1 : Acyl chloride (acid chloride) is hydrogenated over catalyst, palladium on barium sulphate.
This reaction is called
Rosenmund reduction.
2 Cannizzaro’s reaction: Aldehydes which do not have an α-hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and reduction
(disproportionation) reaction on treatment with concentrated alkali. In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is
reduced to alcohol while another is oxidised to carboxylic acid salt.
OR
3 Carbylamine reaction: Carbylamine reaction: Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines when heated with
chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide form carbylamines or isocyanides which are foul smelling
substances. Secondary and tertiary amines do not show this reaction.
4 Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction: Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction: When a primary acid amide is heated
with bromine in an aqueous or ethanolic solution of NaOH, a primary amine is obtained. The amine so
obtained contains one carbon less than that present in the amide.
5 Clemmensen reduction: The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2 group on treatment
with zinc-amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
6 Wolff–Kishner reduction reaction:
7 Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction: Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position on
treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus to give α-halocarboxylic
acids
8 Coupling reaction: Diazonium salts react with aromatic amines in weakly acidic medium and with phenols in
weakly alkaline medium to form coloured compounds called azo dyes by coupling at para position of amines or
phenols. The mechanism is basically that of electrophilic aromatic substitution where the diazonium ion is
electrophile.
9 Williamson’s synthesis:
C2H5ONa + Br-CH3 C2H5 O CH3
Sodium ethoxide Methoxy
10 Reimer-Tiemann reaction:
11 Sandmayer’s reaction: Mixing the solution of freshly prepared diazonium salt with cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide
results in the replacement of the diazonium group by –Cl or –Br.
12 Swart reaction :The synthesis of alkyl fluorides is best accomplished by heating an alkyl chloride/bromide in the
presence of a metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2 or SbF3.
13 Wurtz-Fittig reaction:A mixture of an alkyl halide and aryl halide gives an alkylarene when treated with sodium in dry
ether and is called Wurtz-Fittig reaction.
14 Stephen Reaction: Nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine with stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochloric
acid, which on hydrolysis give corresponding aldehyde.
15 Etard reaction: Use of chromic oxide (CrO3): Toluene or substituted toluene is converted to benzylidene diacetate on
treating with chromic oxide in acetic anhydride. The benzylidene diacetate can be hydrolysed to corresponding
benzaldehyde with aqueous acid.
16 Gattermann Koch reaction :When benzene or its derivative is treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride in
the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride or cuprous chloride, it gives benzaldehyde
17 Aldol condensation: Aldehydes and ketones having at least one α-hydrogen undergo a reaction in the presence of dilute
alkali as catalyst to form β-hydroxy aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol),
18 Gabriel phthalimide synthesis: Gabriel synthesis is used for the preparation of primary amines.
Phthalimide on treatment with ethanolic potassium hydroxide forms potassium salt of phthalimide which on heating with
alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis produces the corresponding primary amine.
