[Link] THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE.

HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

 The human sexual response cycle is a four stage of model of physiological responses to
sexual stimulation, which, in order of their occurrence, are the EXCITEMENT, PLATEAU,
ORGASMIC, AND RESOLUTION PHASES.
 This physiological response model was first formulated by William H. Masters and
Virginia E. Johnson, in their 1966 book Human Sexual Response. Since then, other
human sexual response models have been formulated (Master & Johnson Model).
Master & Johnson Model
 In 1966, they first systematically study the physiology of the human sexual response in
men and women in US
 Linear model of sexual behaviour.
 called EPOR model

EPOR model
 EXICEMENT
 PLATEAU
 ORGASM
 RESOLUTION

People assigned male at birth (AMAD) and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) can
experience these phases, although the timing may be different. For example, it’s highly unlikely
that both partners will reach orgasm at the exact same time. In addition, the intensity of the
response and the time spent in each phase varies from person to person. Some people may skip
a phase entirely.

Some of these stages may be absent during certain sexual encounters, or out of sequence in
others. A desire for intimacy may be a motivation for sexual activity in some individuals but
could be less for others.

Understanding these differences may help partners better understand one another’s bodies. It
can help you understand your partner’s responses and enhance your overall sexual experience.

Orgasm is the shortest stage of the sexual response cycle.

EXICEMENT PHASE (DESIRE)

 The excitement phase (also known as the arousal phase or initial excitement phase) is
the first stage of the human sexual response cycle, which occurs as a result of physical
or mental erotic stimuli, such as kissing, making out, or viewing erotic images, that leads
to sexual arousal. During this stage, the body prepares for sexual intercourse, initially
leading to the plateau phase.
  There is wide socio-cultural variation regarding preferences for the length of foreplay
and the stimulation methods used. Physical and emotional interaction and stimulation
of the erogenous zones during foreplay usually establishes at least some initial arousal.

 In response to sexual stimuli, the process of vasocongestion occurs Increase HR, BP,
muscle tension in male and female

 In case of male more blood flows into penis. Man gets erection (partial of full) as a
result. The erection may be partially lost and regained repeatedly during an extended
excitement phase. Both testicles become drawn upward toward the perineum, notably
in circumcised males where less skin is available to accommodate the erection. Also, the
scrotum can tense and thicken during the erection process

 In females, the excitement phase can last from several minutes to several hours.

 The onset of vasocongestion results in swelling of the woman's clitoris, labia minora and
vagina. The muscle that surrounds the vaginal opening grows tighter and the uterus
elevates and grows in size. The vaginal walls begin to produce a lubricating organic
liquid. This results in clitorial engorgement, alteration of size and shape of labia,
expansion of inner 2/3 of vagina.

 Meanwhile, the breasts increase slightly in size and nipples become hardened and erect.

 General characteristics of this phase, which can last from a few minutes to several
hours, may include any of the following:

 Muscle tension increases.

 Heart rate quickens and breathing gets faster.
 Skin may become flushed (blotches may appear on your chest and back).
 Nipples become hardened or erect.
 Blood flow to your genitals increases, which causes swelling of the clitoris (in people
AFAB) and an erection (in people AMAB).
 A person AFAB may feel their vagina get “wet” or see their breasts become fuller.
 A person AMAB may see their testicles swell or their scrotum (sac that holds testicles)
tighten, and they may begin secreting a lubricating liquid from the tip of their penis.

It’s important to note that everyone’s sexual experience is different. You may not consistently
experience any changes when you enter the desire phase. You may experience it during certain
sexual encounters only. Sometimes the desire phase may come after arousal.
PLATEAU PHASE (AROUSAL)
 The plateau phase is the period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm. The phase is
characterized by an increased circulation and heart rate in both sexes, increased sexual
pleasure with increased stimulation and further increased muscle tension [1]. Also,
respiration continues at an elevated level.

 Both men and women may also begin to vocalize involuntarily at this stage. Prolonged
time in the plateau phase without progression to the orgasmic phase may result in
sexual frustration.

In male:

 Increase size of head of penis, change of colour of penis, purplish.

 Cowper's gland secrets fluid, pre-cum, which comes out of the tip of penis.

 Testis move further in towards the body, and increase in size.

 Sex flush, muscle tension.
 During this phase, the male urethral sphincter contracts (so as to prevent urine from
mixing with semen, and to guard against retrograde ejaculation) and muscles at the
base of the penis begin a steady rhythmic contraction.
Plateau Phase In female:
 The plateau stage in females is basically a continuation of the same changes evident in
the excitement stage.
 Vaginal swelling, contraction of vaginal opening.
 Clitoris withdraw into clitorial hood and external clitoris shorten in size.
 Labia minora increase in size and purple colour.

The arousal phase lasts until just before orgasm. It takes you to the brink of sexual pleasure and
could include:

 The changes in the desire phase get even more intense.

 The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a
darker color.
 The clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch).
 The testicles withdraw up into the scrotum.
 Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure continue to increase.
 Muscle tension continues to increase.
 Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face and hands.
 You might experience arousal at the same time as desire or shortly before.

Orgasm
  Is the conclusion of the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle and is experienced
by both males and females. It is accompanied by quick cycles of muscle contraction in
the lower pelvic muscles, which surround both the anus and the primary sexual organs.
 Women also experience uterine and vaginal contractions. Orgasms are often associated
with other involuntary actions, including vocalizations and muscular spasms in other
areas of the body and a generally euphoric sensation. Heart rate is increased even
further.

Orgasm (In Male)

First stage:
 contractions in the vas deference, seminal vesicles, and the prostate cause seminal fluid,
to collect in a pool at the base of the penis, in the urethra ("come or ejaculate) This
collection is usually felt as Tickling sensation.
Second stage:
 Contraction of muscles in a throbbing manner around the urehtra, propel ejaculate
through the urethra and out of the body Highly pleasurable feeling

Orgasm (In female)

 Contractions of pelvic muscles around vagina.

 Contractions of the uterus and anal sphincter in a throbbing manner/rhythmic way).
 Muscle spasm, Increase BP, HR reach peak The contractions (which occurs at different
speeds and in different numbers) are usually experienced as highly pleasurable feelings
of release.
 No difference between vaginal and clitoris orgasms.

This phase is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It’s the shortest of the phases and
generally lasts only a few seconds. The orgasm phase can include:

 Involuntary muscle contractions or twitching.

 Blood pressure, heart rate and breathing are at their highest rates.
 There’s a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
 Contraction of vaginal muscles.
 Ejaculation (releasing semen from your penis).
 A rash or “sex flush” may appear over your entire body.

Resolution
  The resolution phase occurs after orgasm and allows the muscles to relax, blood
pressure to drop and the body to slow down from its excited state. The refractory
period, which is part of the resolution phase, is the time frame in which usually a man is
unable to orgasm again, though women can also experience a refractory period.

Male:

 Loss of erection as blood flows out of penis.

 Scrotum and testis returns to normal stage.
 A general feeling of relaxation.
 Refractory period in which the person generally is incapable of getting another erection.
 Masters and Johnson described the two-stage detumescence of the penis: In the first
stage, the penis decreases from its erect state to about 50 percent larger than its flaccid
state. This occurs during the refractory period. In the second stage (and after the
refractory period is finished), the penis decreases in size and returns to being flaccid.

Female:

 Blood that had engorged areas of the body now flows out, swelling decreases,
eventually muscle tension and skin flushes go away.
 A general feeling of relaxation.
 According to Masters and Johnson, women have the ability to orgasm again very
quickly, as long as they have effective stimulation. As a result, they are able to have
multiple orgasms in a relatively short period of time.

During this phase, your body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning. Any swollen or
erect body parts return to their previous size or position. People may feel a sense of
satisfaction, and often, fatigue.

Some people AFAB can go back to the orgasm phase with further sexual stimulation and may
experience additional orgasms.

People AMAB typically need recovery time after orgasm, called a refractory period, during
which they can’t reach orgasm again. The duration of the refractory period varies among
people and changes with age.

KAPLAN MODEL (DAOR)

 DESIRE
  AROUSAL
 ORGASM
 RESOLUTION

Normal Sexual desire has following components:

(Bio-Psycho-Social Model)

 Drive: the biological (hormonal).

 Motivation: the psychological (relational issues).
 Wish: in some culture low desire is normal high desire problematic.
The Sexual tipping point model
 Proposed by Michael Perelman
 Sexual response is a balance between excitatory or inhibitory factors that may be
psychological, organic, psycho social or cultural.

Sexual tipping point (STP) model

 According to Michael Perelman, the STP is represented by normal distribution curves.

 Sexual attitude, response, and behaviour follows normal distribution curves.
 Sexual arousal is normally distributed (like height and weight).
 Orgasm latency is best described by skewed distribution (like hair, eye colour).
 Sexual response can be affected by psychosocial and organic causes

References:

Basson, R. (2015). Human sexual response. Handbook of clinical neurology, 130, 11-
18.

Georgiadis, J. R., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). The human sexual response cycle: brain
imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures. Progress in neurobiology, 98(1), 49-81.

Tiefer, L. (1991). Historical, scientific, clinical and feminist criticisms of “the human
sexual response cycle” model. Annual review of sex research, 2(1), 1-23.

Levin, R. J. (2017). The human sexual response cycle. The textbook of clinical sexual
medicine, 39-51.

William H. Masters and Virginia E. Johnson (1966). Book Human Sexual Response.

II. THE BASIC BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Sexual behavior includes actions related to reproduction, courtship, and attraction, driven by
biological and social factors.

Understanding sexual behavior helps explain reproductive strategies, evolutionary success, and
human social interactions.

Genetic Influences on Sexual Behavior

- Genes play a role in sexual orientation, preferences, and behaviors.

MALE

-The testes begin to secrete androgens, male sex hormones, at puberty.

- Not only do androgens produce secondary sex characteristics, such as the growth of body hair
and a deepening of the voice, they also increase the sex drive.

-Men are capable of (and interested in) sexual activities without any regard to biological cycles.

FEMALES

-When they reach maturity and puberty, the two ovaries begin to produce estrogens and
progesterone, female sex hormones.

-Follows a cyclical pattern.

-The greatest output occurs during ovulation.

MEN THINK ABOUT SEX MORE THAN WOMEN: WHILE 54% OF ME REPORT THINKING ABOUT
SEX EVERY DAY, ONLY 19% OF WOMEN REPORT THINKING ABOUT IT ON A DAIL [Link] TAKES
MORE THAN HORMONES TO MOTIVATE & PRODUCE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

- Humans are considerably more versatile; not only other people but nearly any object, sight,
smell, sound, or other stimulus can lead to sexual excitement.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT: WHAT TURNS PEOPLE ON?

[Link] zone - Areas of the body that are particularly of an unusually rich array of nerve
receptors.

[Link] Fantasies- refers to mental imagery of sexual activity with an emotional component
that absorbs the fantasizer.

TERMS TO REMEMBER:
Genitals - The male and female sex organs

Androgens-Male sex hormones secreted by testes

Ovulation-The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries

Testosterone- influences libido in both males and females.

Estrogen and Progesterone play a key role in female reproductive behaviors and sexual
motivation.

Endocrine System - Manages hormone levels that affect sexual desire and behaviors

Brain Structures Involved in Sexual Behavior

Hypothalamus - Regulates sexual motivation; larger in males for many species.

Limbic System : Includes the amygdala, which affects emotional responses and sexual
attraction.

Prefrontal Cortex: Involved in regulating impulses and social behavior (Swaab, 2004).

Neurotransmitters and Sexual Behavior

- Dopamine- drives pleasure and reward, important for sexual arousal and motivation.

- Serotonin- can inhibit sexual desire, affecting mood and desire.

- Oxytocin & Vasopressin - Involved in bonding, attachment, and trust, often linked with pair
bonding (Young & Wang, 2004).

Phases of Sexual Response

1 Motivation, Excitement-Last from just a few minutes to over an hour, an arousing stimulus
begins a sequence that prepares the genitals for sexual intercourse

Male- The penis becomes erect when blood flows into it.

Female- The clitoris swells because of an increase in the blood supply in that area, and the
vagina becomes lubricated.

[Link]- The period in which the maximum level of arousal is attained, the penis and clitoris
swell with blood, and the body prepares for orgasm
3. Orgasm-The peak of sexual excitement, during which rhythmic muscular contractions occur
in the genitals.

4. Resolution- The interval after orgasm in which the body returns to its unaroused state,
reversing the changes brought about arousal.

[Link] Period -A temporary period that follows the resolution stage and during which the
male can not develop an erection again.

Sexual Development and Puberty

Period - when sexual maturation and increased interest in sexual behavior occur.

-Hormonal Changes- surge in sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, drive physical
and behavioral changes.

- Increases sexual interest and attraction.

References:

Blakemore, S. J., Burnett, S., & Dahl, R. E. (2010). The role of puberty in the developing
adolescent brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,11 (9), 606-616.

Diamond, L. M. (2003). What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioral model

distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire. Psychological Review,10(1), 173-192.

LeVay, S., & Baldwin, J. (2020). Human sexuality (5th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Mustanski, B. S., DuPree, M. G., Nievergelt, C. M., Bocklandt, S., Schork, N. J., & Hamer, D. H.
(2002). A genomewide scan of male sexual orientation. Human Genetics 110(1), 80-92.

Swaab, D. F. (2004). Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and
sexual orientation. Journal of Neuroendocrinology,16(10), 719-726.

Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Sexual selection and the descent
of man, 1871-1971(pp. 136-179). Aldine-Atherton.

Young, L. J., & Wang, Z. (2004). The neurobiology of pair bonding. Nature Neuroscience, 7(10),
1048-1054.
Feldman, R. S., & Garrison, M. (1993). Understanding psychology (Vol. 10). New York: McGraw-
Hill.

III. UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE, AND ATTACTMENT.

LOVE
 LOVE IS COMPLEX
 A mix of emotions, behaviors, and beliefs associated with strong feelings of affection,
protectiveness, warmth, and respect for another person.
 Love can also be used to apply to non-human animals, to principles, and to religious
beliefs. For example, a person might say he or she loves his or her dog, loves freedom,
or loves God.

LOVE VS LUST
 Love is something that is cultivated between two people and grows over time, through
getting to know him or her and experiencing life's many ups and downs together. It
involves commitment, time, mutual trust, and acceptance.
 Lust, on the other hand, has to do with the sex-driven sensations that draw people
toward one another initially and is fueled primarily by the urge to procreate.
Characterized by sex hormones and idealistic infatuation, lust blurs our ability to see a
person for who he or she truly is, and consequently, it may or may not lead to a long-
term relationship.

Anthropologist Helen Fisher

of Rutgers University
proposed three stages of
falling in love; and
for each stage, a different
set of chemicals run the
show.
The three stages of falling
in love are:
1. Lust (erotic passion)
This stage is marked by
physical attraction. You
want to seduce and be
seduced by
your object of affection.
Lust is driven by
testosterone in men and
estrogen in women.
Lust, however, will not
guarantee that the couple
will fall in love in any
lasting way
Anthropologist Helen Fisher
of Rutgers University
proposed three stages of
falling in love; and
for each stage, a different
set of chemicals run the
show.
The three stages of falling
in love are:
1. Lust (erotic passion)
This stage is marked by
physical attraction. You
want to seduce and be
seduced by
your object of affection.
Lust is driven by
testosterone in men and
estrogen in women.
Lust, however, will not
guarantee that the couple
will fall in love in any
lasting way
Anthropologist Helen Fisher
of Rutgers University
proposed three stages of
falling in love; and
for each stage, a different
set of chemicals run the
show.
The three stages of falling
in love are:
1. Lust (erotic passion)
This stage is marked by
physical attraction. You
want to seduce and be
seduced by
your object of affection.
Lust is driven by
testosterone in men and
estrogen in women.
Lust, however, will not
guarantee that the couple
will fall in love in any
lasting way
Understanding the
Chemistry of Lust, Love,
and Attachment
Falling in love can be a
beautifully wild experience.
It is a rush of longing,
passion, and
euphoria. Fast forward a
few years, and the
excitement would have
died down (though the
levels vary for every couple
Anthropologist Helen Fisher
of Rutgers University
proposed three stages of
falling in love; and
for each stage, a different
set of chemicals run the
show.
The three stages of falling
in love are:
1. Lust (erotic passion)
This stage is marked by
physical attraction. You
want to seduce and be
seduced by
your object of affection.
Lust is driven by
testosterone in men and
estrogen in women.
Lust, however, will not
guarantee that the couple
will fall in love in any
lasting way.
2.
According to anthropologist Helen Fisher (2016) there are three stages of falling in love. In each
stage, a different set of brain chemicals run the show. These stages are lust, attraction, and
love.

[Link]
 When people are in the stage of lust, they feel physically attracted and drawn to their
object of affection. There are elements of mystery that make things exciting.
 Lust is driven by the desire for sexual gratification. The evolutionary basis for this is from
people’s need to reproduce, a need shared among all living things.
 Through reproduction, organisms pass on their genes, and contribute to the
perpetuation of their species. The hypothalamus of the brain plays a big role in this,
stimulating the production of the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen from the
testes and ovaries.
 While these chemicals are often stereotyped as being male and female, respectively,
both play a role in men and women. As it turns out, testosterone increases libido in just
about everyone. The effects are less pronounced with estrogen, but some women
report being more sexually motivated around the time they ovulate, when estrogen
levels are highest.

[Link]

 Attraction is characteristic that causes pleasure or interest by appealing to a person’s

desires or tastes, and causes one to be drawn to the other.

 In this stage, a person may begin to be obsessed about their object of affection and
crave for his presence. A person may don’t feel like sleeping or eating. People can
certainly lust for someone they are attracted to, and vice versa, one can happen without
the other.
 Attraction has brain pathways that controls “reward” behavior, which explains the first
few months of a relationship. Dopamine is the main player in the brain’s reward
pathway. When it is released, people feel good. In this case, these things spending time
with loved ones with high levels of dopamine and related hormones (norepinephrine)
are released.
 These chemicals make people energetic, and euphoric that can lead to decreased
appetite and insomnia – which actually means a person is so “in love” that this person
 cannot eat or cannot sleep. In addition, norepinephrine plays a large role in the fight or
flight response, which has a say when people are stressed and kept them alert.
 Brain scans of people in love have actually shown that the primary “reward” centers of
the brain. Finally, attraction seems to lead to a reduction in serotonin, a hormone that is
involved in appetite and mood. In the end, everyone is capable of defining love for
themselves. And, for better or for worse, if it’s all hormones, maybe each of us can have
“chemistry” with just about anyone.

[Link]
 This stage involves wanting to make a more lasting commitment to your loved one. All
the goals are dedicated to the object of affection being a part of a person’s life.
dopamine decreases and attraction goes down.
 If things are going well, it gets replaced by the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin,
which create the desire to bond, affiliate with, and nurture your partner. You want to
cuddle and be close and share your deepest secrets with her. You plan and dream
together.
 Understanding the science of lust, attraction, and attachment can help a person develop
more realistic expectations of their relationships.
 Most romantic relationships begin with two individuals falling into love with each other.
The singer Robert Palmer compares love with an addiction. This was verified in a study
in which 17 participants who were madly in love were asked to go to the lab and bring a
picture of their loved one. Participants were placed in a brain scanner (fMRI functional
magnetic resonance imaging) which measures the neural activity of the brain. Their
brain activity was recorded that when participants gazed at a photo of their beloved,
regions in the brain were activated. Those parts are closely associated with the
anticipation of reward and with focused attention. This is the dopamine system in the
brain which is the same system involved in pleasure and addiction. Fisher, et al (2006)
concluded that, rather than defining love as an emotion, “being in love” can be
considered a strong motivation – an addictive craving to be with the other person
(Hewstone et al, 2015).

Six Love Styles of John Lee:

1. Eros (EH-ros). Love is based on a strong sexual and emotional component. This type of
love creates initial excitement of a new relationship. A romantic and passionate love
which emphasizes physical attraction and sexual desire. The Eros lover dreams of the
ideal characteristics of a partner and usually experiences love at first sight. The
relationship, however, seldom lasts forever because they tend to be quick to fall in and
out of love.
2. Agape (AH-gah-pay). This is altruistic and selfless love. The person shows his love
without expecting to receive the same in return. He considers the wishes of his partner
as more important than his own. He may not have a perfect partner but he will always
be there to support and offer his love.
 3. Storge (Store-gay). This is love related friendship and based on nonsexual affection. The
person experiences love as a gradual and slow process. When love is storge, love takes
time. Storgic lovers do not suddenly fall in love with an idealized lover. Commitment,
stability and comfort are their goals.
4. Ludus. For ludic lovers, love is just a game, something for fun or entertainment. They do
not experience jealousy. They do not value commitment or intimacy. They manipulate
their partners by lying, cheating and deceiving.
5. Mania. This is characterized by an intense feeling which may lead to obsessive and
possessive love towards the loved one. Manic lovers always check the partner’s
whereabouts. They easily get jealous and their experience of love is out of control. They
are easily taken advantage of by ludic lovers.
6. Pragma. This is a practical and business-like love. Pragmatic lovers may plan the best
time to get married, have children, and other future plans. Love is based on what is
appropriate. It is not intense nor out of control.

The Triangular Theory of Love by Robert Sternberg, According to him, love is made up of three
components:
1. Intimacy. This includes the desire to give and receive emotional closeness, support,
caring and sharing.
2. Passion. This is the hot component of love which can be described as intensely romantic
or sexual desire for another person usually accompanied by physical attraction and
physiological arousal.
3. Commitment. This is the cold component of love. It is the decision to maintain the
relationship through good times and bad times.

Sternberg also described several types of love based on the above components:

1. Liking (Intimacy). This only involves emotional intimacy and has no passionate intention
for long-term commitment. It is just a friendly relationship.
2. Infatuation (Passion).This is associated with a high degree of physiological arousal.
There is only passion without intimacy or commitment. It is usually called “love at first
sight” and may fade quickly.
3. Empty love (Commitment).This involves only commitment. A relationship. With no
intimacy and passion. Couples only stay together for their children or other important
reasons.

References:

[Link]
understanding-the-chemistry-of-lust-attraction-and-attachment/22137497

Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. (2002). Defining the brain systems of
lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31(5), 413–419.
[Link]
IV. EMOTIONAL SELF
-It refers to an individual’s ability to recognize, understand, manage, and express their own emotions
effectively.

Human emotions

An important aspects of understanding the self is acknowledging the presence of emotions.

Emotions serves as a driving force in how one acts and behaves. Emotions play a part in making
decisions embracing certain lifestyle, and relating others.

6 Basic emotions

2. Joy
3. Disgust
4. Fear
5. Sadness
6. Anger
7. Surprise

Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions

■ According to Robert Plutchik, humans experience eight core emotions that drive adaptive behavior:
fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance.

■ These emotions are arranged in a circle, with adjacent emotions (like fear and surprise) being closely
related, while opposite emotions (such as fear and anger) are functionally opposite.

Variety of Emotions

Positive Human Emotions – lead one to feel good about oneself that lead a happy and satisfied result.
Negative Human Emotions – sap your energy and undermine your effectiveness. In the negative
emotional state, you find the lack of desire to do anything.

Primary Emotions -are the first emotions that you feel for any given event.

Secondary emotions -are usually more intense emotions thatpush people away or protect yourself in
some way. They can include anger, frustration, irritation, withdrawal, anxiety, and fear.

Emotions & Feelings

Emotions -The mental portrayal of what is going on in your body .When you have an emotion and is the
byproduct of your brain perceiving and assigning meaning to the emotions” (Hampton, 2015).

Feelings are subjective experiences that shape how we interpret emotions, influenced by our beliefs and
past experiences. When making decisions, we not only use logic but also ask ourselves, “How do I feel
about this? Does it feel good or right?”

Emotional Intelligence ( EQ)

IS THE ABILITY TO PERCEIVE, CONTROL AND EVALUATE EMOTIONS.

• Bar-On (1997, p. 14), it is “an array of non-cognitive abilities, competencies, and skills that
influence one’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressure”

• According to Mayer, Salovery, and Caruso (2004), it is one’s ability to understand emotion and
for them to contribute in how one perceives the environment he or she is in.

• For Goleman (1998, p. 317), it is “capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those others, for
motivating ourselves, and foe managing emotions effectively in ourselves and others.”

5 COMPONENTS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ( By Daniel Goleman)

Self-awareness -the ability to recognize and understand your moods and emotion , and how they affect
others.

Self-regulation – the ability to control impulses And moods, and to think before thinking

Internal (or intrinsic) motivation – being driven to pursue goals for personal reasons, rather than for
some kind of reward .

Empathy – the ability to recognize and understand others’ motivations, which is essential for building
and leading teams successfully

Social skills- the ability to manage relationships and build networks.

References :

Human Emotions and Emotional

Intelligence.[Link]
understanding-the-self/human-emotions-and-emotionalintelligence/45430368 (Hampton, 2015).
Kendra Cherry, MS. July 14, 2024. 6 Basic of Emotions. [Link]
the-types-of-emotions-4163976

Robert Plutchik,1980. Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions [Link]

wheel-emotions/

Donna Lea Paglinawan, 2024. Variety Of Emotions

[Link] -Self

Primary and Secondary Emotions

Tyler Rich (2020). Primary And Secondary Emotions

[Link]

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