Anchored in Truth, Steadfast in Faith

DOCTRINE I
Introduction to Christian Doctrine

TIMOTHY IMUWAHEN
[Link], BA, MA, PhD
 LESSONS COVERED IN THIS MODULE

Lesson 1: Introduction to Christian Theology

Lesson 2: The Person and Knowledge of God
Lesson 3: The Attributes, Names and Images of God
Lesson 4: Introduction to God’s Revelation
 LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

 TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON

Unit 1: Definition of Christian Theology

Unit 2: Purpose of Christian Theology
Unit 3: Sources of Christian Theology
Unit 4: Branches of Christian Theology
Unit 5: Key Themes in Christian Theology
Unit 6: Historical Development of Christian Theology
Unit 7: Theological Methodology, Challenges and Practical
Applications
 UNIT 1: DEFINITION OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

Theology: Derived from two Greek words: theos (God) and

logos (word, study, or discourse). Theology is the study of God
and divine things.

Christian Theology (Doctrine): The systematic study of the

teachings and nature of the Christian faith, focusing on God’s
self-revelation through Scripture, Jesus Christ, and tradition.
 UNIT 2: PURPOSE OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

1. To Know God: Helps believers understand who God is and

His relationship with creation.
2. To Deepen Faith: Aids in strengthening personal faith
through informed understanding.
3. To Defend the Faith: Provides tools for apologetics,
defending Christian beliefs.
4. To Guide Practice: Shapes Christian living, ethics, and
worship.
 UNIT 3: SOURCES OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

Christian theology draws from several key sources:

1. Scripture: The Bible is the primary and ultimate source.

2. Tradition: Insights passed down through Church history
(e.g., creeds, councils).
3. Reason: Logical analysis and philosophical thought.
4. Experience: Personal and communal experiences of God.
 UNIT 4: BRANCHES OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

1. Systematic Theology: Organizes Christian doctrines into a

coherent system (e.g., doctrine of God, Christology).
2. Historical Theology: Studies the development of theological
ideas over time.
3. Biblical Theology: Focuses on the theological themes within
Scripture.
4. Practical Theology: Applies theology to everyday Christian
life and ministry (e.g., pastoral care, ethics).
5. Apologetics: Defends the truth of Christianity against
objections.
6. Philosophical Theology: Examines theological concepts
through the lens of philosophy.
 UNIT 5: KEY THEMES IN CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

1. The Doctrine of God (Theology Proper)

 Attributes of God: Omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence,
holiness, love.
 The Trinity: One God in three persons – Father, Son, Holy
Spirit.

2. Creation (Protology)
 God as Creator of the universe.
 Humanity created in the image of God (Imago Dei).
 UNIT 5: KEY THEMES IN CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY
3. Sin and the Fall (Harmatiology)
 The origin of sin through Adam and Eve (Genesis 3).
 The consequences of sin: separation from God, death, and
moral corruption

4. Christology (The Doctrine of Christ)

 The person of Christ: fully God and fully man.
 The work of Christ: atonement, resurrection, ascension.

5. Soteriology (The Doctrine of Salvation)

 Salvation by grace through faith (Ephesians 2:8–9).
 Justification, sanctification, glorification.
 UNIT 5: KEY THEMES IN CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY CONT’D

6. Ecclesiology (The Doctrine of the Church)

 The nature and purpose of the Church.
 Sacraments: Baptism, Eucharist.

7. Eschatology (The Doctrine of Last Things)

 The return of Christ (Second Coming).
 Resurrection of the dead and eternal life.
 Final judgment and the new creation.
 UNIT 6: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

1. Apostolic Period (1st Century): Focus on the teachings of

Jesus and the apostles.
2. Patristic Period (2nd–5th Century): Development of core
doctrines like the Trinity and Christology.
3. Medieval Period (5th–15th Century): Scholasticism and
systematic theology (e.g., Thomas Aquinas).
4. Reformation Period (16th Century): Emphasis on
Scripture (sola scriptura) and justification by faith.
5. Modern Period (17th Century–Present): Engagement
with science, culture, and global theology.
UNIT 7: THEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY, CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS

Theological Methodology

 Exegesis: Interpretation of biblical texts.

 Hermeneutics: Principles for understanding Scripture.
 Contextualization: Relating theology to cultural and
historical contexts.
UNIT 7: THEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY, CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS

Contemporary Challenges in Christian Theology

 Religious Pluralism: Theological engagement with other

religions.
 Science and Faith: Addressing questions of creation and
evolution.
 Ethics: Navigating issues like bioethics, social justice, and
sexuality.
 Postmodernism: Engaging with skepticism about universal
truths.
UNIT 7: THEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY, CHALLENGES AND APPLICATIONS

Practical Applications of Christian Theology

 Worship: Theological foundations for liturgy and praise.

 Evangelism: Sharing the gospel with theological clarity.
 Ethical Living: Applying Christian principles to moral
decisions.
 LESSON 2

THE PERSON AND KNOWLEDGE OF GOD

 TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON

Unit 1: The Knowledge and the Revelation of God

Unit 2: The Existence of God
Unit 3: The Denial of God’s Existence
 UNIT 1: THE PERSON AND KNOWLEDGE OF GOD

This unit explores the meaning and connotation of God, its

worship in the Old and New Testaments, and the Bible's use of
"know" differently. It explores natural sources of human
knowledge of God.
 UNIT 1: THE PERSON OF GOD

The Hebrew word for God is )‫ )אֱֹלהִים‬elohim (which is a plural

noun that usually refers to a single divine being. In the Hebrew
Bible, it is often used to refer to the God of Israel, or Yahweh.
The New Testament word refers to the Almighty Spirit, who is
worshipped and invoked by humans. People worldwide recognize
a High God, with some non-Christian ideas being so different
from the Bible that missionaries use local names. All nations are
descended from Adam and Eve, who God first revealed Himself.

Moreover, as we have learned, all people can observe God’s

General Revelation in his works of creation and providence
(Rom 1:19-21; Acts 14:17).
MAN’S KNOWLEDGE OF GOD

1. Man’s Traditional or Historical Knowledge of God

Man's knowledge of God can be traced back to Adam, who was

created in his own image. However, sin distorted this knowledge,
leading to a loss of the living relationship with God. Romans 1
teaches that men's wickedness suppressed the truth about God,
leading to worshipping images of men and animals instead of the
Creator.
MAN’S KNOWLEDGE OF GOD

2. Man’s Perceived Knowledge of God

The first chapter of Romans teaches that we can understand God

through the things he has created. Verses 19 and 20 state that
God has made his invisible nature known since the creation of
the world. However, this doesn't mean that man can see God
clearly through nature. Nature is affected by sin, and man's
perception is coloured by sin, making it difficult to see God
clearly in nature.
MAN’S KNOWLEDGE OF GOD

3. Man’s Innate Knowledge of God

Some theologians believe that man also has an innate knowledge

of God. By this we mean that man is born with the knowledge of
God inside him, or that he has an instinctive knowledge of God.
It is difficult to find a biblical support for this. What the Bible
clearly teaches is that man has an innate knowledge of the law of
God. Romans 2:15 says, “what the law requires is written on
their hearts.” The Bible does not mention a similar innate
knowledge of the Law-Giver, God Himself.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

The existence of God is a crucial aspect of human existence,

influencing our perception of the universe and our relationship
with it. In Christian Theology, the belief in God's existence is
based on faith, primarily found in the Bible and nature. The
Bible's proof of God's existence is not explicit or logical, but
rather assumed. The Bible teaches that God created the world,
rules over individuals and nations, and works according to his
will. This is evident in the history of Israel and the life and work
of Jesus Christ. The Bible serves as the Revelation of God's words
and actions, making it the most important question of human
existence.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

The Proofs of God’s Existence

Rational arguments support the proposition that God's existence

can be demonstrated through logical evidence. These arguments
are part of natural theology, which is self-sufficient but lacks a
righteous and holy God. Despite their deficiencies, rational
arguments can strengthen our faith and augment our faith, as
they are a faithful observance of God's created order, despite not
being grounds of faith or inducing faith.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

1. Ontological Argument

Anselm, Descartes, and Samuel Clarke's argument posits that our

thoughts about God inevitably lead to our perception of his
existence, influencing our trust or disapproval of it.

The next slide gives you the three most popular forms.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

1. Ontological Argument Cont’d

(1) The first one tries to prove the existence of God from the
general ideas and norms present in the human mind.
(2) The second form deduces the existence of God from the
necessity of thinking of the highest absolute idea. It concludes
that, that idea is God.
(3) The third has to do with the innateness of the idea of God as
a fact that can in no way be explained except by the existence of
the God who implanted this idea in the human mind.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
1. Ontological Argument Cont’d

- Man has the idea of absolutely Perfect Being, named God

- Something can only be absolutely perfect when it exists
- Therefore the Absolute Perfect Being, named God, exits.

This argument only proves that the concept of God exists not
that God himself exists. This argument is used by Existentialists
who think about God as a concept and not a living being.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

2. Cosmological Argument

John of Damascus, Anselm, and Thomas Aquinas proposed the

Causal argument, which posits that all things have a cause,
leading to the conclusion that the universe must have a cause.
They argued that the ultimate and absolute cause, or first cause,
is God. However, this argument lacks character and cannot prove
that there is only one first cause for all things. It may also be an
impersonal thing, and does not prove the existence of a personal
God.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

3. Teleological Argument

The term telos in Greek refers to a specific goal or end. The

teleological argument suggests that the world is ordered,
beautiful, and harmonious, indicating that it was designed by an
Intelligent Being, possibly God. This order and harmony are
observed in all living beings, including humans, plants, and
animals. However, this view does not specify whether there is a
single intelligent being or if many are working together for
purposeful history.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

4. Moral Argument

The argument suggests that ethical phenomena in human life,

such as conscience, moral responsibility, repentance, reward and
punishment, virtue, happiness, fear of death, and the triumph of
good over evil, suggest a moral being who created and maintains
a moral order. Some thinkers emphasize conscience, while others
believe in a Supreme and Sovereign Law-giver, highlighting the
power of moral phenomena even to unbelievers.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

4. Moral Argument Cont’d

The version by Philosopher Emmanuel Kant reads…

- People everywhere recognize Moral laws

- When there are laws there must be a Law-giver
- This Law-giver is God.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

5. Argument from Universal Consent

The Historical or Ethnological argument, proposed by Cicero,

asserts that all humans are religious. Historical studies have
shown that religion is a common possession of all humans,
regardless of ancient times. However, the origin of religion
remains unanswered. The psychological study of religion reveals
that religion is rooted in human nature, not a combination of
non-religious elements. Therefore, the seed of religion in
mankind is the creation of man in the image of God.
 UNIT 2: THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

It states…

 All men everywhere are religious

 There is something in man’s constitution that makes him
religious
 This sense of divinity must have been put there by a Divine
Being
 UNIT 3: DENIAL OF GOD’S EXISTENCE

Introduction

This unit explores the denial of God's existence and its

implications, focusing on misrepresentations of the person of
God. It highlights the importance of understanding the denials
and their implications, as well as the relationship between one's
behaviour and their views on God's existence. It emphasizes that
if one believes in God's existence and holds him responsible for
their actions, they should live cautiously. This unit highlights the
importance of understanding and addressing the denials of God's
existence.
 UNIT 3: DENIAL OF GOD’S EXISTENCE

Denial of God’s Existence

The universal idea of God exists even among uncivilized peoples,

but some deny its existence, often misrepresenting it or denying
it altogether. These denials are wrong attempts to understand
and know God, and can manifest in various forms.

The following thoughts support the denial of God’s existence.

 1. ATHEISM

Atheism comes from the combination of two Greek words, a –

negative which means no and theos –which means God.
Atheism therefore means “No God or Without God.” An atheist is
one who asserts that there is no God. In this narrow respect an
atheist is a person who claims that the sentence, God Exists –
expresses a false proposition. He rejects and repudiates belief in
God. There are two kinds of atheists, namely, practical and
theoretical atheists. A practical atheist is a Godless person who
lives as if there is no God.
 1. ATHEISM CONT’D

The Bible references atheists who believe in God, stating that

they do not seek or call on Him, and assume He will also ignore
them. Paul argues that those without Christ do not have God.
Theoretical atheists, based on reasoning and rational
argumentation, believe that the human mind cannot determine
God's existence and that there is no valid proof for His existence.
This type of atheism is a scientific or philosophical theory known
as Materialistic Monism.
 2. PANENTHEISM

God is finite, distinct from the world, but interdependent with it.
His knowledge grows and changes, and as the world grows, so
does God. Everything affects and changes God, sharing the joys
and sorrows of each creature. God is complex, changing and
growing while maintaining integrity and wholeness. Some
elements of God remain constant, such as his perfection.
 3. POLYTHEISM

Polytheism simply means many gods. It is a belief that there is a

plurality of gods distinct and separate. God is relegated to one
among many in the pantheon of gods. These gods are formed
around a member of aspects of life. These include natural forces;
vegetation such as trees, sauced herbs, forests, and animals and
human forms.
 4. PANTHEISM

Spinoza, a Jewish philosopher, is a prominent advocate of

Pantheism in Western culture. This view equates the entire
universe with God, recognizing that humans are part of the
divine essence. It is an impersonal, immanent form of atheism,
emphasizing the monistic nature of reality, where the personal
being is absorbed into the dominant entity.
 5. DEISM

Deism is a belief in a Supreme Being who has no intervention in

the universe, denying an active and living God. It compares God
to a clock master, watching the world's history without further
involvement. Deism denies Trinity, Incarnation, Atonement,
Miracle, Divine authority of the Bible, particular Elect people, and
supernatural redemptive acts in history.
 LESSON 3

THE ATTRIBUTES, NAMES AND IMAGES OF GOD

 TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON

Unit 1: Classification of the Attributes of God

Unit 2: God’s Revelation in His Names
Unit 3: God’s Revelation through Images
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF THE ATTRIBUTES OF GOD

Definition of Attributes

The Bible reveals divine attributes, which are characteristics of

God's nature and essence. Some are found in human beings
made in God's likeness, while others belong to God alone. These
attributes are permanent and objective, making them part of
God's nature and being.

Westminster Catechism defines God by saying “God is a spirit,

infinite, eternal and unchangeable, in His being, wisdom, power,
holiness, justice, goodness, and truth.”
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

1. Incommunicable attributes are those that find no analogy

in creatures. These are the ones that God has to himself alone
and does not share with humans. These include self- existence,
infinity, immutability, oneness, aseity, simplicity, immensity etc.

2. The Communicable attributes are those that find analogy

in the creatures. The qualities God has given us too, so to say;
even though the measure that these are found in God to some
extend and as Christians we are to strive at them, for example;
Holiness, righteousness, mercy, goodness, spirituality,
intellectuality etc.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

3. Absolute refers to the essence of God as considered in itself.

God in himself, apart from others. God is the absolute being and
is the ultimate ground of existence. He is the infinite one, who
does not exist in any necessary relations, because he is self-
sufficient.
4. Relative for He can freely and does freely enter into various
relations with his creatures. Absolute attributes include self-
existence, immensity, and eternity. Relative includes
omnipresence and omniscience, God is everywhere with us,
knows and sees whatever we do.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

5. Natural belong to the very constitutional nature of God, that

these are original in God. Such as self-existence, simplicity,
infinity etc.

6. Moral refers to those that qualify God as a moral being. Such

as truth, goodness, mercy, justice, holiness etc. Because of the
several objections raised in connection with the word Natural
(That all the attributes are original in God) others prefers to call
moral and non-moral attributes.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

7. Immanent or Intransitive and Eminent or Transitive

Immanent refers to those that do not go forth and operate
outside of the divine essence, but remain immanent – i.e.
spreading only within the Godhead. There are immensity,
simplicity, eternity etc.

Immanent refers to those that go forth and produce effects

eternal to God such as omnipotent, benevolence, justice, etc.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

Explanation of Immanent and Transcendent

God is described as both Transcendent and Immanent.

Transcendent refers to God's separation from creation, exalted,
and superior to it. Immanent, on the other hand, refers to God's
presence and activity in nature, humanity, and history. Immanent
means nearness, as God dwells in his people as holy temples.
Christians become more like God in thoughts and actions by
living in his presence. On the other hand, God is present to the
unrighteous in a different way, as stated in Jeremiah 23:24.
Extreme positions on these terms can lead to heresy.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

Attributes Relating to God’s Life

This session explores God's individual attributes, including

righteousness, justice, love, wisdom, holiness, truthfulness, and
faithfulness. These attributes are qualities God has and has given
to humans, and are expected from them in their relationship with
God, fellow humans, and creation. Let us examine how God uses
these attributes and how humans use them.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

1. Righteousness

Righteousness is a mode of God's holiness and moral purity,

requiring adherence to the law. God is not under any law, but his
laws are a true expression of his nature (Ps 19:7-9). God
commands only what is right, which positively affects believers
who obey. He does not contradict the laws he establishes,
measuring up to the standard of the law (Gen 18:25; Jer 9:24).
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

2. Wisdom

Wisdom is a practical aspect of knowledge, derived from intuitive

insight, while knowledge comes through study. God's wisdom is
his intelligence, guiding all things towards their intended ends. It
is manifested in creation, taking care of all things, and the
execution of the redemption plan, as outlined in Psalms 19:1-7,
104: 1-34, and 1 Corinthians 2:7, Eph. 3: 10.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

3. Justice

Justice is a fundamental aspect of God's administration of his

kingdom, requiring moral agents to follow his laws. God judges
us according to his law, punishing sin and ensuring faithfulness
and love. He is fair and does not show favoritism. Justice should
not be evaluated on a short-term basis, as it may impact our lives
in this life or the future (Ps 37).
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

4. Love

God is love, eternally sharing and giving himself. The Trinity's

members love themselves, exemplified by attributes such as
benevolence, grace, mercy, and persistence (Matt 3:17; John
14:31). In benevolence, God cares for his people's welfare (Deut
7:7-8; John 3:16), while in grace, he deals with people based on
goodness and generosity, without requiring merit (Eph1:5-8; 2:7-
9; Titus 2:11; 3:3). Mercy is God's tenderhearted compassion,
and his love is unrestricted, as seen in the lives of the Israelites
(Ps 103:13; Matt 9:35-36; Mark 6:34).
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

5. Holiness

The Old Testament emphasizes God's holiness, which means

being separate and cut off from all his creatures. God is exalted
above them in infinite majesty and has no communion with sin.
We are also called to be holy, separate, and withdraw from
common ordinary use, as described in 2 Cor. 6:14-17.
 UNIT 1: CLASSIFICATION OF ATTRIBUTES

6. Others

 Truth God is consistent in all his ways. Every thing he does

agree with his nature. He is faithful and trustworthy (John
14:6; 17:3).
 Faithfulness He keeps his promises, he proves to be true
(Num 23:19; Ps 89:2, 1 Thess 5:24).
 Personality God is personal. By person we mean one is
capable of self- determination. A person is a responsible doer
of an act. It should be noted that all the members of the
trinity are persons. God has self-cognizance, will, intellect and
self-determination (Gen 3 ff; Exod 3:14).
 UNIT 2: GOD’S REVELATION IN HIS NAMES

The Meaning of God’s Names

God's revelation to humanity is expressed through his specific

names, which are identical to his nature. Names are arbitrary
descriptions of God in human terms, often referring to a person
bearing it. They are sensitive, as they mark a change in
relationship and are linked with reputations. The Hebrew word
for name means sign or distinguishing mark, while the Greek and
Latin words mean sign.
 UNIT 2: GOD’S REVELATION IN HIS NAMES

The Meaning of God’s Names Cont’d

Names reveal a person's characteristics and are often arbitrary.

They represent honor, worth, and personality. In the Bible, many
names have meaning and reasons for their givenness, such as
Eve, Cain, Seth, Noah, Babel, Ishmael, Esau, Jacob, Moses, and
Jesus and Immanuel. Names can also be changed to indicate
different capacities, such as Abraham, Sarah, Israel, Joshua,
Jedidiah, Mara, and Peter. Garbling names can be unpleasant.
 UNIT 2: GOD’S REVELATION IN HIS NAMES

Names Relating to God’s Being

The names of God are intimately linked to Him, given by Him and
not arbitrary. They reveal His dignity, glory, honor, redeeming
power, service, and relationship with humanity. God enters into
relationships with his creatures through His names, and they
should not be blasphemed or used in vain. Instead, they should
be invoked, passed on, magnified, known, feared, exalted,
sought out, and sanctified, ensuring their continued use and
significance.
 UNIT 2: GOD’S REVELATION IN HIS NAMES

Meaning of Jesus’ Name

The names of Jesus reveal his position in the Trinity, work,

mission, and relationship with humanity. They help us gain
knowledge about God, salvation, miracles, forgiveness, eternal
life, becoming children of God, prayers, baptism, and calling
upon his name. The Bible outlines salvation, miracles,
forgiveness, eternal life, prayers, baptism, and the importance of
calling upon his name. Jesus' names include Immanuel, Lamp of
God, Lion of Judah, Savior, Messiah, Jesus, Rabbi, Teacher,
Master, Son of Man, Son of God, and Lord.
 UNIT 2: GOD’S REVELATION IN HIS NAMES

Some Prominent Names of God

 I am, who I am
 Yahweh
 Elohim
 El Elyon
 El Shaddai
 UNIT 3: GOD’S REVELATION THROUGH IMAGES

Explanation of the Use of Images

The Bible, written in an oriental style, uses images to convey

God's life and character. Images, like portraits or metaphors, are
used to evoke feelings and convey specific aspects of God's life
and character. They are powerful and authorized emblems of
God, focusing on specific aspects of His life and character.
Africans learn through images, and understanding these images
can enhance preaching and make the gospel more powerful and
impressive. However, it is important to resist the temptation to
translate images or God immediately, as it can dissipate some of
the image's power.
 UNIT 3: GOD’S REVELATION THROUGH IMAGES

Explanation of the Use of Images Cont’d

Images of God can significantly influence our worship, thoughts,

feelings, behavior, longings, and conversion. They can also
deceive and distort, as they portray and reveal the truth.
However, they limit themselves to specific aspects of God's
character, posing risks. It's crucial to bracket associations and
implications that are not intended. Images are shaped by human
authors' minds, time, culture, and experiences, and their original
audience may not have understood them. For example, "God is
my shepherd, father, king" may not mean the same to us today,
as we live in a different time and culture.
 UNIT 3: GOD’S REVELATION THROUGH IMAGES

1. Natural and Cultural

We refer to things that God made himself and those that are
products of human culture activities: Rock Ps. 31:2; 42:9; 92:15.
Light – Ps. 27:1; I Sam. 60:1; I John 1:5; Matt. 4:16. Fire –
Deut. 4:24; Heb. 12:29; Heb.12:29. Water – Jer. 2:13; Ps. 42:2.
Dry root – Hos. 5:12, Fortress, stronghold, tower of refuge
– 2 Sam. 22:2; Ps.13:3; 61:3; Neh. 1:7; Shield 2 Sam. 22:2.
Lamp 2 Sam. 22:29; Temple – Lev. 21:22. Even animals lion–
Amos 1:2; Joel 3:16, Leopard Hos. 13:7; Bear Hos. 13:8 etc.
 UNIT 3: GOD’S REVELATION THROUGH IMAGES

2. Anthropomorphism

This has to do with the realm of human beings. Note that we

have discussed this in details. This is expressing the activities of
God borrowed from human beings (language) God speaking
Gen 1:3; 1:28 to Moses and to the prophets. God breathing
Gen 2:7 walking Gen 3:8, resting Gen 2:2; writing Exo 31:18,
shooting Ps 64:7; laughing Ps 2:4. Then God as having hands,
arms, nostrils, face, mouth, voice, ear, eyes. Even as a woman or
mother (Luke 15:8-10).
 UNIT 3: GOD’S REVELATION THROUGH IMAGES

3. Human Personality

This can be referred to as anthropopathism, and this has to do

with mental, emotional and characters of God. These include
Knowing – Gen. 3:15; I Sam. 2:3; Ps. 44:21, Remembering –
Gen. 9:15, 16; 2 Kings 20:3, Regretting –, Gen. 6:6; 1 Sam.
15:11, grieving, feeling, patient, gracious, loving and
merciful, etc.
 UNIT 3: GOD’S REVELATION THROUGH IMAGES

4. Social Images

Here the Bible talks about God as playing the roles of a Father
(Ps 103:3), Mother, Judge, Lord, Warrior, Archer, King,
Husband, Builder, Friend, Potter, Barber – Is 7:20. God is
also associated with the roles of Watchman and Shepherd –
Isa. 42:13; Heb. 11:10; Rom. 9:21; Isa. 42:14.
 LESSON 4

INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

 TOPICS COVERED IN THIS LESSON

Unit 1: General Revelation and its Effects

Unit 2: Special Revelation and its Effects
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION
General revelation, also known as Natural or Universal
Revelation, is the awareness of God through Creation and
Providence. It is believed that everyone, by nature, possesses
this awareness, acknowledging that there is a God who deserves
worship and obedience. John Calvin argues that God's revelation
is evident in his works, with created things reflecting his majesty
and divinity. The creation of humans is another manifestation of
God's glory, making him immanent in Creation. God
communicates himself through nature, history, and human
conscience, manifesting himself through nature, history, and
human conscience. Calvin believes that there is an awareness of
divinity within the human mind and natural instinct.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Natural Theology

Roman Catholic theologians identify natural theology as an

aspect of God's revelation, teaching that truths about God can be
learned from created things through reason alone. This teaching
was officially accepted as the doctrine of the Roman Catholic
Church at Vatican 1 in 1870.
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Natural Theology Cont’d

Thomas Aquinas, the main exponent of this thought, believed

that beyond the truths from the Bible, there is another body of
truths based on the application of reason to the created world,
such as the existence of God. This view is supported by the
works of pagan philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, and
Pythagoras, but it has its limitations and does not reveal God as
the Savior of humankind.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

General Revelation in Nature

In Ps. 19, Paul emphasizes that God's eternal power and deity
are evident in the creations. He argues that even pagans know
God, and the beauty of creation leaves man without excuse for
not knowing him. The created world serves as God's medium of
communication, allowing humans to receive awareness of God.
Paul also discusses the unknown God in Athens and urges people
to turn to God who created the heavens and earth.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

General Revelation in Nature Cont’d

God provides rain, fruitful seasons, and benevolent preservation

of his creation, as seen in Job 36:24-37. Natural phenomena like
rain, thunder, and lightening attest to God's power, majesty, and
goodness. However, our moral attitudes, refusal of truth, and
love for injustice and peace can threaten our knowledge of God.
Some may be influenced by intellectual deficiency or wrong
philosophical principles.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

General Revelation in History

God reveals himself through historical events that take place in

the lives of individual as well as nations. Most of the things God
was doing among the Israelites were for those nations to know
he is God Almighty. Many non- Christians today too realize God is
in control, and they thank God for taking charge of difficult
situations.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Conscience

Paul argues that every person has a clear conscience, which

knows what is good and bad. He believes that the law is written
on every individual's heart, and General Revelation opposes
natural theology, as man's tendency is to suppress truth.
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Conscience Cont’d

General revelation provides a common ground for believers and a

possibility of divine truth outside the Bible. However, it does not
enable unbelievers to come to a true knowledge of God. Sin
marred the witness of General Revelation, and the testimony of
God is blurred. Special Revelation, when exposed and
regenerated, allows individuals to see clearly what is in General
Revelation. Therefore, religion and belief are not enough to
overcome sin.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

The Effects of General Revelation

This lecture concludes by discussing the effects of General

Revelation, focusing on Romans 1: 18-35 as a summary of the
doctrine. It highlights human disobedience and desire for
autonomy. While related, natural theology teaches man can be
saved without special revelation, while experiential theology
views experience as a way to encounter God.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Effects on the Non-Christian created, As you can already see,

Romans chapter One deals with the subject of General revelation
in detail. Here we will try to summarize it in my next slide.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Negative Effects of General Revelation

 All the contents of God’s General revelation are present to give

man a true and reliable knowledge of God. This is found in
verses 15 and 20.
 Historically all men knew God but they did not honour him or
worship or give thanks to him. See verse 21.
 Men claimed to be wise and think they are doing the right
thing but became foolish instead, deliberately suppressing the
truth about God. This thought is captured in verses 18 and 22.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Negative Effects of General Revelation Cont’d

 Instead of people worshipping the Creator who has created

them, they have turned to worship the things that he has
created thus becoming idolatrous. Read verses 23 and 25.
 The corruption of religion led to moral corruption, resulting in
wickedness. People who refuse the right religion are the root
of immorality and wickedness. Read verses 26-31.
 All these put the unbelievers in a position of “no excuse” and
give us the justification why unbelievers will be punished for
not believing in God. Verses 20,32.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION
Experiential Theology or Experiential Revelation

Experiential revelation or theology is a source of human

knowledge of God, derived from direct perception of reality. It is
open to false claims and judgment, making it difficult to
determine its authenticity. Experiential revelation is a personal
encounter with God, a crucial aspect of Christianity. Christian
movements like pietistic, revivalist, Holiness, and Pentecostals
emphasize the experience of the believer, including tongues and
the Holy Spirit. Friedrich Schleiermacher argued that Christianity
is about humankind's experience of God, not morality or
theoretical knowledge.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Experiential Theology or Experiential Revelation Cont’d

Experiential revelation is a personal encounter with God, a crucial

aspect of Christianity. Christian movements like pietistic,
revivalist, Holiness, and Pentecostals emphasize the experience
of the believer, including tongues and the Holy Spirit. Friedrich
Schleiermacher argued that Christianity is about humankind's
experience of God, not morality or theoretical knowledge.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

General Revelation and Salvation

What we have learned about General revelation is that is does not

bring salvation or bring men in a living relationship with God. General
revelation is insufficient for salvation because of the following reasons.

 The handiwork of God in creation has been disturbed by Sin (Gen

3:17,18 Rom. 8: 19-22).
 Man’s perception of God in nature is distorted by Sin (Rom 1: 18-
 21; 1Cor.1:18ff).
 General revelation does not reveal Christ as the Only true way to
salvation (Acts 4:12; 1 Tim. 2:5; John 14:6).
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

General Revelation and Salvation Cont’d

The question of whether Christ is the only way of salvation for

those outside the Jewish-Christian tradition remains unclear.
Historical facts and testimonies suggest that God can reveal
himself to people outside the Jewish-Christian tradition, such as
Mechizedek and Jethro. However, without Christ, salvation is
impossible, as stated in the Bible. Pelagians, Roman Catholics,
and Liberals believe in general revelation as the only way to
salvation. Roman Catholics teach this under Natural theology.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Positive Effects of General Revelation

The positive effects of General revelation upon a non-Christian

are that it gives and helps them acquire religious and moral
values. These restrain the full explosion of sin. This then makes
life in the society possible. This is what is called blessing of the
Common Grace. Secondly, General revelation prepares man for
the reception of Special revelation. It provides a point of contact
for the preaching of the Gospel to the unbeliever.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Effects to Christians

 Only a believer can take full advantage of the blessings of

General revelation.
 One’s relationship with Christ and through the guidance of the
Bible with the help of the Holy Spirit the believer is enabled to
understand the message of General revelation.
 When General revelation is understood in the correct way, it
can give real knowledge of God, not in addition to what the
Bible teaches but supporting what the Bible teaches.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Effects to Christians Cont’d

 General revelation provides the framework for Special

revelation.
 Without God’s General revelation through his work of creation
and providence, Special revelation would make no concrete
sense.
 General revelation also provides a point of contact between
the Christian and non-Christian when seeking to preach to the
non-Christian (Acts14:14-17; 17:30, 31).
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Introduction to Special Revelation

General Revelation, God's revelation in nature, is mentioned in

the New Testament post-Christ. It reveals God's power and
divinity in creation and nature. However, it doesn't provide
salvation path, which can only be found in God's Word or Christ.
 UNIT 4: INTRODUCTION TO GOD’S REVELATION

Meaning of Special Revelation

Special Revelation is therefore “God’s manifestation of himself to

particular persons at definite times and places, enabling those
persons to enter into a redemptive relationship with him.”
Special Revelation is redemptive, for it publishes the good tidings
that the holy and merciful God promises salvation as a divine gift
to man who cannot save himself and that he (God) has now
fulfilled that promise in the gift of his son in whom all men are
called to believe.
 COMPARISM OF GENERAL AND SPECIAL REVELATION
Comes by way of God’s creation and providence )Acts Comes by the way of God’s prophetic Word, the Bible
14:17). Comes by the way of God’s prophetic Word, (Heb.1:1,2).
the Bible (Heb.1:1,2).
Reveals the existence, power and divinity of God Reveals the love and graciousness of God in Christ
(Rom.1:20). Reveals the love and graciousness of God (Rom.5:8;Jn.3:16)
in Christ (Rom.5:8;Jn.3:16)
Makes man aware of God’s moral law )Rom.2:14,15), Makes man aware that he falls short of God’s moral law
but generally leaves man satisfied with his own moral (Rom.7:7) and reveals how he may live in God pleasing
status. Makes man aware that he falls short of God’s way (Ps.119:24;2 Tim. 3:16).
moral law (Rom.7:7) and reveals how he may live in
God pleasing way (Ps.119:24;2 Tim. 3:16).
Makes people religious (Acts 17:27,28) Brings salvation Brings salvation in Christ (Rom.1:16).
in Christ (Rom.1:16).
Provides a point of contact in evangelism and mission Makes the work of evangelism and mission most
(cf. Acts 14:17;17:22ff.). Makes the work of evangelism necessary (Rom. 10:14, 15).
and mission most necessary (Rom. 10:14, 15).
 THE MEANS OF SPECIAL REVELATION

1. Theophanies

God manifesting himself in visible form. This is what is called

theophanies which means God appearances. In the O.T. before
the incarnation of Jesus Christ he was called the “the angel of
the Lord”. Gen. 32. Also we have the shekinah glory. Ex.3: 2-4,
24:15-18, 40:34-35. Other visible manifestations include:-
a. Fire and clouds (Gen 15:17; Ex. 3:2)
b. Stormy winds (Job 38:1; Ps. 18:10-16)
c. Zephyr (gentle breeze (1 Ki. 19:12)
d. The Angel of the Lord (Ex. 23:20-23)
 THE MEANS OF SPECIAL REVELATION
2. Direct Communications

a) Audible voice God spoke to Adam and Eve, Moses, Joshua,

Samuel and the prophets as a person will speak to another
person. He also spoke to the prophets, thus, the prophetic
saying, “The Lord spoke to me saying or the word of the Lord
came to me saying” (Gen. 2:16; 9:1; 32:26; Ex. 19:9)
b) Urim and thummim (Num. 27:21; 1 Sam. 10:20,21)
c) Dreams (Gen. 20:3-6; Num. 12:6)
d) Visions (Num. 12:6; Is. 21:6; Dan.1:17; Obad. 1:1; Acts.
11:5)
e) In the person of Christ (Heb. 1:2; 2:3; cf. 1 Pet. 1:11)
f) Through angels (Dan.8: 16-17; Matt.1 :20)
 THE MEANS OF SPECIAL REVELATION

3. Word

We talk about the word in two ways; Christ and the Bible. First,
Jesus Christ. Our clearest knowledge of God comes through the
word. Jesus Christ is the personification of God’s word
(John1:1ff; Rev. 19:13). Jesus Christ is God’s word made in the
flesh that lived among us (John1:18; 12:45; 14: 9-11). The Bible
serves as an infallible guide to God's knowledge, but it's not a
source for academic study. To "know" God in biblical language, it
involves acknowledging him as Lord and savior, and having a
living relationship with him.
 THE MEANS OF SPECIAL REVELATION

4. Miracles

God often revealed himself to Israel and the Church through

miracles. The Bible uses three words to indicate miracles, usually
translated as, sign, wonder and power. God said he gave signs to
Israel in order that “they will know that I am the Lord and that
they are my people” (Ex.6:7). Miracles were also done by
prophets and apostles to show they came from God (Jn. 2:11;
20:30-31; 2 Cor. 12:12; Acts 15:12).
 Tutor-Mark Assignment
Extensively explain the following attributes relating to God’s essence and
existence
a) Eternity (b) Infinity (c) Immutability (d) Oneness/unity of God
e) Spirituality

Guidelines:
1. Each answer should range between 150-300 words
2. Your answer should be typed in the body of the email (not as an attachment)
3. The deadline is “Next Week Thursday”
4. In your email, type out your ‘Full Name, Matriculation Number, Lesson/Unit
Topic, Date and The Question Above’ and send it to the email below.

timothy@[Link]
Dr. Timothy Imuwahen is a multiple award-winner, spirit-led leader
and humble giant in the higher education industry, whose unique,
bold style of delivery and leadership inspires and empowers people
for massive success, by applying social skills, ethics and inspired
principles that place a demand on man’s innate, yet divine ability to
discover God’s given destiny hidden within for territorial excellence.
He currently serves as the Founding President and Research Fellow
at Testament Theological Seminary and Lead Teacher at Testament
Believers Chapel. He specializes in Systematic and Congregational
Theology.