IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP - I
Aim:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical properties:
Colour: Colourless
State: Liquid
Odour: Sweet smell
Solubility: Soluble
Action on litmus solution: No change.
[Link]. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Test for Unsaturation: Colour of potassium Absence of
To the organic compound add permanganate is not unsaturation.
alkaline potassium discharged.
permanganate solution.
2 Acyl chloride test: A white dense fumes Alcoholic –OH
To 1ml of organic compound form with rod dipped in group may be
add 0.5ml of acyl chloride ammonim hydroxide present.
solution. solution.
3 Ester test: Fruity smell comes out Alcoholic group
To 1 ml of organic compound is present.
add 1ml of acetic acid followed
by 2 drops of conc. Sulphuric
acid.
Result:
The given organic compound contains alcoholic -OH group.
Chemical Equations ( To be written on the blank page with pencil )
1. R-OH + CH3COCl → R-COO-CH3 + HCl
HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl + H2O
𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
2. R-OH + CH3COOH → CH3-COO-R + H2O
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP - II
Aim:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical properties:
Colour: Light brown
State: Liquid
Odour: Carbolic
Solubility: Partially Soluble
Action on litmus solution: Blue to red.
[Link]. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Test for Unsaturation: Colour of potassium Absence of
To the organic compound add permanganate is not unsaturation.
alkaline potassium permanganate discharged.
solution.
2 Ferric Chloric Test: Appearance of violet Phenolic group
Shake the compound with 5ml of colour. may be present.
water and add 1ml of aqueous
ferric chloride solution.
3 Libermann test: Appearance of red Phenolic group
To 1ml of the compound add 2 colour. may be present.
crystals of sodium nitrite. Heat
for 30 seconds and Cool. Add
Conc. Sulphuric acid followed
by water and shake well.
To the above solution add excess Appearance of blue Phenolic group
NaOH Solution. green colour. is present.
Result:
The given organic compound contains Phenolic group.
Chemical Equations ( To be written on the blank page with pencil )
1. FeCl3 + C6H5OH → [Fe(C6H6O)6]3+ + HCl
2. Libermann’s test:
𝛥
NaNO2 + H2SO4 → HNO2 + Na2SO4
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP - III
Aim:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical properties:
Colour: Colourless
State: Liquid
Odour: Unpleasant
Solubility: Soluble
Action on litmus solution: No change.
[Link]. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Test for Unsaturation: Colour of potassium Absence of
To the organic compound add permanganate is not unsaturation.
alkaline potassium discharged.
permanganate solution.
2 2,4-DNP Test: Formation of orange red Carbonyl >C=O
Shake the compound with 2,4- precipitate. group may be
dinitrophenyl hydrazine and present.
allow to stand.
3 Schiff’s reagent test: Appearance of pink Carbonyl >C=O
To 1ml of organic compound add 5 colour. group may be
drops of schiff’s reagent. present.
4 Fehling’s Solution test: Red precipitate is Aldehyde group
To 1ml of organic compound add formed. –CHO is
2ml of Fehling’s A and 2ml of present.
Fehling’s B. Heat the mixture
over a water bath for 2min.
5 Tollen’s reagent test: Silver mirror is appeared Aldehyde group
To 1ml of organic compound add on the inner side of the –CHO is
2ml of Tollen’s reagent. Heat the test tube. present.
mixture over a water bath for
2min.
Result:
The given organic compound contains aldehyde -CHO group.
Chemical Equations ( To be written on the blank page with pencil )
1. 2,4- DNP Test
2. RCHO + 2 Cu2+ + 5 OH− → RCOO− + Cu2O + 3 H2O
3. RCHO + [Ag(NH3)2]OH + 2NaOH → RCOONH4 + 3NH3 + 2Ag (s) + H2O
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP - VI
Aim:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical properties:
Colour: Light brown
State: Liquid
Odour: Unpleasant
Solubility: Soluble
Action on litmus solution: No change.
[Link]. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Test for Unsaturation: Colour of Absence of
To the organic compound add alkaline potassium unsaturation.
potassium permanganate solution. permanganate is
not discharged.
2 2,4-DNP Test: Formation of Carbonyl >C=O
Shake the compound with 2,4- orange red group may be
dinitrophenyl hydrazine and allow to precipitate. present.
stand.
3 Sodium nitroprusside Test: Appearance of Ketonic >C=O
To 2ml of sodiumnitroprusside add 2ml of red colour. group is
sodium hydroxide followed by 1ml of present.
organic compound.
4 Iodoform Test: Yellow Ketonic >C=O
To 1ml of given compound add 2 crystals precipitate is group is
of solid iodine and 5% NaOH. Heat the formed. present.
mixture over a water bath for 5min.
Result:
The given organic compound contains Ketone >C=O group.
Chemical Equations ( To be written on the blank page with pencil )
1. 2,4- DNP Test
2. CH3-CO-CH3 + OH─ → CH3-CO-CH2─ + H2O
CH3-CO-CH2─ + [Fe(CN)5NO]2+ → [CH3-CO-CH2NO(CN)5Fe]3+
3. CH3-CO-CH3 + 3I2 + NaOH → CH3-CO-CI3 + 3NaI + 3H2O
CH3-CO-CI3 + NaOH → CH3-COONa + CHI3
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP - V
Aim:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.
Physical properties:
Colour: Colourless
State: Liquid
Odour: Vinegar like
Solubility: Soluble
Action on litmus solution: Blue to Red
[Link]. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Test for Unsaturation: Colour of Absence of
To the organic compound add potassium unsaturation.
alkaline potassium permanganate permanganate is
solution. not discharged.
2 Sodium bicarbonate test: A colourless gas Carboxylic -COOH
Shake the compound with 5% with brisk group may be
solution of Sodium bicarbonate effervescence present.
evolves.
3 Ester test: Fruity smell comes Carboxylic -COOH
To 1 ml of organic compound add out group is present.
1ml of Ethanol followed by 2 drops
of conc. Sulphuric acid.
4 NaOH Test: The compound Carboxylic -COOH
To the 1ml of the compound add dissolves. group is present.
1ml of NaOH solution.
Result:
The given organic compound contains Carboxylic -COOH group.
Chemical Equations ( To be written on the blank page with pencil )
1. R-COOH + NaHCO3 → R-COONa + H2O + NaCl
𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
2. R-COOH + C2H5-OH → R-COO-C2H5 + H2O
3. R-COOH + NaOH → R-COONa + H2O
