GROUP EIGHT

NAMES REGRATION NUMBER

[Link] PETER 23/2/328/WJ/138
[Link] HALIMAH 23/2/328/WJ/219
NGOBI
[Link] AARON 23/2/328/WJ/203
[Link] AMBROSE 23/2/328/WJ/154
[Link] 23/2/328/WJ/190
INNOCENT
TACHOMETRIC SURVEY
Tachometry is a method of surveying in
which both the horizontal and vertical
distances between two or more points are
determined from instrument observations
obtained by optical means without using a
tape/chain. The instrument employed is
called a Tachometer.
 Advantages of tachometry
• Measurements are taken above the ground and
hence the poor surface measuring conditions
don’t affect it
• Measurements are carried out in a shorter time
than chain surveying
• Has high accuracy
 Principle of Tacheometry
the principle is based on the property of isosceles triangle where the ratio of
the distance of the base from the apex and length of the base is always constant
 Continuation
• According to the stated principle,
D1/S1=D2/S2=D3/S3=f/i=constant.
• f/i is known as the multiplying constant where
f is the focal length of the objective and i is the
stadia intercept.
Systems of Tacheometric Measurements

• Stadia hair system: This may further be

divided into two types:
(i) Fixed hair method and
(ii) Movable hair method.
• Tangential system
• Sub-tense bar system
• Optical wedge system
 Stadia Hair Tacheometry
This uses a theodolite with a telescope having a diaphragm fitted
with two additional horizontal wires/lines called "stadia hairs"
or "stadia lines", and a leveling staff or Stadia rod.
 STADIA SYSTEM
In this systems staff intercepts, at a pair of stadia hairs
present at diaphragm, are considered. The stadia system
consists of two methods:
• Fixed-hair method; In this method, stadia hairs are
kept at fixed interval and the staff interval or
intercept (corresponding to the stadia hairs) on the
leveling staff varies.
• Movable- hair method; In this method, the staff
interval is kept constant by changing the distance
between the stadia hairs.
Fixed-hair method
 Principles of Stadia Method
• The principal is based on properties of isosceles triangles. "In
isosceles triangles, the ratio of the perpendicular distance from
the apex to the base, and the length of their bases is always
constant".
Note "The isosceles triangle has two sides which are exactly
equal". E.g.
Example
Determine the values of stadia constant from
the following observations.

Instrument station Staff reading Distance(m) Stadia Reading

0 A 150 1.255, 2.750
0 B 200 1.000, 3.000
0 C 250 0.750, 3.255
 Cases considered for stadia system.
• Horizontal line of sight with a vertically held
staff.
Case 2 Inclined line of sight and staff
held vertically
 Errors in Stadia Measurement
• Error in Stadia Interval factor This produces a
systematic error in distances proportional to the amount
of error in the stadia interval factor.
• Error in staff graduations If the spaces on the rod are
uniformly too long or too short, a systematic error
proportional to the stadia interval is produced in each
distance.
• Incorrect stadia Interval The stadia interval varies
randomly owing to the inability of the instrument
operator to observe the stadia interval exactly.
 Uses of Stadia
• In differential leveling, the back sight and foresight distances are balanced
conveniently if the level is equipped with stadia hairs.
• In profile leveling and cross sectioning, stadia is a convenient means of
finding distances from level to points on which rod readings are taken.
• In rough trigonometric, or indirect, leveling with the transit, the stadia
method is more rapid than any other method.
• For traverse surveying of low relative accuracy, where only horizontal
angles and distances are required, the stadia method is a useful rapid
method.
• On surveys of low relative accuracy - particularly topographic surveys-
where both the relative location of points in a horizontal plane and the
elevation of these points are desired, stadia is useful. The horizontal angles,
vertical angles, and the stadia interval are observed, as each point is
sighted; these three observations define the location of the point sighted.
 Tangential Tacheomerty
• The theodolite used is a simple transit type, its
diaphragm is not provided with stadia hair thus
the readings are taken by single horizontal
hairs
• The staff is provided with varies at a known
apart.
• The angles of elevation or depression are
measured by the theodolite
 Measurements of Tacheometric
constants at the field
• Set up the instrument on fairly level ground
giving horizontal sights to a series of pegs at
known distances, D from the instrument.
• Using the equation D=kS+C and substituting
values for D and S may be solved
 Application of Tacheometry
• It is widely used by engineers in reconnaissance and
location surveys for roadways, railways, canals, reservoirs,
etc.
• Tacheometry provides a good check on distances measured
with a tape or a chain.
• Applied in preparation of contour maps (topographic maps)
of an area/site for investigation works within a short time.
• Applied in establishment of secondary control points.
• For survey work in difficult terrain where direct
methods of measurements are inconvenient e.g. for
traversing in difficult terrain.
• For conducting hydrographic and land survey.
 Non Stadia System
This method of tacheometry is
primarily based on the principle of
trigonometry and thus telescope
without stadia diaphragms are used
• Subtense bar method
• Tangential method
 Subtense bar method
• In this method, a bar of fixed length called
subtense bar is placed in the horizontal position
• The angle subtended by 2 target points
corresponding to a fixed distance on the subtense
bar at the instrument station is measured
• The horizontal distance between the subtense bat
and the instrument is computed from known
distance between the target and the measured
horizontal angle.
An example of the measurement.