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16: Injury and
Violence
Your Health Today, 9th Edition
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Unintentional injuries: those that
are not purposefully inflicted.
Preventable if people adopt
behaviors that promote safety
and if society reduces
environmental hazards.
Injury: Leading causes of unintentional
Creating Safe injury death: vehicle crashes,
poisoning, falls, choking, and
Environments drowning.
Injury death rates vary by
race/ethnicity.
Non-Hispanic whites account for
75 percent of preventable
deaths.
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Motor Vehicle
Safety
Improper Driving:
Speeding, failing to yield the right of
way, disregarding signals and stop signs,
and making improper turns.
Following too closely; it likely accounts
for about 85 percent of motor vehicle
crashes.
Other significant factors include
distracted driving, drowsiness, aggressive
driving, and alcohol-impaired driving.
When combined with human error,
environmental hazards such as weather
conditions account for vehicle crashes.
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Factors Contributing
to Motor Vehicle
Crashes 1
Distracted Driving:
Three main types of distraction.
Visual (eyes off the road).
Manual (hands off the wheel).
Cognitive (mind off what the person is
doing).
Drivers under age 20 are the most likely to
be involved in distraction-related crashes.
Electronic devices visually and
cognitively—and sometimes manually—
distract drivers.
Drowsiness reduces awareness of
surroundings, impairs judgment, and slows
reaction time.
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Aggressive Driving:
As much as 66 percent of all traffic
fatalities are associated with overly
aggressive driving behavior.
Factors
Can escalate into road rage.
Alcohol-Impaired Driving:
Contributing About 3 in 10 people in the U.S. are
involved in an alcohol-related crash at
to Motor some point. Slows reaction time and impairs
perception, judgment, and motor
Vehicle
coordination.
Men are responsible for 80 percent of
Crashes 2
alcohol-impaired driving.
Many drugs other than alcohol also impair
the ability to drive safely.
Environmental Hazards:
Accounts for less than 5 percent of vehicle
crashes.
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A major safety approach is effective restraint
systems.
Seat belts reduce the risk of fatal injuries by 47
percent.
Airbags are a passive restraint that protects
passengers from impact with the interior of the
vehicle in a crash.
Child seats and booster seats can be critical.
Pet Restraints:
Only one in six people uses animal restraints such as
harnesses, pet vehicle seats, or pet carriers.
Unrestrained pets can cause serious injury to the
driver and passengers in the event of an accident.
Passenger Restraint Safety
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Motorcycle
Safety
Motorcyclists Contributing The use of a
are about factors are helmet is
five times distraction, important.
more likely alcohol use,
to die in a lack of
crash than proper
passenger training, and
car environment
occupants. al
conditions.
About 26 times
more likely to be
injured.
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Cyclists should make sure their bike fits
properly, that they wear a helmet, and
that they employ safe cycling practices.
Head injuries from bike accidents
have increased in cities that have
bike-share programs.
Making cyclists visible to other vehicle
operators is the biggest safety problem.
Bicycles are vehicles; riders must follow
all traffic laws that apply to cars,
including stopping at traffic lights.
Bicycle Safety
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E-Scooter
Safety
Electric or e-scooter injuries have surged.
These vehicles often reach 30 mph.
Half the injuries are severe.
Avoidable risk factors include not wearing
a helmet and excessive speed.
Less than 1 percent of riders wear a
helmet.
One-third of injuries occur on the first
scooter ride.
App-based ride-share scooters have
contributed to public safety issues and
public clutter.
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Pedestrian Safety
About 45 percent of deaths occur when pedestrians
enter or cross streets, and 10 percent occur when
pedestrians are walking on the roadway.
Dangerous pedestrian practices.
Using a smartphone while walking, aka smartphone
zombie.
Drunk walking.
Listening to music.
At night, carry a flashlight and wear reflective clothing.
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Recreational
Safety
Injuries occur in a variety of
recreational activities.
Water safety: about 11
people drown every day in the
U.S.
About half of drownings
occur in natural water
settings.
Life jackets, or personal
flotation devices (PFDs),
are essential protection.
Rock climbing is relatively
safe; attention to equipment
and instruction can lower the
risks.
Drones, or unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs), can cause
serious injury if used unsafely.
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Home Safety
Nearly 40 percent of all disabling
injuries occur in the home.
Fire: about half the homes in which
a fire fatality occurred did not have
smoke detectors or had an
inoperable fire alarm.
Poisons, gas, and carbon
monoxide: poisoning hazards
include drugs, alcohol, gases, and
vapors such as carbon monoxide
and natural gas.
About half of all
unintentional poisoning
deaths are from drug
overdoses.
Choking: rates of death by
choking are highest in children
under 4 and adults over 65 (and
especially over 75).
Heimlich maneuver is used to
help when choking occurs.
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At least 37 children die each year
from vehicular heatstroke, more than
half of them under two years old.
Children About 10 percent of cases involve
alcohol, drugs, or neglect.
and
Children can die of hyperthermia
(overheating) in vehicles when the
ambient temperature outside is as
Vehicular low as 70° F.
Sleep deprivation, common for
Heat
parents with very young children,
increases vulnerability for an autopilot
memory, causing a “forgotten baby
Stroke syndrome.”
In 2019, Congress introduced the Hot
Cars Act that would mandate all new
vehicles to be installed with rear-seat
child and pet reminder systems.
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Exposure to loud noise can
damage hearing and lead to
permanent hearing loss.
Common sources are
machinery, power tools, traffic,
airplanes, construction, and loud
Excessive music.
Since some noise-induced hearing
Noise loss (NIHL) is inevitable as we age,
we should work to prevent
avoidable damage.
Early symptoms of hearing loss
include ringing or buzzing,
difficulty understanding speech,
and slight muffling of sounds.
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A concussion is a type of
traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused
by a blow or jolt to the head.
Grade 1. Confusion lasting less
than 15 minutes.
Grade 2. Confusion and amnesia
lasting longer than 15 minutes.
Concussions Grade 3. Brief unconsciousness
and more serious amnesia.
Many TBIs are associated with
sports or recreation activities.
Cumulative hits to the head that
do not lead to a concussion are
also cause for concern.
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Computer Use
Extensive computer use can cause strain on
the back, neck, arms, hands, and eyes.
Repetitive strain injuries such as carpal
tunnel syndrome (CTS) can occur when
motions and tasks are repeatedly
performed in incorrect ways.
How to prevent these ergonomic injuries:
Correct ergonomic problems in the
workstation.
Take frequent breaks from repetitive tasks.
Perform exercises that stretch and flex the
wrists and hands.
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Natural disasters are sudden
events, caused by natural forces,
that result in loss of life, severe injury,
or property damage.
Natural Tornadoes, hurricanes, floods,
Disasters
wildfires, and earthquakes.
Individuals can help themselves by
preparing as much as they can for
the types of disasters likely to occur
where they live.
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Violence:
Working Toward
Prevention
Violence: use of force or threat of
force to inflict intentional injury,
physical or psychological, on oneself
or on another person.
Murder.
Robbery.
Assault. Attack by one person on
another using force or threat of
force to intentionally inflict injury.
Also occurs in association with
child abuse, sexual harassment,
suicide, and several other kinds of
conduct.
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Shootings Campuses confront the same
violence issues that occur in almost
on the any city.
Since the Virginia Tech shooting in
College 2007, campuses have expanded
emergency communication
Campus measures.
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Hazing: actions taken to cause
mental or physical discomfort,
embarrassment, or ridicule in
individuals seeking to join an
organization.
Hazing Four out of every five college
students are subjected to some
form in their college years.
Deaths have occurred as a result
of hazing, most often fraternity
hazing; it is illegal in most states.
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Hate Speech
Hate speech: acts that convey a grossly negative view
of persons or groups based on gender, ethnicity, religion,
sexual orientation, or disability.
There is an active debate about whether hate speech
codes, adopted by some schools, violate free speech.
President Trump signed an executive order to ensure
the protection of free speech on college campuses.
Anti-Semitic hate incidents have significantly increased
in recent years.
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Sexual Violence
Sexual assault and coercion: sexual assault is any sexual behavior
that is forced on someone without their consent.
Forced sexual intercourse (rape).
Forced sodomy (oral or anal sexual acts).
Child molestation.
Incest.
Fondling.
It is the imposition of sexual activity on someone through the threat
of nonphysical punishment, the promise of reward, or verbal pressure.
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Rape 1
Statutory rape: sexual intercourse with someone under
the age of consent, whether consent was given or not.
Stranger rape: committed by someone unknown to the
victim.
Far more common are acquaintance rape
(committed by someone known to the victim) and date
rape (committed by someone with whom the victim has
a dating relationship).
Sexual predators may use so-called date rape drugs
to incapacitate their victims.
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Rape 2
The red zone: a period of time when female
students are at greatest risk for sexual assault.
First year. First six weeks of the initial fall
semester.
Second year. Entire first semester.
College students sometimes refer to assaults
as “unwanted sex,” likely due to victims being
acquainted with their assailants.
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Rape 3
These safety tips are especially important for the red zone years.
If you feel unsafe, trust your instincts.
Avoid being isolated with someone you don’t know.
Know your surroundings.
Don’t post your location online or on voicemail.
Use a buddy system when you go out.
If you suspect a friend has been drugged, call 911.
Always lock your door, and don’t let a stranger in.
Practice safe drinking.
Don’t go out alone at night.
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Rape 4
Male rape: in about 3 percent of completed and attempted rapes
in the U.S., the victim is male.
Male rape victims require the same level of medical treatment,
counseling, and support as female victims.
Effects of rape: for many victims, the effects of rape can be
profoundly traumatic and long-lasting.
Fear, anxiety, phobias, guilt, nightmares, depression, substance
abuse, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunctions, and social withdrawal.
Between 4 and 30 percent contract a sexually transmitted
infection (STI).
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What to Do If You Are Raped
Do whatever you need to do and can do to survive.
Remember rape is not your fault; your attacker is
violating your rights and committing a crime.
Seek help as soon as possible by contacting law
enforcement.
Contact your local Rape Victim Advocacy Program
(RVAP) or the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National
Network (RAINN).
Rape counseling is critical to recovery.
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Campus Responses to Sexual Assault
Complaints 1
Investigative reports suggest many colleges and
universities are underreporting sexual assaults.
Campus Sexual Assault Victims’ Bill of Rights.
Requires college administrators to provide justice,
medical treatment, and psychological counseling
for crime victims and survivors.
Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act.
Protection for victims and whistleblowers against
retaliation.
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Campus Responses to Sexual Assault
Complaints 2
In response to these laws and Title IX, which makes
gender discrimination unlawful, many colleges have
enacted more favorable grievance procedures.
Campus tribunals must take into account survivors’
physical and psychological safety during
investigations and hearings.
In Spring 2022, the Biden administration proposed
changes to Title IX regulations that were made
during the DeVos era under the Trump
administration.
Pushback by male college students accused of sexual
assault has made headway in federal courts.
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Ride-Sharing Services and Sexual
Assault
Assault can occur in both ride-share and taxi services.
Share your trip information with others.
Request your ride while you are still indoors.
Confirm your driver and car by checking the driver’s name,
car license plate, and car type before getting into the
vehicle.
Always sit in the back seat.
Be sure your driver’s rating is at least 4.5.
Track your route on your app’s map.
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Affirmative Consent 1
More than 1,400 colleges have implemented an affirmative
consent standard: “no means no” or “yes means yes.”
Victims must no longer prove they physically or verbally resisted.
Some states, such as California, have also implemented
affirmative consent laws.
State laws for affirmative consent are new, and there are not yet
any judicial decisions that frame their legality.
Higher education institutions have also not yet faced extensive
legal challenges to their affirmative consent standards.
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Affirmative Consent 2
Affirmative consent means that college students
cannot pretend they have no control over the effects of
alcohol.
The bottom line: when alcohol is a factor, the primary
responsibility to ensure that consent was established will
fall on the party that initiated the sex.
Be very cautious in initiating sex when someone is
intoxicated.
Consider whether your partner is sober enough to give
consent.
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Rape prevention involves creating
a culture and a community in which
sexual violence is not tolerated.
Preventing The Green Dot Violence
Prevention Strategy focuses on
Sexual engaging bystanders to act against
sexual violence.
Violence Overcoming shyness and lack of
assertiveness, peer pressure, the
“bystander effect,” and cultural
norms.
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Sexual harassment includes two
broad types.
Person of authority who offers
benefits for sexual favors or
threatens retaliation for withholding
sex.
Suggestive language or
Sexual intimidating conduct creates a
hostile atmosphere that interferes
Harassment with work or academics.
Whether it is harassment or flirting
1 depends on if:
The person has power over the
other person.
The behavior puts pressure on the
offended person.
The offended person wants to end
the interaction.
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#MeToo has had a significant
impact in confronting sexual
harassment on the college
campus.
The movement was founded in
2006 but acquired a bigger
foothold in 2017.
Sexual #MeToo has now become a
source of solidarity for women of
Harassment diverse backgrounds who have
been sexually harassed.
2 Tarana Burke, a Black activist,
introduced the term “MeToo” in
2006 to bring public attention to
the prevalence of sexual
harassment, particularly of women
of color.
The underlying principle of #MeToo
is empowerment through empathy.
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Stalking, Cyberstalking, and
Cyberharassment 1
Stalking. Malicious following, harassing, or
threatening of one person by another.
Cyberstalking. Use of electronic media to pursue,
harass, or contact another person who has not
solicited the contact.
Cyberharassment. Tormenting e-mails, instant
messages, blog entries, and website entries.
Cyberbullying. Among children and among
college students.
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Cyberstalking and
cyberharassment can occur
beyond computers and the Internet.
GPS tracks, recordings, and
spyware programs.
Stalking, Deepfake: artificial intelligence
Cyberstalking, and software is used to create realistic
Cyberharassment 2 fake videos and pictures that mimic
a target’s voice, facial expressions,
and mannerisms.
Can be used for harassment,
blackmail, phishing, and
extortion scams.
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Intimate Partner Violence 1
Violence in families can be directed at any family
member, but women, children, and older adults are the
most vulnerable.
Intimate partner violence or domestic violence is
abuse against one’s partner in an intimate relationship.
Physical.
Sexual.
Threats.
Emotional abuse.
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Intimate Partner Violence 2
The cycle of abuse: domestic violence is usually
characterized by a cycle of abuse.
Tension builds up.
Violent outburst occurs.
A “honeymoon” period follows, where often the
abuser promises change.
Violence does recur, and the cycle repeats.
Sometimes referred to as battered woman syndrome
but can occur in any relationship.
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Hate Crimes
Hate crimes: crimes motivated by bias against
the victim’s ethnicity, race, religion, sexual
orientation, or disability.
A victim’s gender identity or sexual orientation
cannot be blamed for a perpetrator’s hate
violence act.
Note that under Title IX, the Department of
Education identified the right of transgender
students to protection from harassment.
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Self-Defense Devices
Products that are wearable, lightweight, and
concealable include pepper spray
lipstick/perfume cases, defense keychains, rings
that can activate a siren, and bracelets that
detect a head injury.
Smartphones and data connections can serve as a
“guardian angel” with certain apps such as
Life Button 24.
Self-defense technology is not a replacement
for being actively aware of your surroundings.
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A new strategy for protection
against violence is checking the
background of family friends,
neighbors, and actual or potential
intimate partners.
Background Use Internet search engines to
find publicly available data
Checks points from criminal, traffic, and
arrest records.
Many states now have public sex
offender registries.
There are also subscription-based
people-search web sites.
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The Role of Communities and
Campuses: Promoting Safety
Communities can help provide safe physical environments that are less
conducive to criminal activity.
Neighborhoods where people look out for each other are less
inviting.
College campuses need to continue and adapt prevention efforts and
to promote gender equality, healthy relationships, healthy sexuality, and
civility.
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How does injury affect personal
health?
What are the leading causes of
injury-related death?
How does violence affect
personal health?
In Review What forms does violence take in
our society?
How is sexual harassment
regulated on college campuses?
How is free speech/hate speech
regulated on college campuses?
What are strategies to prevent
violence?
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