Problems 17

Problems
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. 7. A crystalline solid consists of atoms stacked up in a repeat-
For additional assessment items for this section, go to ing lattice structure. Consider a crystal as shown in Fig­-
ure P1.7a. The atoms reside at the corners of cubes of side
Note: Consult the endpapers, appendices, and tables in the L 5 0.200 nm. One piece of evidence for the regular
text whenever necessary in solving problems. For this chapter, arrangement of atoms comes from the flat surfaces along
Table 14.1 and Appendix B.3 may be particularly useful. Answers which a crystal separates, or cleaves, when it is broken. Sup-
to odd-numbered problems appear in the back of the book. pose this crystal cleaves along a face diagonal as shown in
Figure P1.7b. Calculate the spacing d between two adjacent
Section 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time atomic planes that separate when the crystal cleaves.

1. (a) Use information on the endpapers of this book to cal-

culate the average density of the Earth. (b) Where does the
value fit among those listed in Table 14.1 in Chapter 14?
Look up the density of a typical surface rock like granite in
another source and compare it with the density of the Earth.
L
d
2. A proton, which is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, can be
modeled as a sphere with a diameter of 2.4 fm and a mass a
of 1.67 3 10227 kg. (a) Determine the density of the proton.
(b) State how your answer to part (a) compares with the
density of osmium, given in Table 14.1 in Chapter 14.
3. Two spheres are cut from a certain uniform rock. One has
V radius 4.50 cm. The mass of the other is five times greater.
Find its radius. b

4. What mass of a material with density r is required to make Figure P1.7

a hollow spherical shell having inner radius r 1 and outer
radius r 2? Section 1.3 Dimensional Analysis
5. You have been hired by the defense attorney as an expert wit- 8. The position of a particle moving under uniform accelera-
CR ness in a lawsuit. The plaintiff is someone who just returned tion is some function of time and the acceleration. Suppose
from being a passenger on the first orbital space tourist flight. we write this position as x 5 kamt n , where k is a dimension-
Based on a travel brochure offered by the space travel com- less constant. Show by dimensional analysis that this expres-
pany, the plaintiff expected to be able to see the Great Wall of sion is satisfied if m 5 1 and n 5 2. Can this analysis give the
China from his orbital height of 200 km above the Earth’s sur- value of k?
face. He was unable to do so, and is now demanding that his
fare be refunded and to receive additional financial compen- 9. Which of the following equations are dimensionally cor-
sation to cover his great disappointment. Construct the basis rect? (a) vf 5 vi 1 ax (b) y 5 (2 m) cos (kx), where k 5 2 m21
for an argument for the defense that shows that his expecta- 10. (a) Assume the equation x 5 At 3 1 Bt describes the motion
tion of seeing the Great Wall from orbit was unreasonable. The of a particular object, with x having the dimension of length
Wall is 7 m wide at its widest point and the normal visual acuity and t having the dimension of time. Determine the dimen-
of the human eye is 3 3 1024 rad. (Visual acuity is the smallest sions of the constants A and B. (b) Determine the dimen-
subtended angle that an object can make at the eye and still be sions of the derivative dx/dt 5 3At 2 1 B.
recognized; the subtended angle in radians is the ratio of the
width of an object to the distance of the object from your eyes.)
Section 1.4 Conversion of Units
Section 1.2 Modeling and Alternative Representations 11. A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94 g and a volume of
V 2.10 cm3. From these data, calculate the density of lead in SI
6. A surveyor measures the distance across a straight river by units (kilograms per cubic meter).
the following method (Fig. P1.6). Starting directly across
from a tree on the opposite bank, she walks d 5 100 m 12. Why is the following situation impossible? A student’s dormi-
along the riverbank to establish a baseline. Then she sights tory room measures 3.8 m by 3.6 m, and its ceiling is 2.5 m
across to the tree. The angle from her baseline to the tree is high. After the student completes his physics course, he
u 5 35.08. How wide is the river? displays his dedication by completely wallpapering the
walls of the room with the pages from his copy of volume 1
(Chapters 1–21) of this textbook. He even covers the door
and window.
13. One cubic meter (1.00 m3) of aluminum has a mass of
u T 2.70 3 103 kg, and the same volume of iron has a mass of
d 7.86 3 103 kg. Find the radius of a solid aluminum sphere
that will balance a solid iron sphere of radius 2.00 cm on an
equal-arm balance.
Figure P1.6

53292_ch01_ptg01.indd 17 9/14/17 9:28 AM

 18 Chapter 1 Physics and Measurement

14. Let rAl represent the density of aluminum and rFe that of iron. 23. Review. In a community college parking lot, the number of
Find the radius of a solid aluminum sphere that balances a ordinary cars is larger than the number of sport utility vehi-
solid iron sphere of radius r Fe on an equal-arm balance. cles by 94.7%. The difference between the number of cars
and the number of SUVs is 18. Find the number of SUVs in
15. One gallon of paint (volume 5 3.78 3 1023 m3) covers an the lot.
T area of 25.0 m2. What is the thickness of the fresh paint on
the wall? 24. Review. Find every angle u between 0 and 3608 for which the
ratio of sin u to cos u is 23.00.
16. An auditorium measures 40.0 m 3 20.0 m 3 12.0 m. The
V density of air is 1.20 kg/m3. What are (a) the volume of the 25. Review. The ratio of the number of sparrows visiting a bird
room in cubic feet and (b) the weight of air in the room in feeder to the number of more interesting birds is 2.25. On
pounds? a morning when altogether 91 birds visit the feeder, what is
the number of sparrows?
Section 1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 26. Review. Prove that one solution of the equation
Note: In your solutions to Problems 17 and 18, state the quanti- 2.00x 4 2 3.00x 3 1 5.00x 5 70.0
ties you measure or estimate and the values you take for them.
is x 5 22.22.
17. (a) Compute the order of magnitude of the mass of a bath- 27. Review. From the set of equations
tub half full of water. (b) Compute the order of magnitude
p 5 3q
of the mass of a bathtub half full of copper coins.
pr 5 qs
18. To an order of magnitude, how many piano tuners reside
1 2
in New York City? The physicist Enrico Fermi was famous 2 pr 1 12qs 2 5 12qt 2
for asking questions like this one on oral Ph.D. qualifying
examinations. involving the unknowns p, q, r, s, and t, find the value of the
ratio of t to r.
19. Your roommate is playing a video game from the latest
CR Star Wars movie while you are studying physics. Distracted 28. Review. Figure P1.28 shows students studying the ther-
by the noise, you go to see what is on the screen. The game mal conduction of energy into cylindrical blocks of ice. As
involves trying to fly a spacecraft through a crowded field of we will see in Chapter 19, this process is described by the
asteroids in the asteroid belt around the Sun. You say to him, equation
“Do you know that the game you are playing is very unrealistic? Q k pd 2sTh 2 Tc d
The asteroid belt is not that crowded and you don’t have to 5
Dt 4L
maneuver through it like that!” Distracted by your statement,
he accidentally allows his spacecraft to strike an asteroid, just For experimental control, in one set of trials all quantities
missing the high score. He turns to you in disgust and says, except d and Dt are constant. (a) If d is made three times
“Yeah, prove it.” You say, “Okay, I’ve learned recently that the larger, does the equation predict that Dt will get larger or
highest concentration of asteroids is in a doughnut-shaped get smaller? By what factor? (b) What pattern of propor-
region between the Kirkwood gaps at radii of 2.06 AU and tionality of Dt to d does the equation predict? (c) To display
3.27 AU from the Sun. There are an estimated 109 asteroids of this proportionality as a straight line on a graph, what quan-
radius 100 m or larger, like those in your video game, in this tities should you plot on the horizontal and vertical axes?
region . . .” Finish your argument with a calculation to show (d) What expression represents the theoretical slope of
that the number of asteroids in the space near a spacecraft is this graph?
tiny. (An astronomical unit—AU—is the mean distance of the
Earth from the Sun: 1 AU 5 1.496 3 1011 m.)

Section 1.6 Significant Figures

Note: Appendix B.8 on propagation of uncertainty may be

useful in solving some problems in this section.

20. How many significant figures are in the following numbers?

V (a) 78.9 6 0.2 (b) 3.788 3 109 (c) 2.46 3 1026 (d) 0.005 3
Alexandra Heder

21. The tropical year, the time interval from one vernal equinox
to the next vernal equinox, is the basis for our calendar. It
contains 365.242 199 days. Find the number of seconds in a
tropical year. Figure P1.28
Note: The next seven problems call on mathematical skills from
Additional Problems
your prior education that will be useful throughout this course.
29. In a situation in which data are known to three significant
22. Review. The average density of the planet Uranus is 1.27 3 digits, we write 6.379 m 5 6.38 m and 6.374 m 5 6.37 m.
103 kg/m3. The ratio of the mass of Neptune to that of When a number ends in 5, we arbitrarily choose to write
Uranus is 1.19. The ratio of the radius of Neptune to that 6.375 m 5 6.38 m. We could equally well write 6.375 m 5
of Uranus is 0.969. Find the average density of Neptune. 6.37 m, “rounding down” instead of “rounding up,” because

53292_ch01_ptg01.indd 18 9/14/17 9:28 AM

 Problems 19

we would change the number 6.375 by equal increments in is made of a material with density 4.70 g/cm3. The space
both cases. Now consider an order-of-magnitude estimate, in inside the shell is filled with a liquid having a density of
which factors of change rather than increments are impor- 1.23 g/cm3. (a) Find the mass m of the sphere, including its
tant. We write 500 m , 103 m because 500 differs from 100 contents, as a function of a. (b) For what value of the vari-
by a factor of 5 while it differs from 1 000 by only a factor of able a does m have its maximum possible value? (c) What
2. We write 437 m , 103 m and 305 m , 102 m. What dis- is this maximum mass? (d) Explain whether the value from
tance differs from 100 m and from 1 000 m by equal factors part (c) agrees with the result of a direct calculation of the
so that we could equally well choose to represent its order of mass of a solid sphere of uniform density made of the same
magnitude as , 102 m or as , 103 m? material as the shell. (e) What If? Would the answer to part
(a) change if the inner wall were not concentric with the
30. (a) What is the order of magnitude of the number of micro
outer wall?
organisms in the human intestinal tract? A typical bacterial
length scale is 1026 m. Estimate the intestinal volume and 35. Air is blown into a spherical balloon so that, when its radius
assume 1% of it is occupied by bacteria. (b) Does the num- is 6.50 cm, its radius is increasing at the rate 0.900 cm/s.
ber of bacteria suggest whether the bacteria are beneficial, (a) Find the rate at which the volume of the balloon is
dangerous, or neutral for the human body? What functions increasing. (b) If this volume flow rate of air entering the
could they serve? balloon is constant, at what rate will the radius be increas-
ing when the radius is 13.0 cm? (c) Explain physically why
31. The distance from the Sun to the nearest star is about 4 3
the answer to part (b) is larger or smaller than 0.9 cm/s, if
1016 m. The Milky Way galaxy (Fig. P1.31) is roughly a disk
it is different.
of diameter 1021 m and thickness , 1019 m. Find the order of
magnitude of the number of stars in the Milky Way. Assume 36. In physics, it is important to use mathematical approxima-
the distance between the Sun and our nearest neighbor tions. (a) Demonstrate that for small angles (, 208)
is typical.
pa9
tan a < sin a < a 5
1808
where a is in radians and a9 is in degrees. (b) Use a calcula-
tor to find the largest angle for which tan a may be approx-
imated by a with an error less than 10.0%.
37. The consumption of natural gas by a company satisfies the
T empirical equation V 5 1.50t 1 0.008 00t 2, where V is the
volume of gas in millions of cubic feet and t is the time in
months. Express this equation in units of cubic feet and sec-
onds. Assume a month is 30.0 days.
38. A woman wishing to know the height of a mountain mea-
NASA

sures the angle of elevation of the mountaintop as 12.08.

After walking 1.00 km closer to the mountain on level
Figure P1.31 The Milky Way galaxy. ground, she finds the angle to be 14.08. (a) Draw a picture
of the problem, neglecting the height of the woman’s eyes
32. Why is the following situation impossible? In an effort to boost above the ground. Hint: Use two triangles. (b) Using the
interest in a television game show, each weekly winner is symbol y to represent the mountain height and the symbol x
offered an additional $1 million bonus prize if he or she to represent the woman’s original distance from the moun-
can personally count out that exact amount from a supply of tain, label the picture. (c) Using the labeled picture, write
one-dollar bills. The winner must do this task under super- two trigonometric equations relating the two selected vari-
vision by television show executives and within one 40-hour ables. (d) Find the height y.
work week. To the dismay of the show’s producers, most con-
testants succeed at the challenge.
Challenge Problem
33. Bacteria and other prokaryotes are found deep under-
39. A woman stands at a horizontal distance x from a mountain
ground, in water, and in the air. One micron (1026 m) is a
and measures the angle of elevation of the mountaintop
typical length scale associated with these microbes. (a) Esti-
above the horizontal as u. After walking a distance d closer
mate the total number of bacteria and other prokaryotes on
to the mountain on level ground, she finds the angle to be
the Earth. (b) Estimate the total mass of all such microbes.
f. Find a general equation for the height y of the mountain
34. A spherical shell has an outside radius of 2.60 cm and an in terms of d, f, and u, neglecting the height of her eyes
inside radius of a. The shell wall has uniform thickness and above the ground.

53292_ch01_ptg01.indd 19 9/14/17 9:28 AM

 48 Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension

Problems
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. 7. A person takes a trip, driving with a constant speed of 89.5
For additional assessment items for this section, go to T km/h, except for a 22.0-min rest stop. If the person’s aver-
age speed is 77.8 km/h, (a) how much time is spent on the
Section 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed trip and (b) how far does the person travel?

1. The speed of a nerve impulse in the human body is about

Section 2.5 Acceleration
100 m/s. If you accidentally stub your toe in the dark, estimate
the time it takes the nerve impulse to travel to your brain. 8. A child rolls a marble on a bent track that is 100 cm long as
2 shown in Figure P2.8. We use x to represent the position of
2. A particle moves according to the equation x 5 10t , where x
the marble along the track. On the horizontal sections from
V is in meters and t is in seconds. (a) Find the average velocity
x 5 0 to x 5 20 cm and from x 5 40 cm to x 5 60 cm, the
for the time interval from 2.00 s to 3.00 s. (b) Find the aver-
marble rolls with constant speed. On the sloping sections,
age velocity for the time interval from 2.00 to 2.10 s.
the marble’s speed changes steadily. At the places where
3. The position of a pinewood derby car was observed at vari- the slope changes, the marble stays on the track and does
ous times; the results are summarized in the following table. not undergo any sudden changes in speed. The child gives
Find the average velocity of the car for (a) the first second, the marble some initial speed at x 5 0 and t 5 0 and then
(b) the last 3 s, and (c) the entire period of observation. watches it roll to x 5 90 cm, where it turns around, eventually
returning to x 5 0 with the same speed with which the child
t (s) 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 released it. Prepare graphs of x versus t, vx versus t, and ax ver-
x (m) 0 2.3 9.2 20.7 36.8 57.5 sus t, vertically aligned with their time axes identical, to show
the motion of the marble. You will not be able to place num-
bers other than zero on the horizontal axis or on the velocity
Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
or acceleration axes, but show the correct graph shapes.
4. An athlete leaves one end of a pool of length L at t 5 0
and arrives at the other end at time t 1. She swims back and 100 cm
arrives at the starting position at time t 2. If she is swimming S
v
initially in the positive x direction, determine her aver- 20 cm
age velocities symbolically in (a) the first half of the swim,
(b) the second half of the swim, and (c) the round trip. 0
(d) What is her average speed for the round trip?
5. A position–time graph for a particle moving along the 40 cm 60 cm
x axis is shown in Figure P2.5. (a) Find the average velocity
in the time interval t 5 1.50 s to t 5 4.00 s. (b) Determine Figure P2.8
the instantaneous velocity at t 5 2.00 s by measuring the
slope of the tangent line shown in the graph. (c) At what
9. Figure P2.9 shows a graph of vx versus t for the motion of
value of t is the velocity zero?
a motorcyclist as he starts from rest and moves along the
road in a straight line. (a) Find the average acceleration for
x (m)
the time interval t 5 0 to t 5 6.00 s. (b) Estimate the time
12
at which the acceleration has its greatest positive value and
10 the value of the acceleration at that instant. (c) When is
8 the acceleration zero? (d) Estimate the maximum negative
6 value of the acceleration and the time at which it occurs.
4
2 vx (m/s)
10
t (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
6
Figure P2.5 4
2
Section 2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity t (s)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
6. A car travels along a straight line at a constant speed of
60.0 mi/h for a distance d and then another distance d in Figure P2.9
the same direction at another constant speed. The average
velocity for the entire trip is 30.0 mi/h. (a) What is the con- 10. (a) Use the data in Problem 3 to construct a smooth graph
stant speed with which the car moved during the second dis- of position versus time. (b) By constructing tangents to
tance d ? (b) What If? Suppose the second distance d were the x(t) curve, find the instantaneous velocity of the car at
traveled in the opposite direction; you forgot something and several instants. (c) Plot the instantaneous velocity versus
had to return home at the same constant speed as found in time and, from this information, determine the average
part (a). What is the average velocity for this trip? (c) What is acceleration of the car. (d) What was the initial velocity of
the average speed for this new trip? the car?

53292_ch02_ptg01.indd 48 9/14/17 9:34 AM

 Problems 49

11. A particle starts from rest ax (m/s2) the single value of an object’s constant acceleration is like
V and accelerates as shown 2 knowing a whole list of values for its velocity.”
in Figure P2.11. Determine 1 16. In Example 2.7, we investigated a jet landing on an aircraft
(a) the particle’s speed at t T carrier. In a later maneuver, the jet comes in for a landing
5 10.0 s and at t 5 20.0 s, 0 t (s)
5 10 15 20 on solid ground with a speed of 100 m/s, and its acceleration
and (b) the distance trav- 1
can have a maximum magnitude of 5.00 m/s2 as it comes to
eled in the first 20.0 s. 2 rest. (a) From the instant the jet touches the runway, what
Section 2.6 Motion Diagrams 3 is the minimum time interval needed before it can come to
rest? (b) Can this jet land at a small tropical island airport
12. Draw motion diagrams for where the runway is 0.800 km long? (c) Explain your answer.
Figure P2.11
(a) an object moving to the
right at constant speed, (b) an object moving to the right 17. An object moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity
T of 12.0 cm/s in the positive x direction when its x coordinate
and speeding up at a constant rate, (c) an object moving
to the right and slowing down at a constant rate, (d) an is 3.00 cm. If its x coordinate 2.00 s later is 25.00 cm, what
object moving to the left and speeding up at a constant rate, is its acceleration?
and (e) an object moving to the left and slowing down at a 18. Solve Example 2.8 by a graphical method. On the same
constant rate. (f) How would your drawings change if the graph, plot position versus time for the car and the trooper.
changes in speed were not uniform, that is, if the speed were From the intersection of the two curves, read the time at
not changing at a constant rate? which the trooper overtakes the car.
13. Each of the strobe photographs (a), (b), and (c) in Figure P2.13 19. A glider of length , moves through a stationary photogate
was taken of a single disk moving toward the right, which we on an air track. A photogate (Fig. P2.19) is a device that mea-
take as the positive direction. Within each photograph the time sures the time interval Dtd during which the glider blocks
interval between images is constant. For each photograph, pre- a beam of infrared light passing across the photogate. The
pare graphs of x versus t, vx versus t, and ax versus t, vertically ratio vd 5 ,/Dtd is the average velocity of the glider over this
aligned with their time axes identical, to show the motion of part of its motion. Suppose the glider moves with constant
the disk. You will not be able to place numbers other than zero acceleration. (a) Argue for or against the idea that vd is equal
on the axes, but show the correct shapes for the graph lines. to the instantaneous velocity of the glider when it is halfway
through the photogate in space. (b) Argue for or against
the idea that vd is equal to the instantaneous velocity of the
glider when it is halfway through the photogate in time.

a
© Cengage

Figure P2.19 Problems 19 and 21.

20. Why is the following situation impossible? Starting from rest,

Charles D. Winters

a charging rhinoceros moves 50.0 m in a straight line in

10.0 s. Her acceleration is constant during the entire motion,
c and her final speed is 8.00 m/s.
21. A glider of length 12.4 cm moves on an air track with con-
Figure P2.13
stant acceleration (Fig P2.19). A time interval of 0.628 s
elapses between the moment when its front end passes a
Section 2.7 Analysis Model: Particle fixed point Ⓐ along the track and the moment when its
Under Constant Acceleration back end passes this point. Next, a time interval of 1.39 s
14. An electron in a cathode-ray tube accelerates uniformly elapses between the moment when the back end of the
from 2.00 3 104 m/s to 6.00 3 106 m/s over 1.50 cm. glider passes the point Ⓐ and the moment when the front
(a) In what time interval does the electron travel this 1.50 cm? end of the glider passes a second point Ⓑ farther down the
(b) What is its acceleration? track. After that, an additional 0.431 s elapses until the back
end of the glider passes point Ⓑ. (a) Find the average speed
15. A parcel of air moving in a straight tube with a constant
of the glider as it passes point Ⓐ. (b) Find the acceleration
acceleration of 24.00 m/s2 has a velocity of 13.0 m/s at
of the glider. (c) Explain how you can compute the accelera-
[Link] a.m. (a) What is its velocity at [Link] a.m.?
tion without knowing the distance between points Ⓐ and Ⓑ.
(b) At [Link] a.m.? (c) At [Link] a.m.? (d) Describe the
shape of a graph of velocity versus time for this parcel of air. 22. In the particle under constant acceleration model, we
(e) Argue for or against the following statement: “Knowing identify the variables and parameters vxi , vxf , ax , t, and

53292_ch02_ptg01.indd 49 9/14/17 9:34 AM

 50 Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension

xf 2 xi. Of the equations in the model, Equations 2.13–2.17, 28. A ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial
the first does not involve xf 2 xi , the second and third do T speed of 25 m/s; at the same instant, another ball is dropped
not contain ax , the fourth omits vxf , and the last leaves out from a building 15 m high. After how long will the balls be
t. So, to complete the set, there should be an equation not at the same height above the ground?
involving vxi . Derive it from the others.
29. A student throws a set of keys vertically upward to her soror-
23. At t 5 0, one toy car is set rolling on a straight track with T ity sister, who is in a window 4.00 m above. The second
initial position 15.0 cm, initial velocity 23.50 cm/s, and con- student catches the keys 1.50 s later. (a) With what initial
stant acceleration 2.40 cm/s2. At the same moment, another velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the velocity of
toy car is set rolling on an adjacent track with initial posi- the keys just before they were caught?
tion 10.0 cm, initial velocity 15.50 cm/s, and constant accel-
30. At time t 5 0, a student throws a set of keys vertically upward
eration zero. (a) At what time, if any, do the two cars have
to her sorority sister, who is in a window at distance h above.
equal speeds? (b) What are their speeds at that time? (c) At
The second student catches the keys at time t. (a) With what
what time(s), if any, do the cars pass each other? (d) What
initial velocity were the keys thrown? (b) What was the veloc-
are their locations at that time? (e) Explain the difference
ity of the keys just before they were caught?
between question (a) and question (c) as clearly as possible.
31. You have been hired by the prosecuting attorney as an expert
24. You are observing the poles along the side of the road as
CR witness in a robbery case. The defendant is accused of steal-
CR described in the opening storyline of the chapter. You have
ing an expensive and massive diamond ring in its box from
already stopped and measured the distance between adjacent
a jewelry store. A witness to the alleged crime testified that
poles as 40.0 m. You are now driving again and have activated
she saw the defendant run from the store, stop next to an
your smartphone stopwatch. You start the stopwatch at t 5 0
apartment building, and throw the box straight upward to
as you pass pole #1. At pole #2, the stopwatch reads 10.0 s.
an accomplice leaning out a fourth-floor window. When cap-
At pole #3, the stop­watch reads 25.0 s. Your friend tells you
tured, the defendant did not have the stolen box with him
that he was pressing the brake and slowing down the car uni-
and claimed innocence. When the witness testified in court
formly during the entire time interval from pole #1 to pole
about the defendant’s throwing of the box to an accomplice,
#3. (a) What was the acceleration of the car between poles #1
the defending attorney argued that it would be impossible to
and #3? (b) What was the velocity of the car at pole #1? (c) If
throw the box upward that high to reach the window in ques-
the motion of the car continues as described, what is the
tion. The bottom of the window is 19.0 m above the sidewalk.
number of the last pole passed before the car comes to rest?
You have set up a demonstration in which the defendant was
Section 2.8 Freely Falling Objects asked by the judge to throw a baseball horizontally as fast as
he could and a radar device was used to determine that he
Note: In all problems in this section, ignore the effects of air can throw the ball at 20 m/s. (a) What testimony can you pro-
resistance. vide about the ability of the defendant to throw the box to the
window in question? (b) What argument might the defense
25. Why is the following situation attorney make about the process used to develop your expert
impossible? Emily challenges testimony? What might be your counter argument? Ignore
David to catch a $1 bill any effects of air resistance on the box.
as follows. She holds the
bill vertically as shown in Section 2.9 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
Figure P2.25, with the cen-
32. A student drives a moped vx (m/s)
ter of the bill between but
along a straight road 8
© Cengage

not touching David’s index

as described by the
finger and thumb. Without 4
velocity–time graph in
­
warning, Emily releases the
Figure P2.32. Sketch this t (s)
bill. David catches the bill Figure P2.25 graph in the middle of 0 2 4 6 8 10
without moving his hand
a sheet of graph paper. 4
downward. David’s reaction time is equal to the average
(a) Directly above your
human reaction time. 8
graph, sketch a graph of
26. An attacker at the base of a castle wall 3.65 m high throws a the position versus time, Figure P2.32
rock straight up with speed 7.40 m/s from a height of 1.55 m aligning the time coor-
above the ground. (a) Will the rock reach the top of the dinates of the two graphs. (b) Sketch a graph of the accel-
wall? (b) If so, what is its speed at the top? If not, what initial eration versus time directly below the velocity–time graph,
speed must it have to reach the top? (c) Find the change in again aligning the time coordinates. On each graph, show
speed of a rock thrown straight down from the top of the the numerical values of x and ax for all points of inflec-
wall at an initial speed of 7.40 m/s and moving between the tion. (c) What is the acceleration at t 5 6.00 s? (d) Find
same two points. (d) Does the change in speed of the down- the position (relative to the starting point) at t 5 6.00 s.
ward-moving rock agree with the magnitude of the speed (e) What is the moped’s final position at t 5 9.00 s?
change of the rock moving upward between the same eleva-
33. Automotive engineers refer to the time rate of change of accel-
tions? (e) Explain physically why it does or does not agree.
eration as the “ jerk.” Assume an object moves in one dimen-
27. The height of a helicopter above the ground is given by sion such that its jerk J is constant. (a) Determine expressions
h 5 3.00t 3, where h is in meters and t is in seconds. At for its acceleration ax(t), velocity vx(t), and position x(t), given
t 5 2.00 s, the helicopter releases a small mailbag. How long that its initial acceleration, velocity, and position are axi , vxi ,
after its release does the mailbag reach the ground? and xi , respectively. (b) Show that ax 2 5 axi 2 1 2J(vx 2 vxi ).

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 Problems 51

Additional Problems relative to v. Is v B always smaller y

than v, larger than v, or the same
34. In Figure 2.11b, the area under the velocity–time graph
as v, or does it have some other
and between the vertical axis and time t (vertical dashed B x
relationship?
line) represents the displacement. As shown, this area con-
L
sists of a rectangle and a triangle. (a) Compute their areas. 41. Lisa rushes down onto a subway y S
v
(b) Explain how the sum of the two areas compares with the platform to find her train already u
expression on the right-hand side of Equation 2.16. departing. She stops and watches A
the cars go by. Each car is 8.60 m O x
35. The froghopper Philaenus spumarius is supposedly the best
long. The first moves past her in
jumper in the animal kingdom. To start a jump, this insect Figure P2.40
1.50 s and the second in 1.10 s.
can accelerate at 4.00 km/s2 over a distance of 2.00 mm as it
Find the constant acceleration of
straightens its specially adapted “ jumping legs.” Assume the
the train.
acceleration is constant. (a) Find the upward velocity with
which the insect takes off. (b) In what time interval does it Challenge Problems
reach this velocity? (c) How high would the insect jump if
air resistance were negligible? The actual height it reaches is 42. Two thin rods are fastened to 
about 70 cm, so air resistance must be a noticeable force on the inside of a circular ring as
the leaping froghopper. shown in Figure P2.42. One
rod of length D is vertical, and
36. A woman is reported to have fallen 144 ft from the 17th the other of length L makes an
floor of a building, landing on a metal ventilator box that angle u with the horizontal. The D
she crushed to a depth of 18.0 in. She suffered only minor two rods and the ring lie in a
injuries. Ignoring air resistance, calculate (a) the speed of

vertical plane. Two small beads L
the woman just before she collided with the ventilator and are free to slide without friction u
(b) her average acceleration while in contact with the box. along the rods. (a) If the two
(c) Modeling her acceleration as constant, calculate the 
beads are released from rest
time interval it took to crush the box. simultaneously from the posi- Figure P2.42
37. At t 5 0, one athlete in a race running on a long, straight tions shown, use your intuition
track with a constant speed v1 is a distance d1 behind a sec- and guess which bead reaches the bottom first. (b) Find an
ond athlete running with a constant speed v 2. (a) Under expression for the time interval required for the red bead to
what circumstances is the first athlete able to overtake the fall from point Ⓐ to point Ⓒ in terms of g and D. (c) Find an
second athlete? (b) Find the time t at which the first athlete expression for the time interval required for the blue bead
overtakes the second athlete, in terms of d1, v1, and v 2. (c) to slide from point Ⓑ to point Ⓒ in terms of g, L, and u.
At what minimum distance d 2 from the leading athlete must (d) Show that the two time intervals found in parts (b) and
the finish line be located so that the trailing athlete can at (c) are equal. Hint: What is the angle between the chords of
least tie for first place? Express d 2 in terms of d1, v1, and v 2 by the circle Ⓐ Ⓑ and Ⓑ Ⓒ? (e) Do these results surprise you?
using the result of part (b). Was your intuitive guess in part (a) correct? This problem
was inspired by an article by Thomas B. Greenslade, Jr.,
38. Why is the following situation impossible? A freight train is lum- “Galileo’s Paradox,” Phys. Teach. 46, 294 (May 2008).
bering along at a constant speed of 16.0 m/s. Behind the
freight train on the same track is a passenger train traveling 43. In a women’s 100-m race, accelerating uniformly, Laura
in the same direction at 40.0 m/s. When the front of the pas- takes 2.00 s and Healan 3.00 s to attain their maximum
senger train is 58.5 m from the back of the freight train, the speeds, which they each maintain for the rest of the race.
engineer on the passenger train recognizes the danger and They cross the finish line simultaneously, both setting a
hits the brakes of his train, causing the train to move with world record of 10.4 s. (a) What is the acceleration of each
acceleration 23.00 m/s2. Because of the engineer’s action, sprinter? (b) What are their respective maximum speeds?
the trains do not collide. (c) Which sprinter is ahead at the 6.00-s mark, and by how
much? (d) What is the maximum distance by which Healan
39. Hannah tests her new sports car by racing with Sam, an is behind Laura, and at what time does that occur?
experienced racer. Both start from rest, but Hannah
T leaves the starting line 1.00 s after Sam does. Sam moves 44. Review. You are sitting in your car at rest at a traffic light
with a constant acceleration of 3.50 m/s2, while Hannah with a bicyclist at rest next to you in the adjoining bicy-
maintains an acceleration of 4.90 m/s2. Find (a) the time at cle lane. As soon as the traffic light turns green, your car
which Hannah overtakes Sam, (b) the distance she travels speeds up from rest to 50.0 mi/h with constant acceleration
before she catches him, and (c) the speeds of both cars at the 9.00 mi/h/s and thereafter moves with a constant speed of
instant Hannah overtakes Sam. 50.0 mi/h. At the same time, the cyclist speeds up from
rest to 20.0 mi/h with constant acceleration 13.0 mi/h/s
40. Two objects, A and B, are connected by hinges to a rigid and thereafter moves with a constant speed of 20.0 mi/h.
rod that has a length L. The objects slide along perpendic- (a) For what time interval after the light turned green is
ular guide rails as shown in Figure P2.40. Assume object A the bicycle ahead of your car? (b) What is the maximum
slides to the left with a constant speed v. (a) Find the veloc- distance by which the bicycle leads your car during this
ity v B of object B as a function of the angle u. (b) Describe v B time interval?

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 Problems 63

Summary
››Definitions
Scalar quantities are those that have only a Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction and obey the laws of
numerical value and no associated direction. vector addition. The magnitude of a vector is always a positive number.

››Concepts and Principles

When two or more vectors are added together, they must A second method of adding vectors involves com­ponents of the vec-
S
all have the same units and they all must be the same type tors. The x component Ax of the ­vector A is equal to the projection
S S S
of quantity. We can add two vectors A and B graphically. of A along the x axis of a coordinate system, where Ax 5 A cos u.
S S S S S
In this method (Fig. 3.6), the resultant vector R 5 A 1 B The y component Ay of A is the projection of A along the y axis,
S S
runs from the tail of A to the tip of B . where Ay 5 A sin u.

S
If a vector A has an x component Ax and a y compo- We can find the resultant of two or more vectors by resolving all
nent Ay , the vector can be expressed in unit-vector form vectors into their x and y components, adding their resultant x and y
S ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
as A 5 Ax i 1 Ay j . In this notation, i is a unit vector point- components, and then using the Pythagorean theorem to find the
⁄ magnitude of the resultant vector. We can find the angle that the
ing in the positive x direction and j is a unit vector point-
⁄ ⁄ resultant vector makes with respect to the x axis by using a suitable
ing in the positive y direction. Because i and j are unit
⁄ ⁄ trigonometric function.
vectors, ui u 5 uj u 5 1.

Think–Pair–Share
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. Quick! Which ship do you contact to help the sinking
For additional assessment items for this section, go to ship? Which ship will get there in the shortest time inter-
val? Assume that each ship would accelerate quickly to its
1. You are working at a radar station for the Coast Guard. While maximum speed and then maintain that constant speed in a
everyone else is out to lunch, you hear a distress call from a straight line for the entire trip to the sinking ship.
sinking ship. The ship is located at a distance of 51.2 km from 2. Activity On a paper map of the United States, locate
the station, at a bearing of 368 west of north. On your radar Memphis, Albuquerque, and Chicago. Draw a vector from
screen, you see the locations of four other ships as follows: Albuquerque to Memphis and another vector from Mem-
phis to Chicago. Using the scale on the map, determine the
Distance from Maximum
straight-line distances between Albuquerque and Memphis,
Ship # Station (km) Bearing Speed (km/h)
and between Memphis and Chicago. Use a protractor to
1 36.1 428 W of N 30.0 measure the angles of your two vectors with respect to lati-
2 37.3 618 W of N 38.0 tude and longitude lines. From this information, determine
3 10.2 368 W of N 32.0 the straight-line distance in miles between Albuquerque
4 51.2 798 W of N 45.0 and Chicago.

Problems
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. 3. The polar coordinates of a certain point are (r 5 4.30 cm,
For additional assessment items for this section, go to u 5 2148). (a) Find its Cartesian coordinates x and y. Find
the polar coordinates of the points with Cartesian coordi-
Section 3.1 Coordinate Systems nates (b) (2x, y), (c) (22x, 22y), and (d) (3x, 23y).

1. Two points in the xy plane have Cartesian coordinates 4. Let the polar coordinates of the point (x, y) be (r, u).
(2.00, 24.00) m and (23.00, 3.00) m. Determine (a) the Determine the polar coordinates for the points
distance between these points and (b) their polar (a) (2x, y), (b) (22x, 22y), and (c) (3x, 23y).
coordinates.
Section 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities
2. Two points in a plane have polar coordinates (2.50 m, 30.08)
V and (3.80 m, 120.08). Determine (a) the Cartesian coordi- 5. Why is the following situation impossible? A skater glides along
nates of these points and (b) the distance between them. a circular path. She defines a certain point on the circle as

53292_ch03_ptg01.indd 63 9/14/17 9:35 AM

 64 Chapter 3 Vectors

S S S S
her origin. Later on, she passes through a point at which C and D , in terms of unit vectors. (c) Calculate C and D
the distance she has traveled along the path from the origin in terms of polar coordinates, with angles measured with
is smaller than the magnitude of her displacement vector respect to the positive x axis.
from the origin.
15. The helicopter view in Fig. y
Section 3.3 Basic Vector Arithmetic V P3.15 shows two people pull-
S ing on a stubborn mule. The
6. Vector A has a magnitude of 29 units and points in the pos-
S S person on the right pulls with
itive y direction. When vector B is added to A , the resultant S
S S a force F 1 of magnitude 120 N
vector A 1 B points in the negative y direction with a mag-
S and direction of u1 5 60.08. S S
nitude of 14 units. Find the magnitude and direction of B . F2 F1
The person on the left pulls
S S
7. A force F 1 of magnitude 6.00 with a force F 2 of magni- u2 u1
units acts on an object at the ori- tude 80.0 N and direction of x
gin in a direction u 5 30.08 above u2 5 75.08. Find (a) the single
the positive x axis (Fig. P3.7). A S force that is equivalent to the
S F2 S
two forces shown and (b) the
second force F 2 of magnitude F1
5.00 units acts on the object u force that a third person would
in the direction of the positive have to exert on the mule
y axis. Find graphically the magni- to make the resultant force
tude and direction of the resultant Figure P3.7 equal to zero. The forces are Figure P3.15
S S
force F 1 1 F 2. measured in units of newtons
S S (symbolized N).
8. Three displacements are A 5 200 m due south, B 5 250 m
S
due west, and C 5 150 m at 30.08 east of north. (a) Construct 16. A snow-covered ski slope makes an angle of 35.08 with the
a separate diagram for each of the following possible ways horizontal. When a ski jumper plummets onto the hill, a
S S S S S S S S
of adding these vectors: R 1 5 A 1 B 1 C ; R 2 5 B 1 C 1 A ; parcel of splashed snow is thrown up to a maximum dis-
S S S S
R 3 5 C 1 B 1 A . (b) Explain what you can conclude from placement of 1.50 m at 16.08 from the vertical in the uphill
comparing the diagrams. direction as shown in Figure P3.16. Find the components of
S its maximum displacement (a) parallel to the surface and
9. The displacement vectors A y (b) perpendicular to the surface.
S
T and B shown in Figure P3.9
both have magnitudes of S
3.00 m. The direction of vec- B
S 16.0
tor A is u 5 30.08. Find gra­ S
S S S S A
phically (a) A 1 B , (b) A 2 B ,
S S S S
(c) B 2 A , and (d) A 2 2B .
(Report all angles counterclock- u
x
wise from the positive x axis.) O

10. A roller-coaster car moves 200 ft Figure P3.9

horizontally and then rises 135 Problems 9 and 25. 35.0
ft at an angle of 30.08 above the
horizontal. It next travels 135 ft at an angle of 40.08 down- Figure P3.16
ward. What is its displacement from its starting point? Use
graphical techniques. S
17. Consider the three displacement vectors A 5
⁄ ⁄ S ⁄ ⁄ S ⁄ ⁄
V s3 i 2 3 j d m, B 5 si 2 4 j d m, and C 5 s22 i 1 5 j d m.
Section 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
Use the component method to determine (a) the
S S S S
11. A minivan travels straight north in the right lane of a divided magnitude and direction of D 5 A 1 B 1 C and
S S S S
highway at 28.0 m/s. A camper passes the minivan and then (b) the magnitude and direction of E 5 2A 2 B 1 C .
changes from the left lane into the right lane. As it does so, the S
18. Vector A has x and y components of 28.70 cm and
camper’s path on the road is a straight displacement at 8.508 S
V 15.0 cm, respectively; vector B has x and y com-
east of north. To avoid cutting off the minivan, the north–south
ponents of 13.2 cm and 26.60 cm, respectively.
distance between the camper’s back bumper and the minivan’s S S S S
If A 2 B 1 3C 5 0, what are the components of C ?
front bumper should not decrease. (a) Can the camper be
S
driven to satisfy this requirement? (b) Explain your answer. 19. The vector A has x, y, and z components of 8.00,
T 12.0, and 24.00 units, respectively. (a) Write a vector
12. A person walks 25.08 north of east for 3.10 km. How far S
expression for A in unit-vector notation. (b) Obtain a
would she have to walk due north and due east to arrive at S
unit-vector expression for a vector B one-fourth the
the same location? S S
length of A pointing in the same direction as A .
S
13. Your dog is running around the grass in your back yard. He (c) Obtain a unit-vector expression for a vector C three
S
T undergoes successive displacements 3.50 m south, 8.20 m times the length of A pointing in the direction opposite the
S
northeast, and 15.0 m west. What is the resultant displacement? direction of A .
S ⁄ ⁄ S S ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
14. Given the vectors A5 2.00 i 1 6.00 j and B 5 20. Given the displacement vectors A 5 s3 i 2 4 j 1 4 kd m
⁄ ⁄ S S S S ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
V 3.00 i 2 2.00 j , (a) draw the vector sum C 5 A 1 B V and B 5 s2 i 1 3 j 2 7 kd m, find the magnitudes of
S S S
and the vector dif­ ference D 5 A 2 B . (b) Calculate the following vectors and express each in terms of

53292_ch03_ptg01.indd 64 9/14/17 9:35 AM

 Problems 65
S S S S S
its rectangular components. (a) C 5 A 1 B (b) D 5 104 cm and 84.0 cm, respectively. The displacements d2m
S S S
2A 2 B and d2f from the navel to outstretched fingertips have mag-
S nitudes of 100 cm and 86.0 cm, respectively. Find the vector
21. Vector A has a negative x component 3.00 units in S S S
T length and a positive y component 2.00 units in length. sum of these displacements d3 5 d1 1 d2 for both people.
S
(a) Determine an expression for A in unit-vector nota- 29. Review. As it passes over Grand Bahama Island, the
S
tion. (b) Determine the magnitude and direction of A . eye of a hurricane is moving in a direction 60.08 north
S S
(c) What vector B when added to A gives a resultant vector of west with a speed of 41.0 km/h. (a) What is the
with no x component and a negative y component 4.00 units unit-vector expression for the velocity of the hurricane?
in length? It maintains this velocity for 3.00 h, at which time the
22. Three displacement vectors of a cro­- y course of the hurricane suddenly shifts due north, and
quet ball are shown in Figure P3.22, its speed slows to a constant 25.0 km/h. This new veloc-
S
where uA u 5 20.0 units, uB u 5
S ity is maintained for 1.50 h. (b) What is the unit-vector
S
40.0 units, and uC u 5 30.0 units. Find
S expression for the new velocity of the hurricane?
S B
(a) the resultant in unit-vector nota- A (c) What is the unit-vector expression for the dis-
45.0 placement of the hurricane during the first 3.00 h?
tion and (b) the magnitude and direc- x
tion of the resultant displacement.
O 45.0 (d) What is the unit-vector expression for the dis-
S ⁄ ⁄
S placement of the hurricane during the latter 1.50 h?
23. (a) Taking A 5 s6.00 i 2 8.00 j d units, C
(e) How far from Grand Bahama is the eye 4.50 h after it
S ⁄ ⁄
B 5 s28.00 i 1 3.00 j d units, and passes over the island?
S ⁄ ⁄
C 5 s26.0 i 1 19.0 j d units, determine a 30. In an assembly operation illustrated in Figure P3.30, a
S S
and b such that a A 1 b B 1 C 5 0.
S Figure P3.22
robot moves an object first straight upward and then also
(b) A student has learned that a single equation cannot be to the east, around an arc forming one-quarter of a circle
solved to determine values for more than one unknown in of radius 4.80 cm that lies in
it. How would you explain to him that both a and b can be an east–west vertical plane.
determined from the single equation used in part (a)? The robot then moves the
S object upward and to the
24. Vector B has x, y, and z components of 4.00, 6.00, and
S north, through one-quarter
3.00 units, respectively. Calculate (a) the magnitude of B
S of a circle of radius 3.70 cm
and (b) the angle that B makes with each coordinate axis. rth
that lies in a north–south No
S
25. Use the component method to add the vectors A vertical plane. Find (a) the
S
and B shown in Figure P3.9. Both vectors have mag- magnitude of the total dis-
S
nitudes of 3.00 m and vector A makes an angle of placement of the object Ea
S S
u 5 30.08 with the x axis. Express the resultant A 1 B in st
and (b) the angle the total
unit-vector notation. displacement makes with
the vertical. Figure P3.30
26. A girl delivering newspapers covers her route by travel-
ing 3.00 blocks west, 4.00 blocks north, and then 6.00 31. Review. You are standing on the ground at the origin of a
blocks east. (a) What is her resultant displacement? coordinate system. An airplane flies over you with constant
(b) What is the total distance she travels? velocity parallel to the x axis and at a fixed height of 7.60 3
27. A man pushing a mop across a floor causes it to undergo 103 m. At time t 5 0, the airplane is directly above you so
S ⁄
T two displacements. The first has a magnitude of 150 cm and that the vector leading from you to it is P 0 5 7.60 3 103 j m.
makes an angle of 1208 with the positive x axis. The resultant At t 5 30.0 s, the position vector leading from you to the air-
S ⁄ ⁄
displacement has a magnitude of 140 cm and is directed at plane is P 30 5 s8.04 3 103 i 1 7.60 3 103 j d m as suggested in
an angle of 35.08 to the positive x axis. Find the magnitude Figure P3.31. Determine the magnitude and orientation of
and direction of the second displacement. the airplane’s position vector at t 5 45.0 s.

28. Figure P3.28 illustrates typical proportions of male (m)

S S
and female (f) anatomies. The displacements d1m and d1f
from the soles of the feet to the navel have magnitudes of
S
P0 S
P30

S
d2m S
d2f
23.0
28.0 Figure P3.31
32. Why is the following situation impossible? A shopper pushing
S S
d1m d1f a cart through a market follows directions to the canned
⁄
goods and moves through a displacement 8.00 i m down one
aisle. He then makes a 90.08 turn and moves 3.00 m along
the y axis. He then makes another 90.08 turn and moves
4.00 m along the x axis. Every shopper who follows these
Figure P3.28 directions correctly ends up 5.00 m from the starting point.

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 66 Chapter 3 Vectors

S S
33. In Figure P3.33, the line seg- y 37. Two vectors A and B have precisely equal mag-
S S
ment represents a path from (16, 12) nitudes. For the magnitude of A 1 B to be 100 times larger
S S
the point with position vector than the magnitude of A 2 B , what must be the angle
⁄ ⁄
s5 i 1 3 j d m to the point with between them?
⁄ ⁄
location (16 i 1 12 j ) m. Point  S S
(5, 3) 38. Two vectors A and B have precisely equal magni-
Ⓐ is along this path, a fraction f x S S
O tudes. For the magnitude of A 1 B to be larger than
of the way to the destination. S S
the magnitude of A 2 B by the factor n, what must
(a) Find the position vector of
be the angle between them?
point Ⓐ in terms of f. (b) Eval- Figure P3.33 Point
uate the expression from part Ⓐ is a fraction f of the 39. Review. The biggest stuffed
(a) for f 5 0. (c) Explain whether distance from the ini- animal in the world is a snake
the result in part (b) is reason- tial point (5, 3) to the 420 m long, constructed by
able. (d) Evaluate the expression final point (16, 12). Norwegian children. Suppose
for f 5 1. (e) Explain whether the the snake is laid out in a park
result in part (d) is reasonable. as shown in Figure P3.39,
forming two straight sides of
Additional Problems a 1058 angle, with one side
240 m long. Olaf and Inge
34. You are spending the summer as an assistant learning how run a race they invent. Inge
CR to navigate on a large ship carrying freight across Lake Figure P3.39
runs directly from the tail of
Erie. One day, you and your ship are to travel across the the snake to its head, and Olaf starts from the same place
lake a distance of 200 km traveling due north from your at the same moment but runs along the snake. (a) If both
origin port to your destination port. Just as you leave your children run steadily at 12.0 km/h, Inge reaches the head of
origin port, the navigation electronics go down. The cap- the snake how much earlier than Olaf? (b) If Inge runs the
tain continues sailing, claiming he can depend on his years race again at a constant speed of 12.0 km/h, at what con-
of experience on the water as a guide. The engineers work stant speed must Olaf run to reach the end of the snake at
on the navigation system while the ship continues to sail, the same time as Inge?
and winds and waves push it off course. Eventually, enough
of the navigation system comes back up to tell you your 40. Ecotourists use their global positioning system indicator
location. The system tells you that your current position is to determine their location inside a botanical garden as
50.0 km north of the origin port and 25.0 km east of the latitude 0.002 43 degree south of the equator, longitude
port. The captain is a little embarrassed that his ship is so 75.642 38 degrees west. They wish to visit a tree at latitude
far off course and barks an order to you to tell him immedi- 0.001 62 degree north, longitude 75.644 26 degrees west. (a)
ately what heading he should set from your current position Determine the straight-line distance and the direction in
to the destination port. Give him an appropriate heading which they can walk to reach the tree as follows. First model
angle. the Earth as a sphere of radius 6.37 3 106 m to determine
the westward and northward displacement components
35. A person going for a walk follows the path shown in required, in meters. Then model the Earth as a flat surface
T Figure P3.35. The total trip consists of four straight-line
to complete the calculation. (b) Explain why it is possible
paths. At the end of the walk, what is the person’s resultant to use these two geometrical models together to solve the
displacement measured from the starting point? problem.
S ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
41. A vector is given by R 5 2 i 1 j 1 3 k. Find (a) the mag-
y
nitudes of the x, y, and z components; (b) the magnitude
S S
of R ; and (c) the angles between R and the x, y, and
Start 100 m z axes.
x
42. You are working as an assistant to an air-traffic controller
CR at the local airport, from which small airplanes take off
300 m and land. Your job is to make sure that airplanes are not
End
closer to each other than a minimum safe separation dis-
tance of 2.00 km. You observe two small aircraft on your
200 m radar screen, out over the ocean surface. The first is at alti-
30.0 tude 800 m above the surface, horizontal distance 19.2 km,
60.0 150 m
and 25.08 south of west. The second aircraft is at altitude
1 100 m, horizontal distance 17.6 km, and 20.08 south of
Figure P3.35 west. Your supervisor is concerned that the two aircraft are
too close together and asks for a separation distance for the
36. A ferry transports tourists between three islands. It sails two airplanes. (Place the x axis west, the y axis south, and
from the first island to the second island, 4.76 km away, the z axis vertical.)
in a direction 37.08 north of east. It then sails from the
second island to the third island in a direction 69.08 west 43. Review. The instantaneous position of an object is spec-
of north. Finally it returns to the first island, sailing in ified by its position vector leading from a fixed ori-
a direction 28.08 east of south. Calculate the distance V gin to the location of the object, modeled as a parti-
between (a) the second and third islands and (b) the first cle. Suppose for a certain object the position vector is
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
and third islands. a function of time given by S r 5 4 i 1 3 j 2 2t k, where

53292_ch03_ptg01.indd 66 9/14/17 9:35 AM

 Problems 67
S
r is in meters and t is in seconds. (a) Evaluate d Sr ydt. 60.0 m), all measured relative to some origin, as shown in
(b) What physical quantity does d Sr ydt represent about Figure P3.46. His ship’s log instructs you to start at tree A
the object? and move toward tree B, but to cover only one-half the dis-
S S tance between A and B. Then move toward tree C, covering
44. Vectors A and B have equal magnitudes of 5.00. one-third the distance between your current location and
S S ⁄
The sum of A and B is the vector 6.00 j . Determine the C. Next move toward tree D, covering one-fourth the dis-
S S
angle between A and B . tance between where you are and D. Finally move toward
45. A rectangular parallelepiped has dimensions a, b, and c as tree E, covering one-fifth the distance between you and E,
shown in Figure P3.45. (a) Obtain a vector expression for stop, and dig. (a) Assume you have correctly determined
S
the face diagonal vector R 1. (b) What is the magnitude the order in which the pirate labeled the trees as A, B, C, D,
S ⁄ S
of this vector? (c) Notice that R 1, c k, and R 2 make a right and E as shown in the figure. What are the coordinates of
triangle. Obtain a vector expression for the body diagonal the point where his treasure is buried? (b) What If? What if
S
vector R 2. you do not really know the way the pirate labeled the trees?
What would happen to the answer if you rearranged the
z order of the trees, for instance, to B (30 m, 220 m), A (60 m,
80 m), E (210 m, 210 m), C (40 m, 230 m), and D (270 m,
60 m)? State reasoning to show that the answer does not
a
b depend on the order in which the trees are labeled.

y
B
O S E
R2 c
S
x R1
y

Figure P3.45
x
C
Challenge Problem A
D
46. A pirate has buried his treasure on an island with five trees
located at the points (30.0 m, 220.0 m), (60.0 m, 80.0 m),
(210.0 m, 210.0 m), (40.0 m, 230.0 m), and (270.0 m, Figure P3.46

53292_ch03_ptg01.indd 67 9/14/17 9:35 AM

 Problems 89

››Analysis Model for Problem Solving

Particle in Uniform Circular Motion If a particle moves in a circular path of radius r with a constant speed S
ac S
v, the magnitude of its centripetal acceleration is given by v

v2
ac 5  (4.21)
r
r
and the period of the particle’s motion is given by
2pr
T5  (4.22)
v
The angular speed of the particle is
2p
v5  (4.23)
T

Think–Pair–Share
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. that hangs off the edge of the table. Hold the end of the ruler
For additional assessment items for this section, go to on the table with one hand and use your other hand to flick the
end of the ruler with the penny parallel to the table surface.
1. You watch your toddler nephew rolling marbles toward the top This will project the penny sitting on the corner of the table in
of a staircase. There are 12 steps, each 30.0 cm deep horizon- a horizontal direction. At the same time, the ruler will slide out
tally, and separated by 20.0 cm vertically. The marbles leave from under the second penny, which will fall straight down.
the upper landing horizontally and are projected into the air, Using your smartphone audio recorder, make an audio record-
bouncing down the steps until they arrive at the lower floor. ing of the two falling pennies. From the recording, determine
This gets you wondering the following: (a) How fast must the the time interval between the landing of the two pennies on
marble be rolled so that it misses bouncing off the first step the floor. What should the time interval be theoretically?
below the upper landing? (b) How fast must the marble be
rolled so that it misses bouncing off the second step below the Flick the
upper landing? (c) Is it possible for your toddler nephew to roll end of the 10
9
the marble fast enough to miss all the steps? (d) Suppose the ruler this 8
way 7
marble is projected with a speed such that it lands on the sixth 6
step and bounces upward at the same angle at which it struck 5
4
the step, with the same speed. Argue that the marble will not 3
2
hit another step before striking the floor of the lower landing. 1
0
2. Activity Place a penny at the corner of a table as shown in
the overhead view in Figure TP4.2. Place a ruler next to the
penny and another penny on the top of the part of the ruler Figure TP4.2

Problems
See the Preface for an explanation of the icons used in this problems set. of velocity of the object at t 5 0. (b) Determine the com-
For additional assessment items for this section, go to ponents of acceleration of the object at t 5 0. (c) Write
expressions for the position vector, the velocity vector,
Section 4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors and the acceleration vector of the object at any time t . 0.
(d) Describe the path of the object in an xy plot.
1. Suppose the position vector for a particle is given as a func-
⁄ ⁄
tion of time by S r std 5 x stdi 1 ystd j, with x(t) 5 at 1 b and
y(t) 5 ct 2 1 d, where a 5 1.00 m/s, b 5 1.00 m, c 5 0.125 m/s2, Section 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion
and d 5 1.00 m. (a) Calculate the average velocity during with Constant Acceleration
the time interval from t 5 2.00 s to t 5 4.00 s. (b) Determine
3. The vector position of a particle varies in time according to
the velocity and the speed at t 5 2.00 s. ⁄ ⁄
V the expression S r 5 3.00i 2 6.00t 2 j, where S
r is in meters and
2. The coordinates of an object moving in the xy plane vary t is in seconds. (a) Find an expression for the velocity of the
with time according to the equations x 5 25.00 sin vt and particle as a function of time. (b) Determine the accelera-
y 5 4.00 2 5.00 cos vt, where v is a constant, x and y are in tion of the particle as a function of time. (c) Calculate the
meters, and t is in seconds. (a) Determine the components particle’s position and velocity at t 5 1.00 s.

53292_ch04_ptg01.indd 89 9/14/17 9:38 AM

 90 Chapter 4 Motion in Two Dimensions

4. It is not possible to see very small objects, such as viruses,

using an ordinary light microscope. An electron micro-
scope, however, can view such objects using an electron
beam instead of a light beam. Electron microscopy has
proved invaluable for investigations of viruses, cell mem-
branes and subcellular structures, bacterial surfaces, visual
h
receptors, chloroplasts, and the contractile properties of S
muscles. The “lenses” of an electron microscope consist of vi
electric and magnetic fields that control the electron beam.
ui d
As an example of the manipulation of an electron beam, con-
sider an electron traveling away from the origin along the
⁄
x axis in the xy plane with initial velocity S vi 5 vi i . As it passes
through the region x 5 0 to x 5 d, the electron experiences Figure P4.11
⁄ ⁄
acceleration S a 5 ax i 1 a y j , where ax and ay are constants. For
the case vi 5 1.80 3 107 m/s, ax 5 8.00 3 1014 m/s2, and ay 5
12. A basketball star covers 2.80 m horizontally in a jump to
1.60 3 1015 m/s2, determine at x 5 d 5 0.010 0 m (a) the posi-
dunk the ball (Fig. P4.12a). His motion through space
tion of the electron, (b) the velocity of the electron, (c) the
can be modeled precisely as that of a particle at his cen-
speed of the electron, and (d) the direction of travel of the
ter of mass, which we will define in Chapter 9. His cen-
electron (i.e., the angle between its velocity and the x axis).
ter of mass is at elevation 1.02 m when he leaves the
5. Review. A snowmobile is originally at the point with posi- floor. It reaches a maximum height of 1.85 m above the
tion vector 29.0 m at 95.08 counterclockwise from the x floor and is at elevation 0.900 m when he touches down
axis, moving with velocity 4.50 m/s at 40.08. It moves with again. Determine (a) his time of flight (his “hang time”),
constant acceleration 1.90 m/s2 at 2008. After 5.00 s have (b) his horizontal and (c) vertical velocity components
elapsed, find (a) its velocity and (b) its position vector. at the instant of takeoff, and (d) his takeoff angle. (e) For
comparison, determine the hang time of a whitetail deer
Section 4.3 Projectile Motion making a jump (Fig. P4.12b) with center-of-mass elevations
yi 5 1.20 m, y max 5 2.50 m, and yf 5 0.700 m.
Note: Ignore air resistance in all problems and take g 5 9.80 m/s2
at the Earth’s surface.

6. In a local bar, a customer slides an empty beer mug down

Brocreative/[Link]
the counter for a refill. The height of the counter is h. The

BGSmith/[Link]
mug slides off the counter and strikes the floor at distance d
from the base of the counter. (a) With what velocity did the
mug leave the counter? (b) What was the direction of the
mug’s velocity just before it hit the floor?
7. Mayan kings and many school sports teams are named
for the puma, cougar, or mountain lion—Felis concolor— a b
the best jumper among animals. It can jump to a height of
12.0 ft when leaving the ground at an angle of 45.08. With Figure P4.12
what speed, in SI units, does it leave the ground to make
this leap? 13. A student stands at the edge of a y
cliff and throws a stone horizon- S
vi
8. A projectile is fired in such a way that its horizontal range is
tally over the edge with a speed
equal to three times its maximum height. What is the angle
of vi 5 18.0 m/s. The cliff is h 5
of projection?
50.0 m above a body of water as
9. The speed of a projectile when it reaches its maximum shown in Figure P4.13. (a) What S
h g
height is one-half its speed when it is at half its maximum are the coordinates of the initial
height. What is the initial projection angle of the projectile? position of the stone? (b) What
are the components of the initial
10. A rock is thrown upward from level ground in such a way
velocity of the stone? (c) What is
that the maximum height of its flight is equal to its hori-
the appropriate analysis model
zontal range R. (a) At what angle u is the rock thrown? (b) x
for the vertical motion of the
In terms of its original range R, what is the range R max the
stone? (d) What is the appro-
rock can attain if it is launched at the same speed but at the
priate analysis model for the S
v
optimal angle for maximum range? (c) What If? Would your
horizontal motion of the stone?
answer to part (a) be different if the rock is thrown with the
(e) Write symbolic equations for Figure P4.13
same speed on a different planet? Explain.
the x and y components of the
11. A firefighter, a distance d from a burning building, directs velocity of the stone as a function of time. (f) Write symbolic
a stream of water from a fire hose at angle ui above the equations for the position of the stone as a function of time.
horizontal as shown in Figure P4.11. If the initial speed of (g) How long after being released does the stone strike the
the stream is vi , at what height h does the water strike the water below the cliff? (h) With what speed and angle of
building? impact does the stone land?

53292_ch04_ptg01.indd 90 9/14/17 9:38 AM

 Problems 91

14. The record distance in the sport of throwing cowpats is 20. An athlete swings a ball, connected to the end of a chain,
81.1 m. This record toss was set by Steve Urner of the United in a horizontal circle. The athlete is able to rotate the ball
States in 1981. Assuming the initial launch angle was 458 at the rate of 8.00 rev/s when the length of the chain is
and neglecting air resistance, determine (a) the initial 0.600 m. When he increases the length to 0.900 m, he is able
speed of the projectile and (b) the total time interval the to rotate the ball only 6.00 rev/s. (a) Which rate of rotation
projectile was in flight. (c) How would the answers change if gives the greater speed for the ball? (b) What is the centrip-
the range were the same but the launch angle were greater etal acceleration of the ball at 8.00 rev/s? (c) What is the
than 458? Explain. centripetal acceleration at 6.00 rev/s?
15. A home run is hit in such a way that the baseball just clears a 21. The athlete shown in Fig-
T wall 21.0 m high, located 130 m from home plate. The ball is ure P4.21 rotates a 1.00-kg
hit at an angle of 35.08 to the horizontal, and air resistance discus along a circular
is negligible. Find (a) the initial speed of the ball, (b) the path of radius 1.06 m.
time it takes the ball to reach the wall, and (c) the velocity The maximum speed of
components and the speed of the ball when it reaches the the discus is 20.0 m/s.
wall. (Assume the ball is hit at a height of 1.00 m above the Determine the magnitude

Herbert Kratky/[Link]
ground.) of the maximum radial
acceleration of the discus.
16. A projectile is fired from the top of a cliff of height h above
the ocean below. The projectile is fired at an angle u above 22. A tire 0.500 m in radius
the horizontal and with an initial speed vi . (a) Find a sym- rotates at a constant rate
bolic expression in terms of the variables vi , g, and u for the of 200 rev/min. Find the
time at which the projectile reaches its maximum height. speed and acceleration
(b) Using the result of part (a), find an expression for the of a small stone lodged
maximum height h max above the ocean attained by the pro- in the tread of the tire
Figure P4.21
jectile in terms of h, vi , g, and u. (on its outer edge).
17. A boy stands on a diving board and tosses a stone into
a swimming pool. The stone is thrown from a height of Section 4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
2.50 m above the water surface with a velocity of 4.00 m/s
at an angle of 60.08 above the horizontal. As the stone 23. (a) Can a particle moving with instantaneous speed
strikes the water surface, it immediately slows down to 3.00 m/s on a path with radius of curvature 2.00 m have
exactly half the speed it had when it struck the water and an acceleration of magnitude 6.00 m/s2? (b) Can it have an
maintains that speed while in the water. After the stone acceleration of magnitude 4.00 m/s2? In each case, if the
enters the water, it moves in a straight line in the direc- answer is yes, explain how it can happen; if the answer is no,
tion of the velocity it had when it struck the water. If the explain why not.
pool is 3.00 m deep, how much time elapses between 24. A ball swings counterclockwise in a vertical circle at
when the stone is thrown and when it strikes the bottom the end of a rope 1.50 m long. When the ball is 36.98 past
of the pool? the lowest point on its way up, its total acceleration is
⁄ ⁄
s222.5 i 1 20.2 j d m/s2. For that instant, (a) sketch a vec-
Section 4.4 Analysis Model: Particle tor diagram showing the components of its acceleration,
in Uniform Circular Motion (b) determine the magnitude of its radial acceleration, and
(c) determine the speed and velocity of the ball.
Note: Problems 3 and 9 in Chapter 6 can also be assigned with
this section. Section 4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
25. A bolt drops from the ceiling of a moving train car that is
18. In Example 4.6, we found the centripetal acceleration of the
accelerating northward at a rate of 2.50 m/s2. (a) What is
Earth as it revolves around the Sun. From information on
the acceleration of the bolt relative to the train car? (b)
the endpapers of this book, compute the centripetal accel-
What is the acceleration of the bolt relative to the Earth?
eration of a point on the surface of the Earth at the equator
(c) Describe the trajectory of the bolt as seen by an observer
caused by the rotation of the Earth about its axis.
inside the train car. (d) Describe the trajectory of the bolt as
19. The astronaut orbiting seen by an observer fixed on the Earth.
the Earth in Figure P4.19
26. The pilot of an airplane notes that the compass indicates a
is preparing to dock with
heading due west. The airplane’s speed relative to the air is
a Westar VI satellite. The
150 km/h. The air is moving in a wind at 30.0 km/h toward
satellite is in a circular
the north. Find the velocity of the airplane relative to the
orbit 600 km above the
ground.
Earth’s surface, where
the free-fall acceleration 27. You are taking flying lessons from an experienced pilot.
NASA

is 8.21 m/s2. Take the CR You and the pilot are up in the plane, with you in the pilot
radius of the Earth as seat. The control tower radios the plane, saying that, while
6 400 km. Determine the Figure P4.19 you have been airborne, a 25-mi/h crosswind has arisen,
speed of the satellite and with the direction of the wind perpendicular to the run-
the time interval required to complete one orbit around the way on which you plan to land. The pilot tells you that your
Earth, which is the period of the satellite. normal airspeed as you land will be 80 mi/h relative to the

53292_ch04_ptg01.indd 91 9/14/17 9:39 AM

 92 Chapter 4 Motion in Two Dimensions

ground. This speed is relative to the air, in the direction An observer on the ground watches the boy throw the
in which the nose of the airplane points. He asks you to can and catch it. In this observer’s frame of reference,
determine the angle at which the aircraft must be “crab- (d) describe the shape of the can’s path and (e) determine
bed,” that is, the angle between the centerline of the air- the initial velocity of the can.
craft and the centerline of the runway that will allow the
airplane’s velocity relative to the ground to be parallel to Additional Problems
the runway.
34. A ball on the end of a string is whirled around in a horizon-
28. A car travels due east with a speed of 50.0 km/h. Raindrops tal circle of radius 0.300 m. The plane of the circle is 1.20 m
T are falling at a constant speed vertically with respect to the above the ground. The string breaks and the ball lands 2.00 m
Earth. The traces of the rain on the side windows of the car (horizontally) away from the point on the ground directly
make an angle of 60.08 with the vertical. Find the velocity of beneath the ball’s location when the string breaks. Find the
the rain with respect to (a) the car and (b) the Earth. radial acceleration of the ball during its circular motion.
29. A science student is riding on a flatcar of a train traveling 35. Why is the following situation impossible? A normally propor-
along a straight, horizontal track at a constant speed of tioned adult walks briskly along a straight line in the 1x
T 10.0 m/s. The student throws a ball into the air along a path direction, standing straight up and holding his right arm
that he judges to make an initial angle of 60.08 with the hor- vertical and next to his body so that the arm does not swing.
izontal and to be in line with the track. The student’s profes- His right hand holds a ball at his side a distance h above
sor, who is standing on the ground nearby, observes the ball the floor. When the ball passes above a point marked as
to rise vertically. How high does she see the ball rise? x 5 0 on the horizontal floor, he opens his fingers to release
30. A river has a steady speed of 0.500 m/s. A student swims the ball from rest relative to his hand. The ball strikes the
upstream a distance of 1.00 km and swims back to the start- ground for the first time at position x 5 7.00h.
⁄
T ing point. (a) If the student can swim at a speed of 1.20 m/s 36. A particle starts from the origin with velocity 5i m/s
in still water, how long does the trip take? (b) How much at t 5 0 and moves in the xy plane with a varying accelera-
⁄
time is required in still water for the same length swim? tion given by S a 5 s6Ït j d, where S
a is in meters per second
(c) Intuitively, why does the swim take longer when there is squared and t is in seconds. (a) Determine the velocity of the
a current? particle as a function of time. (b) Determine the position of
31. A river flows with a steady speed v. A student swims upstream the particle as a function of time.
⁄ ⁄
a distance d and then back to the starting point. The stu- 37. Lisa in her Lamborghini accelerates at s3.00i 2 2.00j d m/s2,
⁄ ⁄
dent can swim at speed c in still water. (a) In terms of d, while Jill in her Jaguar accelerates at s1.00i 1 3.00j d m/s2.
v, and c, what time interval is required for the round trip? They both start from rest at the origin. After 5.00 s, (a) what
(b) What time interval would be required if the water were is Lisa’s speed with respect to Jill, (b) how far apart are they,
still? (c) Which time interval is larger? Explain whether it is and (c) what is Lisa’s acceleration relative to Jill?
always larger.
38. A boy throws a stone horizontally from the top of a cliff
32. You are participating in a summer internship with the Coast of height h toward the ocean below. The stone strikes the
CR Guard. You have been assigned the duty of determining the ocean at distance d from the base of the cliff. In terms of
direction in which a Coast Guard speedboat should travel to h, d, and g, find expressions for (a) the time t at which the
intercept unidentified vessels. One day, the radar operator stone lands in the ocean, (b) the initial speed of the stone,
detects an unidentified vessel at a distance of 20.0 km from (c) the speed of the stone immediately before it reaches the
the radar installation in the direction 15.08 east of north. ocean, and (d) the direction of the stone’s velocity immedi-
The vessel is traveling at 26.0 km/h on a course at 40.08 ately before it reaches the ocean.
east of north. The Coast Guard wishes to send a speedboat,
which travels at 50.0 km/h, to travel in a straight line from 39. Why is the following situation impossible? Albert Pujols hits
the radar installation to intercept and investigate the ves- a home run so that the baseball just clears the top row of
sel, and asks you for the heading for the speedboat to take. bleachers, 24.0 m high, located 130 m from home plate. The
Express the direction as a compass bearing with respect to ball is hit at 41.7 m/s at an angle of 35.08 to the horizontal,
due north. and air resistance is negligible.

33. A farm truck moves S

40. As some molten metal splashes, one droplet flies off to the
v east with initial velocity vi at angle ui above the horizontal,
due east with a constant
velocity of 9.50 m/s and another droplet flies off to the west with the same
on a limitless, hori- speed at the same angle above the horizontal as shown in
zontal stretch of road. Figure P4.40. In terms of vi and ui , find the distance between
A boy riding on the the two droplets as a function of time.
back of the truck
throws a can of soda Figure P4.33
upward (Fig. P4.33) and
S S
catches the projectile at the same location on the vi vi
truck bed, but 16.0 m farther down the road. (a) In
ui ui
the frame of reference of the truck, at what angle to
the vertical does the boy throw the can? (b) What is the
initial speed of the can relative to the truck? (c) What
is the shape of the can’s trajectory as seen by the boy? Figure P4.40

53292_ch04_ptg01.indd 92 9/14/17 9:39 AM

 Problems 93

41. An astronaut on the surface of the Moon fires a cannon to and more elegant solution is obtained by using the water as
launch an experiment package, which leaves the barrel mov- the reference frame. This approach has important applica-
ing horizontally. Assume the free-fall acceleration on the tions in many more complicated problems; examples are cal-
Moon is one-sixth of that on the Earth. (a) What must the culating the motion of rockets and satellites and analyzing
muzzle speed of the package be so that it travels completely the scattering of subatomic particles from massive targets.
around the Moon and returns to its original location? (b)
46. An outfielder throws a baseball to his catcher in an attempt
What time interval does this trip around the Moon require?
to throw out a runner at home plate. The ball bounces once
42. A pendulum with a cord of before reaching the catcher. Assume the angle at which the
length r 5 1.00 m swings in bounced ball leaves the ground is the same as the angle at
a vertical plane (Fig. P4.42). which the outfielder threw it as shown in Figure P4.46, but
When the pendulum is in the that the ball’s speed after the bounce is one-half of what it
two horizontal positions u 5 was before the bounce. (a) Assume the ball is always thrown
90.08 and u 5 2708, its speed is u with the same initial speed and ignore air resistance. At
5.00 m/s. Find the magnitude what angle u should the fielder throw the ball to make it go
r
of (a) the radial acceleration the same distance D with one bounce (blue path) as a ball
S
and (b) the tangential accel- g thrown upward at 45.08 with no bounce (green path)? (b)
eration for these positions. ar
Determine the ratio of the time interval for the one-bounce
(c) Draw vector diagrams to f S throw to the flight time for the no-bounce throw.
a
determine the direction of the
total acceleration for these two at
positions. (d) Calculate the
magnitude and direction of Figure P4.42
the total acceleration at these
two positions.
45.0°
43. A spring cannon is located at the edge of a table that is θ θ
1.20 m above the floor. A steel ball is launched from the
cannon with speed vi at 35.08 above the horizontal. (a) Find D
the horizontal position of the ball as a function of vi at the
instant it lands on the floor. We write this function as x(vi). Figure P4.46
Evaluate x for (b) vi 5 0.100 m/s and for (c) vi 5 100 m/s.
(d) Assume vi is close to but not equal to zero. Show that one 47. Do not hurt yourself; do not strike your hand against any-
term in the answer to part (a) dominates so that the func- thing. Within these limitations, describe what you do to
tion x(vi) reduces to a simpler form. (e) If vi is very large, give your hand a large acceleration. Compute an order-of-
what is the approximate form of x(vi)? (f) Describe the over- magnitude estimate of this acceleration, stating the quanti-
all shape of the graph of the function x(vi). ties you measure or estimate and their values.

44. A projectile is launched from the point (x 5 0, y 5 0), 48. You are on the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction in the
⁄ ⁄ CR Magic Kingdom at Disney World. Your boat rides through
with velocity s12.0i 1 49.0 j d m/s, at t 5 0. (a) Make a
table listing the projectile’s distance |S r | from the ori- a pirate battle, in which cannons on a ship and in a fort are
gin at the end of each second thereafter, for 0 # t # firing at each other. While you are aware that the splashes
10 s. Tabulating the x and y coordinates and the compo- in the water do not represent actual cannonballs, you begin
nents of velocity vx and vy will also be useful. (b) Notice to wonder about such battles in the days of the pirates. Sup-
that the projectile’s distance from its starting point pose the fort and the ship are separated by 75.0 m. You see
increases with time, goes through a maximum, and that the cannons in the fort are aimed so that their cannon-
starts to decrease. Prove that the distance is a maximum balls would be fired horizontally from a height of 7.00 m
when the position vector is perpendicular to the veloc- above the water. (a) You wonder at what speed they must
ity. Suggestion: Argue that if S v is not perpendicular to be fired in order to hit the ship before falling in the water.
S
r , then |S
r | must be increasing or decreasing. (c) Determine (b) Then, you think about the sludge that must build up
the magnitude of the maximum displacement. (d) Explain inside the barrel of a cannon. This sludge should slow down
your method for solving part (c). the cannonballs. A question occurs in your mind: if the can-
nonballs can be fired at only 50.0% of the speed found ear-
45. A fisherman sets out upstream on a river. His small boat, pow- lier, is it possible to fire them upward at some angle to the
ered by an outboard motor, travels at a constant speed v in horizontal so that they would reach the ship?
still water. The water flows at a lower constant speed vw. The
fisherman has traveled upstream for 2.00 km when his ice
Challenge Problems
chest falls out of the boat. He notices that the chest is miss-
ing only after he has gone upstream for another 15.0 min. At 49. A skier leaves the ramp of a ski jump with a velocity of
that point, he turns around and heads back downstream, all v 5 10.0 m/s at u 5 15.08 above the horizontal as shown
the time traveling at the same speed relative to the water. He in Figure P4.49 (page 94). The slope where she will land is
catches up with the floating ice chest just as he returns to his inclined downward at f 5 50.08, and air resistance is neg-
starting point. How fast is the river flowing? Solve this prob- ligible. Find (a) the distance from the end of the ramp to
lem in two ways. (a) First, use the Earth as a reference frame. where the jumper lands and (b) her velocity components
With respect to the Earth, the boat travels upstream at speed just before the landing. (c) Explain how you think the
v 2 vw and downstream at v 1 vw. (b) A second much simpler results might be affected if air resistance were included.

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 94 Chapter 4 Motion in Two Dimensions

S
51. Two swimmers, Chris and Sarah, start together at the
v same point on the bank of a wide stream that flows with a
u
speed v. Both move at the same speed c (where c . v) rela-
tive to the water. Chris swims downstream a distance L and
then upstream the same distance. Sarah swims so that her
motion relative to the Earth is perpendicular to the banks
of the stream. She swims the distance L and then back the
same distance, with both swimmers returning to the start-
f ing point. In terms of L, c, and v, find the time intervals
required (a) for Chris’s round trip and (b) for Sarah’s round
trip. (c) Explain which swimmer returns first.
Figure P4.49 52. In the What If? section of Example 4.5, it was claimed that
50. A projectile is fired up an incline (incline angle f) with an the maximum range of a ski jumper occurs for a launch
initial speed vi at an angle ui with respect to the horizontal angle u given by
(ui . f) as shown in Figure P4.50. (a) Show that the projec-
f
tile travels a distance d up the incline, where u 5 458 2
2
2v i 2 cos ui sinsui 2 fd
d5
where f is the angle the hill makes with the horizontal in
g cos 2 f Figure 4.15. Prove this claim by deriving the equation above.
(b) For what value of ui is d a maximum, and what is that 53. A fireworks rocket explodes at height h, the peak of its verti-
maximum value? cal trajectory. It throws out burning fragments in all direc-
tions, but all at the same speed v. Pellets of solidified metal
Path of the projectile fall to the ground without air resistance. Find the smallest
S angle that the final velocity of an impacting fragment makes
vi
d with the horizontal.
θi
φ

Figure P4.50

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