Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Caraga Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
MADRID DISTRICT
Madrid National High School
_________________________________________________________________________

Philippine Rosewood (Petersianthus Quadrialatus) Phloem Extract a Potential

Bio-pesticide for Rice Crop Protection
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A Research Presented to
The Faculty of Madrid National High School
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Madrid, Surigao Del Sur
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In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Research
______________________________________________________________

Precious May L. Gonzaga

Myka Angela M. Javier
Trisha Lyka B. Maloloy-on
Princess Angela F. Moñeva
Maria Christina Jane G. Orquita
Kendrix A. Tinonga
Researcher

Patrick Erwin G. Ilogon

Research Adviser

MAY 2024

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(086) 213-4035
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
MADRID DISTRICT
Madrid National High School
_________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT

The agricultural sector's dependence on chemical pesticides poses significant

environmental and health risks, necessitating the exploration of sustainable alternatives.

This study investigates the formulation and evaluation of Rosewood (Petersianthus

quadrialatus) phloem extract as a potential bio-pesticide for rice crop protection. The

research aims to determine the extract's effectiveness against common rice pests,

optimize the formulation process, and establish appropriate application methods and

dosages. Conducted at Madrid National High School, Surigao Del Sur, the study

employs a control experiment with various treatment groups to assess pest control

efficacy and crop health. Data collection involves visual inspections, pest trapping, and

crop yield measurements. The findings are expected to contribute to sustainable pest

management practices, reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides and promoting

ecological and human health.

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National Highway, Linibunan, Madrid, Surigao del Sur,

(086) 213-4035
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
MADRID DISTRICT
Madrid National High School
_________________________________________________________________________
RESEARCH FORMAT

CHAPTER I – THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Schematic Diagram

Statement of the Problem

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Significance of the Study

Definition of Terms

CHAPTER II - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Foreign

Local

Related Studies

Foreign

Local

Synthesis

CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
MADRID DISTRICT
Madrid National High School
_________________________________________________________________________
Research Design

Research Locale

Research Respondents or Subject of the Study

Research Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Treatment

CHAPTER IV - PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER V – SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings

Conclusions

Recommendations

(All these are in a paragraph from)

References Cited

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
MADRID DISTRICT
Madrid National High School
_________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction

In contemporary agriculture, the quest for sustainable and environment -friendly

pest management solutions while avoiding negative effects on ecosystem and human

health has become imperative. The over reliance on conventional chemical insecticides

raises concerns about the environmental impact, biodiversity loss, and potential harm to

human health. Amidst by this, the researchers investigating the potential of Rosewood

(Petersianthus Quadrialatus) phloem extract as a potential bio pesticide due to its reach

phytochemical compositions as stated of Nin the son, Nguyen M., (2022) that reach in

anti-bacterial. Having the purpose of pest control helps to make rice crops protected,

providing protection from harmful insects. In studies of Melanie Garcia (2021), the

discovery of new antimicrobial compounds from these plant extracts is seen as a

potential resolve to the pressing problem of antimicrobial resistance.

Emphasize the need for environmentally friendly solutions, which take concerns

about synthetic pesticides impact on ecosystems and human health. It highlights the

significance of investigating rosewood phloem efficacy and safety as a bio pesticide. A

natural substance, aligning with the growing awareness of the ecological and health

impacts of synthetic alternatives. Aiming to contribute to the development of a safe and

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
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SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
MADRID DISTRICT
Madrid National High School
_________________________________________________________________________
sustainable bio pesticide derived from Rosewood. This research addresses the practical

requirements of crop protection in agricultural systems, while attempting to preserve the

values of environmental management and biodiversity conservation.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for the formulation and evaluation of Rosewood

(Petersianthus Quadrialatus) phloem extract as a potential bio-pesticide for rice crop

protection involves relevant concepts and theories from various scientific discussions.

Plant Allelopathy Theory. This theory suggests that there is a certain plant releasing a

biochemical which affects the development, growth or the behavior of other organisms,

nearby plants, and potentially inhibiting pests. These biochemicals, which is known as

allelochemical have a various effect in inhibit the growth, reproduction or the

germination of pest and competing plants or deter herbivores, which it can be positive

(stimulatory) or negative (inhibitory). Researcher contributors have been able to identify

numerous chemicals that are produced by this various species plant and these

compounds will ably affect the processes such as the growth, root, and nutrient in

neighboring plants. This theory was studied and documented by numerous researchers’

contributors, including Dr. Richard S. Callaway, Dr. Jianhua Zhang, and Dr. Francisco

A. Macias in the field of ecology and plant science. The concept of this theory that has

been studied by this researcher, is extensively in plant ecology and has important

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Madrid National High School
_________________________________________________________________________
factors in implication for agriculture and ecosystem management. In using rosewood

resin extract as a bio pesticide, this theory would be able to investigate whether

rosewood phloem extract able to produces an allelochemicals that have an inhibitory

effect on pest providing a naturals pest control in rice field crop protection.

Toxicology Theory. In theory of Paracelsus, a Swiss-German Renaissance physician,

botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general polymath (1493–1541), suggests that the

“doctrine of signatures" of plant forms could indicate their medicinal or poisonous

properties. Although unsupported scientifically, this theory formed the basis of his way

of investigating chemical interactions with organisms and emphasized practical

evidence. Paracelsus’ belief in signatures concern with the qualities of natural

substances can be valuable even today. In addition to this, information concerning the

chemical composition and botanical characteristics of rosewood resin could give some

clues about its pesticidal activities. This is evident in how certain aromatic components

in this plant suggest that it could repel or deter pests. Paracelsus’ dose-response

principle is highly applicable to considering rosewood phloem as a bio pesticide.

Toxicologists would have to determine the accurate dosage of rosewood phloem extract

that can be used effectively in pest control with minimal harm to non-target organisms

and the environment. The dose-response relationship is vital to improve the efficiency

and safety of rosewood resin as a bio pesticide.

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_________________________________________________________________________
Ecological Theory. This theory involves applying principles of ecology to develop pest

management strategies. It encompasses understanding the dynamics of ecosystems,

identifying target pests, utilizing biological control agents, conserving natural enemies,

reducing environmental impact, and integrating pest management practices. By

leveraging ecological knowledge, bio pesticides can effectively control pest populations

while minimizing harm to non-target organisms and the environment, promoting

sustainable agricultural practices. This theory has been studied and documented by

numerous research contributors, including Rachel Carson, Eugene P. Odum, and E. O.

Wilson in the fields of biology and environmental science. The concept of this theory is

the interactions between organisms and their environment within ecosystems. In

formulating rosewood phloem extract as a bio pesticide, a comprehensive

understanding of its effects on common rice field pests and the surrounding

environment is crucial. Ecological theory could significantly enhance our comprehension

and application of this bio pesticide.

Sustainable Agriculture Theory. This theory encompasses minimizing environmental

impact, conserving resources, and ensuring the enduring viability of farming practices,

particularly in the context of bio pesticides sourced from natural materials such as

plants, animals, bacteria, and minerals. These bio pesticides offer a sustainable

alternative to synthetic chemicals, reducing dependency on potentially harmful

substances while minimizing environmental contamination. By harnessing biological

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_________________________________________________________________________
control mechanisms, they target pests with precision, preserving ecosystem health and

minimizing disruption to non-target organisms. With their rapid degradation in the

environment, bio pesticides leave minimal residues in soil, water, and food,

safeguarding human health and ecosystem integrity. This theory has been studied and

documented by numerous research contributors, such as Dr. Miguel Altieri, and Dr.

John Pickett in the field of agroecology and sustainable pest management strategies.

The concept of this theory is employing environmentally friendly pest management

strategies that minimize ecological harm, conserve natural resources, and ensure long-

term agricultural viability. In formulating rosewood phloem extract as a bio pesticide, our

primary focus is on implementing strategies to ensure that the product is

environmentally friendly, thereby minimizing ecological harm and safeguarding the

environment from any potential adverse effects of the rosewood resin bio pesticide.

Conceptual Framework

This Conceptual Framework serves as the research scheme of this study. It

adopts the system approach, known as the Input, Process, and Output model. The

scheme diagram of the conceptual framework involves the three interrelated parts of the

study: Input, Process and Output.

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_________________________________________________________________________
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 3 Kilogram of  Experimentation  Effect of Bio-pesticide

Philippine  Observation derived from
Rosewood  Data Analysis Rosewood Phloem
phloem extract extract.
 Water
 Pests
Figure 1. Conceptual
 Rice Crop

Paradigm of the Study on the bio pesticide derived from

Rosewood Phloem Extract.

The first box, which is the Input Box, contains the needs for the needed

application for the experimentation. The second box, which is the process box, consists

of the analysis and interpretation of the collected data based on conducting an

experiment which serves as the process of how the study was conducted. In the third

box is the output box which is the bio-pesticide formulation derived from rosewood

phloem extract.

Statement of the Problem

The agricultural sector faces significant challenges in combating pests while

minimizing environmental impact.

Therefore, this research aims to address the following key questions:

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1. What is the best formulation of Rosewood Phloem Bio-pesticide as to

reaction time?

2. Is there a significant difference between the reaction time of the different

formulation of Rosewood Phloem Bio-pesticide?

3. What is the best concentration of the formulated Rosewood Phloem extract

Bio-pesticide?

Assumption and Hypothesis

Null hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference between the three formulations of Rosewood

Bio pesticides.

2. There is a significant difference between the three formulations of Rosewood

Bio pesticides.

Significance of the Study

This study is focused on investigating Rosewood resin as a bio-pesticide as an

alternative solution and determines the proper formulation and application methods of

Rosewood resin extract. Rosewood phloem extract as a bio pesticide will be greatly

beneficial to the following:

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_________________________________________________________________________
Rice Farmers. This study would be able to investigate rosewood phloem as a

bio pesticide that is less harmful and could provide an alternative solution that is more

natural and sustainable.

Humans. Through investigating rosewood extract as a bio pesticide, it offers a

safer alternative option for controlling pests that reduces the potential risk associated

with chemical exposure.

Future Researchers. This study was conducted to help future researchers give

an idea about the experimental research. This research will serve as guide in their

experience and excel more in conducting experiment research. This study also sources

of information discovery and knowledge of the research.

Objectives of the Study

The focus of this study is to formulate rosewood phloem extract as a potential bio

pesticide for sustainable pest management. Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Investigate the insecticidal properties of rosewood phloem extract, (Petersianthus

quadrialatus), to understand its potential as a biopesticide for pest control in the

agricultural sector.

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2. Optimize the formulation process to ensure the compatibility and uniform

distribution of (Petersianthus quadrialatus) phloem extract in the final bio

pesticide product, enhancing its efficacy.

3. Determine appropriate application methods and dosages for the formulated

rosewood (Petersianthus quadrialatus) phloem biopesticide to achieve optimal

pest control results while minimizing environmental impact.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is conducted to evaluate rosewood phloem as a bio pesticide

designed to target pests that pose a threat to rice plants. The researcher wanted to

know the potential impacts of rosewood extract on rice plants' development and

physiological responses. This study focuses on the insecticidal and repellent effects of

rosewood phloem on rice pests and estimates the costs and benefits of using rosewood

extract as a bio pesticide for rice plants. This study limits its coverage to small-scale

laboratory or field experiments and Philippine Rosewood is a scarce material and it’s

considered an endangered tree. The bio pesticide qualities of rosewood phloem may be

thoroughly assessed in a controlled environment by finding the best formulation among

the different formulations and its effect as to its reaction time, laying the groundwork for

future and larger scale uses.

Definition of Terms. In this study, the following terms are used:

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Bio-pesticide. Certain types of pesticides are derived from natural materials such as

animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.

Petersianthus Quadrialatus. Philippines Rosewood is an emergent tropical rainforest

tree species in the Lecythidaceae family. It is an indigenous tree species in the

southeastern Philippines and one of the largest in the Philippines islands.

Pest. Refers to snails or commonly known as “kuhol”.

Pomacea Canaliculata. Also known as golden apple snail or kuhol, is a major pest of

rice in the Philippines, causing significant crop yield loss. It is considered a serious

invader in rice paddies and is a notorious invasive species and pest.

Rice Crop. Type of cereal and food. In origin, it is a swamp grass.

Formulation 1. Soaking 200mg of rosewood phloem in 2 liters of water for 1 week

Formulation 2. Shredding 200mg of rosewood phloem in the blender with 2 liters water

and leave it for week.

Formulation 3. Boiling 200mg of rosewood phloem with water 2 liters of water for 10

minutes and leave it for a week.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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This chapter can provide valuable insights into various aspects of making Bio-

pesticide formulations derived from Rosewood resin extract. Including the important

details such as its benefits and application. By conducting a comprehensive review of

related literature study of rosewood resin extract. The researchers can gain a wide and

deep understanding of bio-pesticide derived from rosewood resin extract research and

development.

Related Literature

Foreign

Many clinically relevant medications have been discovered because of screening

natural sources such as microbial fermentation, phytochemical isolation, or

pharmacological assay based on plant extract materials. According to Nihn The Son

and Nguyen Manh Ha, Dalbergia (2022) Rosewood is heavy and strong, it has a great

impact to materials and can give. The study also mentions that Dalbergia crude extracts

and their secondary metabolites have a wide range of pharmacological actions. This

can be used as Anti-oxidative, anti-nociceptive, anti-bacterial and more, Dalbergia

Rosewood can also be used in bio control activities. It is also said that Dalbergia

Rosewood played a great role in traditional uses, pharmacological developments, and

even raw materials for manufactured products. In addition, Indian Rosewood (D sissoo)

is among plants that utilized most to control termites.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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Grace N. I., Emmmanuel O. F., (2021) In the case of widespread use of

traditional insecticides, the prevalence of negative externalities such as environment

degradation and development of insecticide resistance is ever more pronounced.

Furthermore, it is imposing legalized restrictions on chemicals in connection agriculture,

leading 2 percent fall per year of man-made pesticides and the rise of 10 percent in bio-

pesticides. The 5% sector of the world pesticide market has three defined wdcategories

of biopesticides which are microbial, biochemical, and plant-incorporated protectants

(PIPs) with microbial bio-pesticide taking more share of it (Pathma et al., 2021). But

every single farmer’s demand cannot be fully satisfied by the limited amounts of bio-

pesticides production, its high cost, and some of the products of refined version and the

slow action is the major obstacles. However, these are matched with the fact that bio

pesticidal substances are mostly environmentally friendly even when the most acute

toxicity is displayed. They are nontoxic and environmentally friendly, specific targets

(safe to non-targeted organisms) and anti toxic as well which is highly needed in cases

where pest resistance is facilitated by synthetic pesticides (Mishra et al., 2020). In that

case, alongside a waiting to see the research development the entire world presently

holds these crude extracts in massive due to the fact that for example local farmers and

developing countries have no other option. TPS as sustainable agriculture is becoming

more socially acceptable as a green that encourages economic productivity and

environmental stewardship. The spatial representation of the three dimensions of the

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sustainable development concept can be found in the United Nation 2030 Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) agenda, often called “Sustainable Development Goals.” In

the UN SDGs principles of sustainable agriculture, rosewood phloem extract as bio-

pesticide is expected. This can act as an alternative to chemically derived insecticides

that degrade the environment. The product is so specifically designed for certain pests

without causing harm to other ones at all, which makes it suitable.

According to Gurudatt M. Hedge (2022) Maintaining agricultural production is a

significant challenge in India due to the rapidly increasing population and the

considerable losses caused by plant diseases. Chemical pesticides, commonly used to

control pests, have harmful effects on the environment and non-target organisms,

including humans. Bio-pesticides, which are natural and environmentally friendly

alternatives, have been increasingly used in India, with consumption rising to 8,647

metric tons in 2020-21 and 8,898 metric tons in 2021-22. Despite their recognized value

in sustainable agriculture, bio-pesticides are not widely adopted at the field level due to

challenges in delivery methods and ensuring consistent performance. Unlike chemical

pesticides, bio-pesticides are typically applied through seed treatment, soil application,

root dip, or foliar application rather than as spore suspensions. The lower production

and use of bio-pesticides in India are due to a lack of research, innovation, and

supportive policies. To enhance their use, it is essential to understand their insecticidal

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properties, mode of action, and benefits for human health and plant disease

management. This article discusses the overview, classification, formulations,

application methods, commercialization, status, and future prospects of bio-pesticides.

Local

According to Abigail Marion Gomez (2020) The rosewood tree (Petersianthus

quadrialatus) is a deciduous tree with a straight trunk, flaky bark, and hard wood. It

grows up to 40 meters tall and 100-250 centimeters in diameter. Its oil is used for

various purposes like pain relief, mood enhancement, and antibacterial properties.

However, due to over harvesting, rosewood trees are becoming scarce. In the local and

global market, it's known as Philippine rosewood, prized for its appearance and quality,

but it's considered a vanishing timber.

According to Ragasa, C. Y., Torres, O. B., Tongco, J. V. V., Razal, R. A., & Shen

ChienChang, S. C. (2014). This literature is about the chemical constitution of

Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) or commonly known as Philippine Rosewood (toog).

Philippine Rosewood contains stigmasterol, taraxerol, triglycerides, β-Amyrin fatty acid

ester, and α-Amyrin fatty acid ester. Most of the chemicals in the rosewood have

medical properties. Taraxerol possesses a strong antimicrobial property that can help

researchers study bio pesticide in Rosewood.

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According to Daphney Cassandra Gonzales [Link] (2023) Biopesticides, such as

microbial (NPV crude) and botanical (neem oil) treatments, were evaluated for their

insecticidal properties against the onion army worm. The article found that preharvest

treatment with NPV crude resulted in higher stiffness values in stored bulbs compared

to other treatments. Additionally, bulbs treated with NPV crude exhibited the highest

pungency levels during storage. These findings suggest that bio-pesticides can

effectively control pests like the onion army worm and may influence the post harvest

behavior of onion bulbs during storage.

Related Studies

Foreign

This study of the chemical composition of Rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus)

provides a scientific basis for the development and utilization of the plant, with potential

applications in the fields of biomedicine, the chemical industry, cosmetics, skin care

products, and spices. According to Jun YANG, Juntao CHEN, Huitao BI, Haiping GU,

Zhenling LIU, and Wanxi PENG (2020), The extracts of the leaves, wood, bark, roots,

and red sap from Rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus) have antimalarial, antidysentery,

antidiarrheal, astringent, and purgative properties, and are used as mouthwash to treat

thrush, and for diuresis, bladder stones, sore throat, and minor wounds. This study also

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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mentions that all fractions exhibited a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity, which was

most pronounced in the butanol and methanol extracts.

Teles, A. M., & Silva-Silva, J. V. (2020). This study evaluated the chemical

composition and biological activities of Aniba rosaeodora essential oil, widely used in

perfumery and as a medicinal plant in the Brazilian Amazon. The primary compound

identified was linalool (93.60%). Both the essential oil and linalool showed antibacterial

activity, particularly against S. aureus, and demonstrated significant antioxidant activity

with EC50 values of 15.46 µg/mL and 6.78 µg/mL, respectively, in the ABTS radical

inhibition assay. They also exhibited notable antitrypanosomal activity against

epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, with IC50 values of 150.5 ± 1.08 µg/mL for

the essential oil and 198.6 ± 1.12 µg/mL for linalool, though higher concentrations were

needed to inhibit intracellular amastigotes. No cytotoxic effects were observed in

BALB/c peritoneal macrophages, and both substances reduced nitrite levels in

unstimulated cells, indicating a potential effect on nitric oxide production. These results

underscore the pharmacological potential of Aniba rosaeodora essential oil and linalool,

suggesting the need for further research.

According to Kanwal Hanif [Link] (2022) The use of synthetic pesticides has raised

concerns due to their toxicity to humans, animals, non-target plants, and the

environment, as well as the development of pest resistance. In response, bio-pesticides,

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derived from natural sources like plants, bacteria, fungi, animals, and minerals, are

gaining traction as safer alternatives. These bio-pesticides, including microbial

pesticides and plant extracts, offer insecticidal properties without harming non-target

organisms or humans. They have the potential to reduce environmental pollution and

are increasingly being explored as effective solutions for pest management. Research

in this field aims to discover new compounds, optimize manufacturing processes, and

establish regulatory frameworks to promote their use. This comprehensive overview

highlights the advantages of bio-pesticides over conventional pesticides and

emphasizes their role in promoting sustainable pest management practices.

Local

Melanie M. Garcia (2021) conducted a study on the antimicrobial properties of

leaf extracts from Premna odorata Blanco, rosewood (Petersianthus quadrialatus)

Merr., Shorea astylosa Foxw., and Tridax procumbens Linn. These plants, abundant in

the Philippines, are understudied despite their medicinal potential. The study utilized a

disk diffusion assay to test T. procumbens leaf extract against Pseudomonas

aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and a fungal colony and spore germination

assay for P. odorata, P. quadrialatus, and S. astylosa against Aspergillus niger. Results

showed minimal inhibition by T. procumbens, significant inhibition by S. astylosa, and

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moderate inhibition by P. odorata and P. quadrialatus. These findings suggest the

potential of these plant extracts as bio-pesticides against multidrug-resistant pathogens.

A study conducted by Santos et al. (2020) investigated the insecticidal properties

of plant extracts derived from native species in the Philippines, including Petersianthus

Quadrialatus (rosewood). The study demonstrated the potential of rosewood extract in

controlling common pests affecting rice crops, such as the rice stem borer and leaf

folder.

Biological control agents and products, and bio-fertilizers aim to reduce

dependence on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, ensure sustainability of farm

resources and biodiversity, and increase production, productivity, technical efficiency

and farmers' income in the long run. Their use in food production also contribute to

increased food safety. The success of these bio control research and development

activities, however, does not end with the development of technologies, methods,

processes or products, and other outputs, or the generation of scientific information.

Effectiveness and success of R&D must be evaluated in terms of their intended or

desired effects or changes expected from successful delivery of research outputs, and

impacts or benefits to the economy, environment, or society (CSIRO, 2015). For

example, the expected outcome can be adoption or use of biological pesticides or bio-

fertilizers by farmers, adoption of a method or product by researchers, sales of new

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products, or change in policy direction. Impact, on the other hand, would include

increased production, improved productivity, improved health and well being, and more

sustainable environment, most of which contribute to the global sustainable

development goals. For the case of biological controls, impacts can generally be

measured in terms of contributions to reduced pest population, reduced or increased

production cost, increased yield, or increased farmers’ income. The use of biological

control and bio-fertilizer also has added benefits in terms of reduced health and

environmental costs. Launio, C. C., Labon, K. O., Bañez, A. A., & Batani, R. S. (2020).

Synthesis

Many important medications have been identified through the examination of

natural sources, including microbial fermentation, phytochemical isolation, and

pharmacological testing of plant extracts. For example, research by Nihn The Son and

Nguyen Manh Ha (2022) on Dalbergia species, commonly known as rosewood,

highlights its considerable pharmacological potential. Dalbergia crude extracts and their

secondary metabolites have been found to possess various pharmacological properties

such as anti-oxidative, anti-nociceptive, and anti-bacterial effects. Additionally,

rosewood is used in bio control activities, providing a sustainable alternative to

conventional insecticides, which often lead to environmental harm and the development

of insecticide resistance (Grace N. I. & Emmanuel O. F., 2021).

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Bio-pesticides derived from natural sources are increasingly popular due to their

environmental benefits and precise targeting of pests, sparing non-target organisms

(Mishra et al., 2020). This shift towards bio-pesticides aligns with the United Nations'

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which advocate for sustainable agriculture

and reduced reliance on synthetic pesticides (Grace N. I. & Emmanuel O. F., 2021).

However, challenges such as high costs, limited production, and slower action rates

hinder the widespread use of bio-pesticides (Hedge, 2022). Further research into the

chemical composition of Pterocarpus indicus (another species of rosewood) reveals its

broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with potential applications in bio medicine,

cosmetics, and other industries (Jun YANG et al., 2020). Similarly, essential oil from

Aniba rosaeodora, another rosewood species, is recognized for its antibacterial and

antioxidant properties, highlighting its medicinal potential (Teles & Silva-Silva, 2020).

In the Philippines, the rosewood tree (Petersianthus quadrialatus), also known as

Philippine rosewood or toog, is prized for its medicinal properties and high-quality timber

(Gomez, 2020). Studies by Ragasa et al. (2014) have identified several bio-active

compounds in Philippine rosewood, such as stigmasterol and taraxerol, which have

strong antimicrobial properties and potential applications in bio-pesticide development.

Research by Gonzales et al. (2023) demonstrates the effectiveness of bio-pesticides,

including microbial (NPV crude) and botanical (neem oil) treatments, in controlling pests

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like the onion army worm. These treatments not only manage pest populations but also

affect the post-harvest quality of crops. Moreover, a study by Garcia (2021) on the

antimicrobial properties of various Philippine plants, including rosewood, suggests their

potential as bio-pesticides against multi drug-resistant pathogens. Santos et al. (2020)

support these findings, showing the insecticidal properties of rosewood extracts against

common rice pests.

Overall, the research on rosewood highlights its dual potential in pharmacology

and sustainable agriculture. Studies from abroad emphasize the wide range of

pharmacological benefits of rosewood extracts, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and

anti-nociceptive properties, which extend to bio-pesticide applications. The local studies

confirm the effectiveness of rosewood-based bio-pesticides in managing agricultural

pests, underscoring their role in promoting sustainable farming practices. In conclusion,

rosewood, across various species and regions, demonstrates significant potential as a

source of pharmacologically active compounds and environmentally friendly bio-

pesticides.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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This chapter provides a discussion on the design and methodology of this

research. It consists of the research design, research locale, the subject of the study,

research instrument, data gathering procedure.

Research Design

Researchers employed the experimental research design to gather the data on

the rice crops plant treated with rosewood phloem extract bio-pesticide. Researchers

used rice crop plants and common rice field pests as variables in the experiment.

Researchers evaluated and observed if the formulation could be an alternative solution

to the growing chemical pesticide that harms human health and living organisms. All the

information gathered is used in deciding what is the best formula for the efficacy of the

rosewood phloem bio-pesticide.

Research Locale

This study was conducted at Madrid National High School, Madrid Surigao Del

Sur. Rosewood phloem extract is used in this study as a bio-pesticide. Researchers

formulate the said bio-pesticide in the science laboratory and experiment in the

restricted area at school to observe and evaluate if the rosewood phloem extract

formulation can be significant in sustainable rice crop protection from controlling pests.

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The Subject of the Study

This research aims to assess the formulation of Rosewood (Petersianthus

quadrialatus) phloem extract as a bio-pesticide for controlling pests in rice crops. The

study will involve extracting phloem from rosewood trees and formulating it into a

pesticide solution. Subsequently, laboratory bioassays will be conducted to evaluate the

insecticidal properties of the rosewood phloem extract against Golden Apple snails

(Pomacea canaliculata) also known as “kuhol” locally. This research seeks to determine

whether rosewood resin extract has the potential to be developed into a viable bio-

pesticide for sustainable pest management in rice agriculture.

Research Instrument

The researchers comprise an experimental setup consisting of three formulations

of rosewood phloem extract, each obtained through different processes soaking in

water, grinding, and boiling. Each formulation is prepared in three variations, differing in

the quantity of rosewood used (200 ml, 150 ml, and 100 ml). The non – experimental

group consists of crops treated left untreated, while the experimental group comprises

crops treated with various formulations of rosewood or phloem extract. A control group

is also left untreated, serving as a comparative standard against the experimental

group. The independent variable is the process of extracting rosewood phloem, while

the dependent variable is the resulting product outcome.

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Research Procedure

This procedure shows the formulation and evaluation of the making of bio-

pesticide derived from rosewood phloem extract.

The researcher developed this formulation through the following procedures:

Formulation 1

A. Collect rosewood phloem from the tree at least 100 grams.

B. Prepare the needed materials.

C. Put rosewood phloem in a science laboratory container.

D. Then, put 1000 ml water.

E. Leave the formulation at room temperature for 7 days.

F. After that, pour the formulation into a suitable sprayer bottle.

G. Wear protective gear such as a lab coat, face mask, gloves, and goggles when

handling the sprayer.

H. Put the formulation into 3 separate containers with these measurements: 200 ml

(100%), 150 ml (75%) and 50 ml (25%) water, 100 ml (50%) and 100 ml (50%)

water.

I. Spray the formulation of bio-pesticide in the rice crop until you spray it all over

the rice crops.

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J. Observed what happened to the pests.

Formulation 2

A. Collect three rosewood phloem of at least 100 grams.

B. Prepare the blender to grind rosewood phloem to get the extract.

C. Put 1 liter of water into the blender and start grinding.

D. Remove the blended rosewood phloem from the blender.

E. Leave it for 7 days at room temperature.

F. After 7 days, pour the formulation into a suitable sprayer bottle.

G. Wear protective gear such as a lab coat, face mask, gloves, and goggles when

handling the sprayer.

H. Put the formulation into 3 separate containers with these measurements: 200 ml

(100%), 150 ml (75%) and 50 ml (25%) water, 100 ml (50%) and 100 ml (50%)

water.

I. Spray the formulation of bio-pesticide in an insecticidal rice crop pant at least 5

sprays to the small experimental conducted.

J. Observed what happened to the pests.

Formulation 3

A. Collect three rosewood phloem of at least 100 grams.

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B. Prepare a pot that can carry 1000 ml.

C. Boil rosewood phloem in a pot and leave it for 5 minutes.

D. Rest until it cooled down.

E. Transfer it to the container and leave it for 7 days.

F. Wear protective gear such as a lab coat, face mask, gloves, and goggles when

handling the sprayer.

G. Put the formulation into 3 separate containers with these measurements: 200 ml

(100%), 150 ml (75%) and 50 ml (25%) water, 100 ml (50%) and 100 ml (50%)

water.

H. Spray the formulation of bio-pesticide in an insecticidal rice crop plant with at least

5 sprays to the small experimental conducted.

I. Observed what happened to the pests.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher's data was gathered through an observation form. The

researchers sought permission and approval from the teachers/advisers in the class,

who were engaged in the activity after receiving permission or consent. The researchers

will have three groups: one with crops treated with regular pesticides or no treatment,

another with crops treated with various amounts of rosewood resin extract, and a third
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group treated with just water or any harmless substance. The control variables for this

are 50%, 75%, and 100%. These variables are used for formulations 1, 2, and 3 of our

biopesticide. The researcher's goal was to change how much rosewood phloem extract

was used (independent variable) and see how it affects crop health and pest levels

(dependent variables). The purpose of extracting rosewood phloem in our research is to

formulate a biopesticide for the crops to control pests and avoid damage to rice fields.

To get the dosage of each extract, we need to measure it using a measuring cup or

measuring equipment and label it to determine. The data will be collected through visual

inspections, pest trapping, and crop yield measurements. Pest trapping methods will be

employed to monitor pest populations and identify pest species present in each group.

Crop yield measurements will be taken to evaluate the impact of treatments on

productivity.

Statistical Treatment
The data was gathered through the observation by finding out the reaction time
of snails in seconds.

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CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Reaction Time

Formulation 1 Formulation 2 Formulation 3

256 seconds 356 seconds 196 seconds

387 seconds 408 seconds 263 seconds

455 seconds 424 seconds 312 seconds

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Table 1. Reaction time of snails treated with Rosewood Phloem Bio-pesticide in seconds.

The rosewood phloem extract as a bio-pesticide for rice crop protection depends

on both the concentration of the extract and the method of formulation. In Formulation 1,

where rosewood was soaked, the 100% concentration, it took only 256 seconds to

achieve the desired effect. As the concentration decreased to 75% and 50%, the

reaction times increased to 387 seconds and 455 seconds, respectively. This indicates

that higher concentrations of rosewood extract led to quicker pest control. In

Formulation 2, where rosewood was shredded, similar trends were observed. The 100%

concentration had the fastest reaction time of 356 seconds, while the 75% and 50%

concentrations took 408 seconds and 424 seconds, respectively. In formulation 3

involved boiling rosewood, and again, the higher concentrations showed faster reaction

times. The 100% concentration took 196 seconds to achieve the desired effect which is

the fastest among the formulations, while the 75% and 50% concentrations took 263

seconds and 312 seconds, respectively.

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CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

The results regarding the reaction time of the snails treated with Rosewood

Phloem Bio pesticide with three formulations with 3 levels of concentration (100%, 75%,

and 50%). The formulation where the snails reacted the fastest is Formulation 3 which
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is boiling Rosewood Phloem with a concentration of 100% with a time of 196 seconds.

The second fastest time is Formulation 1 which is soaking the Rosewood Phloem in

water with a concentration of 100% with a time of 256 seconds, and lastly the third

fastest is Formulation 3 with a concentration of 75% with a time of 263 seconds. These

are the three best formulations according to reaction time.

The fastest formulation according to reaction time is Formulation 3, with an

average of 257 seconds, coming next with Formulation 1 with 366 seconds, and the

slowest formulation is Formulation 2 with 396 seconds. Even with the average time the

fastest formulation is Formulation 3.

Conclusions

Researchers have this much information to our study. To conclude it showed that

Rosewood Phloem Bio-pesticide had an effect on the common rice pests which is

snails. The researchers used 3 formulations being Formulation 1, 2, and 3 with different

concentrations ranging from 100%, 75% and 50%. The best formulation according to

the reaction time of the snails is Formulation 3 with the fastest average time and

Formulation 3 with a concentration of 100% is the fastest with the reaction time of 196

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seconds. The researchers’ questions have been answered and satisfied with the

answers.

Recommendations

These are the researchers’ recommendations to the future researchers who want

to study this field:

1. Perform a thorough phytochemical analysis of Rosewood phloem extract,

this is to identify the chemical compounds that might found in Rosewood which

provides the extract to have an ability in pest control.

2. Create and evaluate a variety of rosewood extract formulations to identify

the most stable and effective outcome. This involves testing different solvents and

oils to improve the bio-pesticide's durability and efficacy.

3. Conduct a different kind of experiment to determine if this bio-pesticide

can be used in real life farming situations. This is by Monitoring crop health, yields

and insect populations on a weekly basis to confirm its laboratory findings.

4. Present a complete assessment of safety and toxicity in using Rosewood

as a bio-pesticide to ensure that the bio-pesticide is not harmful to people, animals,

or beneficial insects.

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References

Abigail Marion Gomez (2020). About Toog Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr.

Philippine Rosewood.

[Link]

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Bandoh, W. K. N., Adjonou, K., Segla, K., Dumenu, W. K., Johnson, B. N., Alaba, P., ...

& Kokou, K. (2022). Towards sustainable management of African rosewood in West and

Central Africa: a scoping review of current research. International Forestry Review,

24(2), 129-144.

[Link]

Garcia, M. M., Antao, M. L. M., Gotera, C. L. M., Hermoso, P. J. P., Samblaceño, R. V.,

Valencia, R. D., ... & Nemenzo, P. S. (2021). Anti-microbial Properties of Selected Plant

Leaf Extracts Against Aspergillus niger (van Tieghem), Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(Schroeter) and Staphylococcus aureus (Rosenbach).

[Link]

HARAHAP, S., & HARAHAP, R. A. (2023). Effect of Biopesticide Application in

Suppressing the Population of Onion Caterpillar Pests (Spodoptera exigua L) in Shallot

Plants (Allium ascalonikum L). JERAMI: Indonesian Journal of Crop Science, 6(1), 1-6.

[Link]

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Hegde, G. M., & Vijaykumar, K. N. Formulation, Application and Commercialization of

Biopesticides in India Formulation, Application and Commercialization of Biopesticides

in India.

[Link]

Khursheed, A., Rather, M. A., Jain, V., Rasool, S., Nazir, R., Malik, N. A., & Majid, S. A.

(2022). Plant based natural products as potential ecofriendly and safer biopesticides: A

comprehensive overview of their advantages over conventional pesticides, limitations

and regulatory aspects. Microbial Pathogenesis, 173, 105854.

[Link]

Launio, C. C., Labon, K. O., Bañez, A. A., & Batani, R. S. (2020). Adoption and

economic analysis of using biological control in Philippine highland farms: Case of

Trichoderma koningii strain KA. Crop protection, 136, 105177.

[Link]

Launio, C. C., Labon, K. O., Bañez, A. A., & Batani, R. S. (2020). Adoption and

economic analysis of using biological control in Philippine highland farms: Case of

Trichoderma koningii strain KA. Crop protection, 136, 105177.

[Link]

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Pathak, V. M., Verma, V. K., Rawat, B. S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., ... & Cunill, J.

M. (2022). Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s

eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in

microbiology, 13, 962619.

[Link]

Son, N. T., & Manh Ha, N. (2022). Siamese, Indian, and Brazilian rosewoods: A review

on phytochemistry, applications, and pharmacology. Natural Product Communications,

17(4), 1934578X221096962.

[Link]

Teles, A. M., Silva-Silva, J. V., Fernandes, J. M. P., Calabrese, K. D. S., Abreu-Silva, A.

L., Marinho, S. C., ... & Almeida-Souza, F. (2020). Aniba rosaeodora (Var. amazonica

Ducke) essential oil: Chemical composition, antibacterial, antioxidant and

antitrypanosomal activity. Antibiotics, 10(1), 24.

[Link]
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Yang, J., Chen, J., Bi, H., Gu, H., Liu, Z., & Peng, W. (2020). Molecules and functions of

rosewood: Pterocarpus indicus. Thermal Science, 24(3 Part A), 1869-1876.

[Link]

Appendices

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