Chapter 15 Springs

11/28/2024 1
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
Contents
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials of springs
15.3 Compression helical springs
15.3.1 Geometry
15.3.2 Loads and stresses
15.3.3 Deflection of springs
15.3.4 Calculations of springs
15.3 Tension helical springs
15.4 Torsion helical springs
15.5 Leaf springs
15.6 Disk springs
11/28/2024 2
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.1 Introduction

Learning Outcomes

- Select the materials and determine the allowable

stresses for springs (LO3.5)
- Understand the types of springs (LO6.4)
- Analyze and design the geometry of springs
(L04.10)
- Design and analyze the leaf springs (L04.11)
- Use the CAD softwares to select the springs
(LO5.7)

11/28/2024 3
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.1 Introduction

11/28/2024 4
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.1 Introduction

Spring is a machine element with high elasticity,

compact volume and size. Used for:
- Create pressure (in the transmission of friction wheels,
couplings, brakes, safety devices...)
- Accumulate mechanical energy and work like an
engine (clock winding, children's toys...)
- Damping and vibration (springs in transport machines,
cars, trains...)
- Perform displacements to the old position (valve
springs, cams, clutches...)
- Force measurement (in dynamometers and measuring
instruments, scales).
11/28/2024 5
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
 11/28/2024 6
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.1 Introduction

11/28/2024 7
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.2 Material Spring
Spring Steel loading by elastic
deformation
Spring Steel materials should have
the highest tensile strength and a
high elastic limit. In addition to high
strain properties in the elastic
region, there must also be sufficient
plasticity.
Elasticity and Plasticity
Elasticity is the tendency of solid
objects and materials to return to
their original shape after the external
forces (load) causing a deformation
are removed. Plastic behavior occurs
when stress is larger than the elastic
limit. In the plastic region, the object
or material does not come back to
its original size or shape when stress
dissapates but acquires a permanent
11/28/2024 deformation. 8
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.1 Introduction

Helical springs: a) Compression springs; b) Extension springs; c) Torsion springs;

d) Two-tube compression spring; e) Taper helical springs; f) Flat helical spring
11/28/2024 9
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.1 Introduction

11/28/2024 10
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.3 Compression spring

11/28/2024 11
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.3 Compression spring

11/28/2024 12
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 13
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 14
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 15
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 16
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 17
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 18
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

Maximum stress:
8 FD 4F
 max =  T +  F = 3
+
d d 2
8 FD  d  8 FD  0,5 
= 3 
1+ = 3 
1+ 
d  2D  d  c 

Curvature effect:
8K w Fmax c
= 2
 []
d
1,8; 2; 2,5; 3; 3,2; 3,5; 4;
4,5; 5; 5,5; 5,6; 6; 6,3;
(4 c − 1) 0,615
Wahl factor: K w = + 6,5; 6,7; 7,0; 7,5; 8, 9;
(4 c − 4) c 10; 11...

K w Fmax c
Diameter
11/28/2024 of coil: d = 1,6
[]
19
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 20
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

Stiffness or Spring Rate

F Gd 4 Gd 1
k= = = 3 =
 8D n 8c n 1n
3

When the load increases from the beginning

(when mounting) is Fmin to the maximum load
spring is Fmax, the elastic displacement of the
spring will be min and max. Hence the working
range (displacement) x of the spring will be:
x =  max −  min = 1n(Fmax − Fmin )
From here deduce number of coils:
x xGd
n= = 3
1 (Fmax − Fmin ) 8c (Fmax − Fmin )
11/28/2024 21
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 22
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 23
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 24
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024 25
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring

11/28/2024
26
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.4 Design calculations for compression spring
Exercises 12.16 Centrifugal regulator with compression spring as shown in
Figure 12.9. With compression force Fmin = 150 N, the ball has the position as
shown in Figure 12.9a. The limit position of the ball is 180 mm from the axis
when the spring compression is Fmax = 480 N as shown in Figure H.12.9b.
With allowable torsional stress [] = 260 MPa and spring index c = 8,
determine:
a) Length l1, l2 and working displacement x of the spring. K w Fmax c
d = 1,6
b) Wire diameter d and mean diameter D spring. []
c) Spring stiffness k and number of spring working coils with shear modulus
G = 8.104 MPa.
F Gd 4 Gd 1
k= = = =
 8D3n 8c3n 1n

l1= 2.120cosα1, sin

α1=80/200
l2= 2.120cosα2, sin α2=140/200
11/28/2024 x xGd 27
X = l2 – l1 n= = 3
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc 1 (Fmax − Fmin ) 8c (Fmax − Fmin )
15.5 Extension springs
Tension-Spring

11/28/2024 28
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.5 Extension springs

11/28/2024 29
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.5 Extension spring

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

11/28/2024 30
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.5 Extension springs

11/28/2024 31
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.5 Extension springs

11/28/2024 32
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.5 Extension springs

11/28/2024 33
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.6 Torsion spring

11/28/2024 34
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.6 Torsion spring

11/28/2024 35
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 36
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 37
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 38
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

6Fl3 W =nb3/6 - The

Displacement: = elastic section
Enb3 modulus, with nb
and is the width
F Enb3 and  is height of
Spring stiffness: k= = the bar
 6l3
11/28/2024 39
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 40
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 41
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 42
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring
1. List spring applications and give examples.
2. In which cases to use leaf springs and helical
springs

11/28/2024 43
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 44
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.7 Leaf spring

11/28/2024 45
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.8 Belleville Spring

11/28/2024 46
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.8 Belleville Spring

A Belleville washer, also known as a coned-disc spring,[1] conical

spring washer,[2] disc spring, Belleville spring or cupped spring
washer, is a conical shell which can be loaded along its axis either
statically or dynamically. A Belleville washer is a type of spring shaped
like a washer. It is the frusto-conical shape that gives the washer its
characteristic spring.
The "Belleville" name comes from the inventor Julien Belleville who
in Dunkerque, France, in 1867 patented a spring design which
already contained the principle of the disc spring.[1][3] The real inventor
of Belleville washers is unknown.
Through the years, many profiles for disc springs have been
developed. Today the most used are the profiles with or without
contact flats, while some other profiles, like disc springs with
trapezoidal cross-section, have lost importance.

[Link]
11/28/2024 47
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.8 Belleville Spring

11/28/2024 48
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc
15.8 Belleville Spring

11/28/2024 49
[Link] Nguyễn Hữu Lộc