T.Y. B.

Pharmacy Semester-VI

Herbal Drug Technology

(BP603T)
Unit-II
Nutraceuticals
Mr. A. R. Jadhav
(M. Pharm Pharmaceutics)
arjunjadhav427@[Link]
Whatsapp /Telegram – 8605995037

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur

 To become a premier institute providing
pharmaceutical education and research based on
knowledge skill attitude and values for
betterment of society.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur

 •In accordance with the above mentioned vision, the institute
will strive to pursue the following:
• Establish State of the art infrastructure which will contribute
to capacity building of students.
• Develop learner centered pedagogical processes.
Provide equality of educational opportunity & imbibe
professional ethics among students to make them responsive to
the needs of the society.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur

 Course Outcome
On Completion of this course learner will be able to

BP603T.01 To explain the fundamental concepts of herbal raw materials,

biodynamic agriculture techniques, nutraceuticals and herbal food interactions.

BP603T.02 To describe preparation and evaluation process of herbal formulations.

BP603T.03 To illustrate the regulatory guidelines for the assessment of herbal drugs
and patenting.

BP603T.04 To illustrate the SOP's, infrastructure of industries as per GMP & scope and
future prospects of the herbal drug industry.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur

 Unit Objectives

After completion of this unit learner will be able to

Unit Objective No. Unit Objective

01 Explain the basic concept of nutraceuticals

02 Describe the market growth of nutraceuticals

03 Explain about herbs used as a nutraceuticals

04 Describe the herbal-drug interactions

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur

 NUTRACEUTICALS
The term nutraceutical was coined from nutrition and pharmaceutical in 1989 by Dr.
Stephen De Felice, USA.
Nutraceutical can be defined as a food or a part of food or a nutrient, which in
addition to its nutrient values provides health benefits including promotion of health
and prevention of disease.
Most of the diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular, obesity, etc. occur due to
incorrect diet and life style.
Hence nutraceuticals play an important role in disease prevention as well as
promoting health.

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Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur
 GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW AND GROWTH OF
NUTRACEUTICAL SEGMENT
1. The nutraceutical market is predicted to record a revenue of USD 671.30 billion by
2024.
2. Developing countries have a high ratio of non-communicable diseases like cancer,
diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, etc, therefore the demand for nutraceuticals is
expected to rise in these nations.
3. Nutraceuticals are also gaining global importance and have become a part of daily
diet due to increased risk of diseases due to improper life style and people
consciously adapting preventive healthcare measures.
4. The gradually increasing healthcare expenses are also stimulating the demand for
nutraceuticals.
5. Developed countries like United States and Europe have seen an fast emerging
segment of customised products especially functional foods and beverages.
6. Nutraceuticals have become an opportunity for economic growth of many
developing countries which have a rich source of medicinal herbs and traditional
knowledge of such plants, especially India, China and South American countries

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Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur
 SCOPE OF NUTRACEUTICALS

Nutraceuticals are expected to deliver promising outcomes in the

prevention and occurrence of various diseases resulting due to
improper lifestyle and food habits.
Various constituent of plants like catechins, carotenoids, lycopene,
polyphenols, PUFA, etc. have been very effective in the prevention
and occurrence of various diseases like cardiovascular, arthritis
cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, etc.

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Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur
 TYPES OF NUTRACEUTICAL PRODUCTS
AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET
The nutraceutical market is segmented into functional foods, functional beverages
and dietary supplements which are again subcategorized into different products
which are as follows

FUNCTIONAL FOODS DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

Cereals Vitamins
Bakery & confectionary Minerals
Dairy Botanicals
Snacks Enzymes
Functional fats, oils Fatty acids
Baby foods Proteins
FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGES Probiotics
Energy drinks Prebiotics
Sports drinks
Fortified juices
Dairy & dairy beverages
Tea, coffee

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Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur
 ROLE OF NUTRACEUTICALS IN
VARIOUS DISEASES
 Nutraceuticals play an important role in therapeutic areas such as arthritis, cancer,
diabetes digestion, cholesterol, blood pressure, pain killers, depression and
various other disorder.
 The following table shows the role of few plants and their constituents in the
prevention and management of diseases.
Sr. Plant/ Constituents Disease
No.
1 Anti Oxidant Vitamins (Vit-C E, Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, Arthritis, Alzheimers Disease,
Carotenoids) Tocopherols, Ascorbic Acid Cataract
(Fruits, Vegetables)
2 Polyphenols (Tea, Coffee) Antimicrobial, Diabetes, Anti-Inflammatory, Cardioprotective,
Neurodegenerative Disorders
3 Curcumin (Turmeric), Capsaicin Digestive Inflammatory, Antimutagenic, Antiinflammaory, Lower
(Capsicum). Gingerol (Ginger), Piperine bad cholesterol, Antioxidant, Diabetic Neuropathy
(Pepper), Eugenol (Clove)
4 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) Cardio Vascular Disease, Diabetes, Anti Antithrombotic, Asthma,
Hypolipedemic
5 Probiotics, Prebiotics Gastrointestinal disorders,Constipation, Anitumor, Toxin
Neutralisation
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 CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRACEUTICALS

They can be classified according to their chemical nature and

therapeutic properties as follows:
Minerals
Antioxidants
PUFA,s
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Dietary fibres

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 11

 CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRACEUTICALS
i. Inorganic mineral supplements
Eg: calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc,
phosphorous, etc.

ii. Antioxidants
They are present in fruits, vegetables and fishes.
They are used to prevent the reactive oxygen species and free
scavenging radicals.
Eg: Vit-E, C, A, Beta carotene.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 12

 CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRACEUTICALS
iii. Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
These are fatty acids which contain more than one double bond and
include essential fatty acids.
Eg: Omega-3-fatty acids, safflower oil, corn oil, soyabean oil, fish oil.

iv. Probiotics
These are living microorganisms, which when taken with or without
food intestinal microbial balance and functioning of large intestine,
Eg: Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, etc.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 13

 CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRACEUTICALS
v. Prebiotics
These are non digestible substances that provide beneficial effects and
protection to the probiotics from gastric acid and digestive enzymes.
They also promote the growth of probiotic bacteria.
Eg. Oligo fructose, Inulin, Galacto-oligosaccharides, Lactulose.
vi. Dietary fibers
They are two types viz:- water soluble fibers and water insoluble fibers.
They are present in vegetables, grains, legumes, etc.
They are used to correct constipation, bowel irregularities, hemorrhoids

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 14

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
Alfalfa
Source: It is the entire plant of Medicago sativa belonging to the Family: Fabacene.
Chemical constituents: Leaves, sprouts and seed contain vitamin-K, vitamin-C,
copper, manganese, folate, thiamine riboflavin, magnesium and iron. One cup of
sprouts contains one gram of protein and one gram of carbohydrates.
It also has a high content of bioactive compounds like saponins coumarins,
flavonoids, phytosterols, phytoestrogens and alkaloids.
Uses
Hypo cholestremic
Anti hypertensive
Diuretic.
Galactogouge
Anti arthritic.
To treat kidney stones.
Anti diabetic.
To relieve menopausal symptoms.
Antioxidant.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 15

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
b) Chicory
Source: It is obtained from the plant Cichorium intybus, belonging to
the Family: Asteraceae.
Chemical constituents:Chicory contains a variety of nutrients which
include carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, soluble fiber,
phenolics, Inulin, coumarin, tannins, monomeric flavonoids,
esquiterpene lactones and beta carotene.
Uses: The roots are used as
A coffee substitute and additive.
They are mixed in Indian filter coffee
Used in high blood pressure, heart failure, loss of appetite stomach
upset, constipation, cancer, liver and gall bladder disorder
inflammation and hepatic toxicity

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 16

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
c) Ginger
Source: It is the dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, belonging to the Family:
Zingiberace
Chemical constituents: It contains volatile oils, minerals, resins. Ginger oil contains
zingiberine, bisaboline, farnesene. sesquiphellandrene and curcumene. Resins
contain phenolic ketones such as gingerols, shogaols, zingerone and other
compounds.
Uses:
Ginger is used as
Stomachic.
Aromatic.
Carminative
Stimulant.
Flavouring agent.
In ginger beverages
Adsorbent of toxins from GIT
To control parasitic infections.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 17

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
d) Fenugreek
Source: It consists of seeds of the plant Trigonella foenum-graecum,
belonging to the Family:Leguminosae.
Chemical Constituents: It contains alkaloids (Gentiamine,
Trigonelline), flavonoids, coumarins, proteins, amino acids and
steroidal saponins.
Uses
Demulcent
Laxative
Nutritive
Expectorant
Used in the treatment of anorexia, dyspepsia, gastritis, diabetes and
high cholesterol

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 18

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
e) Garlic
Source: It consists of dried bulbs of Allium sativum, belonging to the Family:
Liliaceae.
Chemical constituents Garlic contains, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mucilage,
volatile oils and minerals. The volatile oil contain allin, allicin, allyl propyl disulfide,
diallyl disulfide.
Minerals contain phosphorous, iron and copper.
Uses
Carminative
Aphrodisiac
Expectorant
Stimulant
Disinfectant.
Anthilmintic
Antibacterial.
Antihypertensive.
Hypocholestremic.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 19

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
F) Honey
Source
Honey is a sugar like secretion deposited in honeycomb by the bees Apis
mellifera, A dorsata and other species of Apis, belonging to the Family:
Apidae.
Chemical constituents
Honey is an aqueous solution containing 35% glucose, 45% fructose and
2% sucrose.
Uses
It is used as demulcent sweetening agent, nutrient, antiseptic and
expectorant

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 20

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
g) Amla
Source It consists of fruits of the plant Emblica officinalis and
Phyllanthus emblica, belonging to the Family: Euphorbiaceae
Chemical constituents:
It contains Vitamin-C (ascorbic acid), calcium, iron and phosphorous
Uses
It is used as Diuretic, Laxative.
Used in the treatment of
Anaemia
Diarrhoea.
Jaundice
Fruits are used to prepare shampoos and hair oils.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 21

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
h) Ginseng
Source:
It consists of roots of the plant Panax ginseng and other species of Panar, belonging to
the Family: Araliaceae.
Chemical constituents: Ginseng contains saponins, glycosides, volatile oils, sterols,
polysaccharides, minerals, vitamin-B, B12, pantothenic acid and biotin.
Uses
It is used as
Adaptogenic.
It relieves stress and fatigue.
Used in hypertension, diabetes, psychogenic impotence and child psychiatric
disorders.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 22

 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
i) Ashwagandha
Source It consists of dried roots and stem bases of the plant Withania
somnifera, belonging to the Family: Solanaceae,
Chemical constituents It contains alkaloids and steroidal lactones.
Alkaloids contain withanine, somniferine. somnine, tropine, two acyl
steryl glucosides sitoindosine-7 and sitoindosine-8
Uses
Used as
Sedative.
Hypnotic.
Hypotensive.
Respiratory stimulant.
Immunomodulatory agent
Anti-stress agent
Anti-arthritic.
Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 23
 HERBS AS HEALTH FOOD
j) Spirulina
Source; It is blue green algae obtained from Spirulina maxima or Spirulina platensis,
belonging to the Family: Oscillatoriaceae.
Chemical constituents
It contains 50-70% proteins, 5-6% lipids. Lipids contain essential fatty acids like
linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid.
It also contains glycolipids and sulfolipids, various vitamins like vitamin-B1, B2,
B3. It contains iron and an enzyme superoxide dimutase which has free radical
scavenging effects and help full in atherosclerosis, arthritis, diabetes, cataract, stress
and aging.
Uses
Immune stimulant
Anticancer Antiviral
Hypocholestremic.
Appetite stimulant.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 24

 HERB DRUG & HERB-FOOD
INTERACTIONS
Drug interaction is a reaction between two or more drugs or between a
drug and a food beverage or supplement inside the body.
A drug interaction can make the drug less effective increased activity
or cause unwanted side effects.

TYPES OF DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drug-Drug interactions
Drug-Food interactions
Drug-Disease interactions

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 25

 HERB DRUG & HERB-FOOD
INTERACTIONS
a) Drug-Drug interaction
These are the most common type of drug interaction.
More the medications administered, greater is the chance of drugs
interacting with each other.
One drug may potentiate the activity of another or inhibit its activity or
serious unexpected side effects may occur.
Eg: vicodin a pain killer when taken along with sedating antihistamine
drug. Benadryl produce an additive effect of drowsiness,

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 26

 HERB DRUG & HERB-FOOD
INTERACTIONS
b) Drug-Food interaction
This is another type of drug interaction where drugs interact with food/
beverages and can produce various side effects.
Eg: grape juice reduces the enzyme activity in liver which are
responsible for metabolising drugs thus resulting in increased blood
levels of certain drugs such as cholesterol lowering drugs (statins), this
leads to toxic effects of the drug such as muscle pain and muscle
injury.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 27

 HERB DRUG & HERB-FOOD
INTERACTIONS
c) Drug-disease interaction
Sometimes drugs also interact with certain diseases where the disease
alter the way a drug works.
Eg: oral decongestants like pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine may
increase the blood pressure and can be dangerous in patients having
hypertension

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 28

 MECHANISMS OF DRUG INTERACTIONS
Drug interactions can occur in several different ways starting from its
absorption up to it elimination from the body.
Following are the various mechanisms by which drugs interact.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 29

 MECHANISMS OF DRUG INTERACTIONS
1. PHARMACODYNAMIC
2. PHARMACOKINETIC
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 30

 Pharmacodynamic Interaction
This occurs when two or more drugs administered together act at the
similar receptor sites leading to enhancement (additive or synergistic)
effects or decreased (antagonistic) effects.
Eg chlorpromazine given to prevent nausea and vomiting interacts
with antipsychotic medications like haloperidol and produce serious
and possible fatal irregular cardiac rhythm.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 31

 Pharmacokinetic Interaction
This occurs when drugs interact during the process of absorption, distribution
metabolism or
excretion.
Absorption interactions
Some drugs can alter the absorption of another drug
e.g. calcium can bind with some drugs like tetracycline and HIV drug dolutegravir and
block its absorption, hence such drugs should not be taken along with milk and
antacids.
Distribution interactions
One or more drugs can compete with each other for plasma protein binding sites
resulting in displacement of one drug thereby increasing its blood levels and toxicity Eg
fenofibric acid (cholesterol lowering agent) and warfarin (blood thinner) when
administered together, compete for the protein binding sites leading to displacement and
increased blood levels of warfarin thus resulting in bleeding.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 32

 Pharmacokinetic Interaction
Metabolism interactions
Enzymes in the liver such as cytochromes are responsible for
metabolising drugs and eliminating them from the body.
Some drugs may alter the enzyme levels or its activity resulting in fast
or slow metabolism of drugs.
Eg diltiazem (antihypertensive) inhibit the cytochrome enzyme
responsible for metabolising simvastatin (hypocholestremic) and
elevates it's the blood levels resulting in serious liver and muscle side
effects.
Excretion interactions
Some non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like
indomethacin may lower the kidney function and reduce the excretion
of lithium, a drug used for bipolar disorders.
In such cases dose adjustment is required.
Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 33
 HERB DRUG/ FOOD INTERACTIONS
Herbal medicines are obtained from natural sources, their active ingredients are
potent chemicals which can give rise to herb-drug or herb-food interactions.
Herbal supplements and nutraceuticals are been purchased over the counter (OTC)
and may be labelled as "All Natural" but that does not mean they are always safe.
Following are the general guidelines which help minimizing herb drug or herb-food
interactions.
1. Avoid taking mucilage containing herbs like isapgol with other drugs, as
mucilage can inhibit the absorption of many drugs. Even mucilage containing
drugs can alter the blood sugar levels which have to be considered in case of
diabetic patients.
2. Spicy substances such as ginger, capsicum, etc can enhance the absorption rate
of some drugs, hence they need to be taken one hour after drug administration.
3. Heart tonic herbs like digitalis should be avoided when taking heart
medications.
4. Caffeine containing herbs like green tea, kola nut, coffee and herbal stimulants
like ephedra should be avoided when taking heart medications or mood altering
drugs or antidepressants.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 34

 HERB DRUG/ FOOD INTERACTIONS
5. Avoid herbs or formulations containing liquorice when using diuretics like
furosemide because liquorice can cause loss of potassium from the body.
6. While taking antidepressants like mono amino oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, avoid
African aphrodisiac herbs containing yohimbine.
7. Green vegetables like broccoli, spinach, cabbage, etc. which have high vitamin-K
content are reported to interact with anticoagulant drugs as vit-K has coagulation
promoting effects.
8. Grape juice modifies the metabolism pattern of these drugs in the liver.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 35

 STUDY OF SOME COMMON HERBS AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS
Hypericum Perforatum
 It is a popular herb used to treat mild depression.
 The active constituent of this herb is known as "hypericin", which
has similar effects on the brain as that of mono amino oxidase
(MAO) inhibitors (antidepressants), If taken together, it may
produce dangerous drug interactions resulting in rapid rise in blood
pressure, severe head ache, collapse and death. Foods such as
cheese, chicken liver, fish, legumes, soya sauce and beer should be
avoided with this drug.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 36

 STUDY OF SOME COMMON HERBS AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS
 Kava (Piper methysticum)
 It is an herb that has antianxiety, pain relieving muscle relaxing and
anticonvulsant effects.
 Kava should not be taken with drugs which act on nervous system
such as barbiturates, antidepressants, antipsychotics and alcohol.
 It is reported that combined use of kava with central nervous system
depressants can increase the risk of drowsiness and motor reflex
depression
 Kava has also reported to produce hepatotoxic effects when taken with
some drugs.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 37

 STUDY OF SOME COMMON HERBS AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS
Ginkgo biloba (Maiden hair tree)
 Ginkgo has been used to treat symptoms of Alzheimers dementia,
Parkinson's disease and to enhance the memory capabilities.
 Ginkgo is reported to decrease the antiviral effects of drugs used in
HIV such as efavirenz or indinavir.
 Ginkgo can also alter the actions of drugs metabolized through liver
such omeprazole, fluvastatin and donepezil.
 Ginkgo should be avoided in patients who are on anticonvulsants,
blood thinners and antidiabetic drugs.
 Ginkgo is reported to interact with over 250 drugs, hence patient
should take proper consultation before using it.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 38

 STUDY OF SOME COMMON HERBS AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
 Ginseng is used to improve the body's resistance to stress, boost the immune
system and improve the sense of well-being and stamina.
 It is also used to improve physical and mental performance and treat erectly
dysfunction, hepatitis C, symptoms related to menopause, lowering of blood
glucose and controlling blood pressure.
 Ginseng is reported to induce the activity of enzyme cytochrome P3A, in the liver
which metabolises various drugs resulting in their decreased activity and faster
excretion from the body.
 Ginseng decreases the effectiveness of warfarin (blood thinner) and increase the
risk of clotting hence it should be avoided while taking anticoagulants.
 Ginseng is also reported to decrease the activity of anti-hypertensive resulting in
high blood pressure.
 It is also reported to affect the activity of anti-diabetic drugs, hence should be
avoided in such cases.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 39

 STUDY OF SOME COMMON HERBS AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS
Garlic (Allium sativum)
 Garlic is used in various conditions like to lower blood sugar levels,
reduce menstrual pain, lowering blood cholesterol levels and decrease
blood pressure.
 Garlic does not interact with drugs at normal recommended doses,
however exposure to concentrated garlic extracts for prolonged
periods is reported to interact with several drugs.
 Garlic is reported to affect the blood clotting hence should be avoided
in patients taking blood thinning agents like aspirin and warfarin.
Garlic alters the blood sugar level, hence used under supervision on
patients with anti-diabetics.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 40

 STUDY OF SOME COMMON HERBS AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS
Pepper (Piper migrsm)
 Black pepper contains piperine as the chief active constituent.
 It is used as spices are well as carminative and to treat arthritis,
asthma, stomach upset and sinus infection.
 Piperine is reported to inhibit various cytochrome enzymes,
resulting in increased blood level of certain drugs like
carbamazepine, midazolam, diclofenc, phenytoin and warfarin.
 Black pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when mixed with
anticoagulants or blood thinning drugs like aspirin, clopidogrel,
heparin and warfarin.
 Black pepper might produce additive effect with antidiabetic drugs
and increase the risk of hypoglycaemia.

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 41

 STUDY OF SOME COMMON HERBS AND
THEIR INTERACTIONS
Ephedra (Ephedra gerardiana)
 Ephedra is used to treat allergies, high fever, and respiratory tract conditions like
bronchispasm, asthma and bronchitis.
 Ephedra contains ephedrine which is a potent drug and stimulates heart, lungs and
nervous system.
 Overdose or improper use of ephedra results in various effects like high blood
pressure, heart attack, muscle disorders, seizures, stroke, loss of consciousness and
death.
 Ephedra may reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensives and could rise the blood
pressure
 Ephedra should be avoided with blood thinning medications such as aspirin and
warfarin, as it may induce bleeding.
 Ephedra may interact with anti depressants like imipramine, clomipramine and
mono amino oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and enhance their effects.
 Ephedra should be avoided in people suffering from seizures, as it may worsen the
onset of seizure

Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 42

 Important Questions ????
1. Classify nutraceuticals based on the foods available in the market.
2. What is the source of alfalfa and chicory?
3. Give the role of nutrients in various diseases.
4. Give the uses of ginger.
5. Write about the different types of nutraceuticals available in the market.
6. Give the uses of fenugreek and garlic.
7. Briefly discuss about the market, growth and scope of nutraceutical products available
in the market.
8. Write about the role of nutraceuticals in irritable bowel syndrome.
9. Write about honey, amla and ginseng used as health food.
10. Give two interactions undergone by hypercium.
11. Give any four interactions undergone by ephedra.
12. Write about the interactions undergone by kava-kava.
13. Discuss the interactions that ginseng undergoes.
14. Discuss briefly about herb-drug interactions along with examples.
15. Write an exhaustive on the interactions undergone by pepper and garlic
Late. Adv. Dadasaheb Chavan Memorial Institute of Pharmacy Malwadi, Masur 43
Thank-You

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