implementation.
8. Versatile Applications
• Laser security systems can be used in various settings, including
homes, offices, warehouses, museums, and outdoor perimeters,
providing versatility in application.
 DISADVANTAGES

[Link] to Environmental Factors

• Weather Conditions: Rain, fog, snow, and dust can scatter or block
the laser beam, potentially leading to false alarms or system failures.
• Light Interference: Bright sunlight or artificial lights can interfere
with the laser beam, affecting its performance.

2. Limited Detection Area

• Laser beams create a narrow detection zone. If an intruder is able to
bypass the beam without crossing it, they may go undetected.

3. Need for Line of Sight

• Laser security systems require a clear line of sight between the
transmitter and receiver. Any obstruction (e.g., trees, walls) can
disrupt the system.

4. Installation Complexity for Large Areas

• For larger areas, multiple lasers may be needed to ensure complete
coverage, which can complicate installation and increase costs.
 APPLICATIONS

1. Perimeter Security
• Fencing and Boundaries: Laser beams can be used to secure the
perimeters of properties, such as commercial buildings, warehouses,
and military installations. They can detect unauthorized access or
breaches in real-time.

2. Intrusion Detection
• Indoor Security: In sensitive areas like data centers, museums, or
banks, laser systems can be used to detect unauthorized movement
within restricted zones.
• Alarm Systems: Laser beams can trigger alarms when interrupted,
providing immediate alerts for potential intrusions.

3. Access Control
• Entry Points: Laser systems can be integrated with access control
systems to monitor doors and gates. If a laser beam is broken during
an unauthorized entry attempt, an alarm can be triggered.

4. Event Monitoring
• Crowd Control: At events or concerts, laser systems can help
monitor crowd movement and detect unusual behavior or breaches in
restricted areas.
• Safety Monitoring: In industrial settings, lasers can be used to
monitor hazardous areas where personnel should not enter.

5. Robotics and Automation

• Obstacle Detection: In automated systems and robotics, lasers are
often used for detecting obstacles and ensuring safe navigation in
environments like warehouses or manufacturing plants.

6. Transportation Security
• Airport Security: Lasers can be employed to create invisible barriers
around sensitive areas in airports, such as runways or restricted
zones.
• Cargo Monitoring: In shipping and logistics, laser systems can help
monitor cargo areas for unauthorized access.

7. Home Security
• Residential Applications: Homeowners can install laser security
systems around their property to create a virtual perimeter that alerts
them if someone crosses the boundary.
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

When the laser beam falling over the LDR is interrupted by the
object in the field of laser net, hence the LDR develops an output
voltage and the alarm rings showing the sign of any intruders. The
Laser Security System has been successfully designed and
developed. The buzzer is turned on as the laser beam falling on the
LDR is interrupted. The experimental model was made according to
the circuit diagram and the result was as expected.

The LDR has to be placed in dark place or inside a case so that the
other source of light except the laser beam doesn’t affect the LDR.
This helps the circuit to work faster and properly.
 CONCLUSION

Laser security system provides us the security against any crime,

theft in our day-to-day life and so people are installing them in order
to stay safe, secure and sound. Various electronic security systems
can be used at home and other important working places for security
and safety purposes. It is a great opportunity and source of saving
man power contributing no wastage of electricity. The “Laser
Security System” is an important helping system. Using this system
robbery, thefts & crime can be avoided to large extend. Avoiding
thieves results in the safety of our financial assets and thereby this
system provides us protection against all.

The Laser & LDR system is highly sensitive with a great range of
working. The system senses the light emitted by the Laser falling
over the LDR connected with the circuit. Whenever the beam of
light is interrupted by any means, it triggers the alarm or siren. This
highly reactive approach has low computational requirement;
therefore, it is well suited to surveillance, industrial application and
smart environments.