A.

SYNTAX TOTAL: _________________

I. Identify the sub-category of the verb and the functions of the major elements in the
following sentences: S (subject), V (verb), dO (direct object), iO (indirect object), sP
(subject-predicative), oP (object-predicative), PC (prepositional complement), aA (adjunct
adverbial), and sA (sentence adverbial).
Example: Otto devoured the couscous.
S V [trans] dO
1. To be honest, party members regarded him as the only possible candidate.
2. She cut some slices of ham for the boy two minutes ago.
3. She disposed of her art treasures.
4. In my opinion, that firm supplies the university with a great deal of subsidy.
5. I like my curries as hot as you can make them.
6. The company went bankrupt after several years of global success.
7. Luckily enough they gave in in seconds.
8. Margaret and Michael celebrated their success with a bottle of champagne.
9. The sedan-chair proved very useful.
10. Joan placed her trophy in a prominent position.
11. The bank remained open until 8 p.m yesterday.
12. To escape the midday sun, the cats lie in the shade under our cars.

II. Decide whether the bold strings in the following sentences/noun phrases are constituents
of those sentences/noun phrases or not. Indicate two tests to prove your answer, and then
draw a phrase marker for the following sentences/phrases as
the right example:
a) Maria simply gazed at the bollard she had just demolished.
b) Those two very charming atomic scientists.
c) Two rather dubious jokes.
d) No previous experience of syntax.
e) Rory put a silencer on the gun.
f) All those dusty gorilla suits.
g) John considers visiting his aunt next week.
h) Several very noisy newspaper vendors.
i) The old Romanian history teacher.
III. Decide whether these sentences are ambiguous or not. (Explain the
ambiguity in terms of syntactic structure).
a) Sam managed to hit the man with a stick.
b) There was an agreement between workers on overtime.
c) The burglar threatened the student with the knife.
d) He looks up the the street.
e) Mark is a young car salesman.
IV. Identify and indicate the number of the type of relation between the sister in the
following sentences.
a) She saw him in the garden.
b) Girls with curly hair doing research on 18th October.

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 c) The well-built gentleman offered me a cigar.
d) A book of quotations from Shakespeare.
e) She accidentally found some exotic souvenirs.
f) Max suddenly has a really tedious conversation this morning.
V. Draw phrase markers for the following sentences.
a) These academic essays must be submitted tomorrow but I won’t be marking them before.
b) The driver of a passing limousine didn’t stop or offer them a lift to the castle.
c) The gallery’s defence was that they didn’t realise they were copied until it was too late.
d) Whether Frank or Bill should be promoted.
e) The question of whether they should set up a website was raised.
f) It was noticed by the critics that the book had a missing chapter.
g) Napoleon who inaugurated the penal code died in exile.
h) What did Albie think Sophie had said she would buy him?
i) The claim with which he ended his lecture.
J) A proposal that we should support the strike.
k) Marry’s little sister still read those crazy comics by S.J in the bath.
l) Your essay on the evolution of humans must be written by hand carefully.
m) She had expected that he would return the money he owed her.
n) Students worried that they may fail the subject actually have better exam results.
o) However, he found his lost suitcase quite easily.
p) Could these words have been written by Simon?
q) He made an expedition to the pub in the village for more cheery brandy.
r) His article was accepted and quickly published.
s) Things will be rather dull if Hieronimo leaves.
t) Who is taking V’s icon to Athens?
VI. Some verbs can belong to different categories. The verb smell, hear are one of them. Now,
to illustrate that the verb smell, hear belong to different categories, construct a sentence in
which the verb smell, hear are used as:
a) an intransitive verb b) a transitive verb c) an intensive verb
VII. Underline the subordinate clauses in the following sentences and briefly explain the
different functions of these clauses in the sentence.
1. The news, which we all heard from him, discouraged us.
2. The news that we heard from him discouraged us.
3. The news that we needed to take one more exam discouraged us.

VIII. Give abbreviated clausal analyses (ACAs) of the following sentences and state in
details the function of all subordinate clauses.

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 Example: I thought Georgette said she burned the fritters.

S1 = main clause
S2 = complement to V (thought): dO
S3 = complement to V (said): dO

a) If you are wondering whether Max is turning up the rumour is that since he’s getting
married he won’t be in for a month.
b) I am surprised Rory has learned so much because he’s usually asleep.
c) He reminded the man that he was in command at every opportunity.
d) The fact that you received no greeting from Mars doesn't mean that it is uninhabited.

B. SEMANTICS: Write all your answers in the table below. TOTAL: _______

I. Fill in each blank with no more than TWO words.

1. The ……SENSES.. of an expression is its semantic relationship with other expressions in the
language.
2. The sentence “I don’t seem to have a chair” is …LEXICAL…… ambiguous.
3. ………ANALYTIC…………..sentences are necessarily true, as a result of the sense of
the words in it.
4. ………DENOTATION………….is the core, central or referential meaning of a word.
5. …HYPONYM……………is a word whose referent is totally included in the referent of
another word.
6. …LITERAL…………..meaning is the basic, usual meaning of a word/expression.
7. “dog-cat” is an example of……Multiple incompatible……………………..
8. A …contradictory…………........sentence is necessarily false, as a result of the senses of
the words in it.
9. ………binary antonyms……………are words which come in pairs and between them
exhaust all the relevant possibilities.
10. “short” and “tall” are an example of……gradable antonym……………………..
11. ……Generic…………………sentence is a sentence in which some statement is made
about a whole unrestricted class of individuals, as opposed to any particular individual.
12. Equative sentence is a sentence used to assert the identity of the referents of
two…referring expressions…………………….., i.e. to assert that two…referring
expressions………………..have the same referent.
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 13. …Semantic features……………..are the smallest units of meaning in a word.
14. …Sense……………………is the indispensable core of meaning of an expression,
showing the semantic relationship between expressions in the language.
15. …Synthetic……………………..sentences are NOT analytic, but may be either true or
false, depending on the way the world is.
16. ……Polysemous………………word has several closely related senses. Example:
“wing”
17. ……Homonymy……………..is a relation in which different words have the same
(sound and written) form but different senses that are not obviously related to each other.
Example: “bank”
18. ……Figurative………………..meaning different from the usual meaning, creating vivid
mental images. Ex: iron fist, black sheep,…

II. Choose the best answer to each question.

1. The expression “The MeKong river” has
a. Variable reference b. Constant reference c. Co-reference d. None of the above
2. Which of the following is a pair of gradable antonyms?
a. sink – float b. true – false c. narrow – wide d. import - export
3. The word “current” (e.g.: up to date vs. flow of water) is a case of
a. Synonymy b. Hyponymy c. Homonymy d. Antonymy
4. Which of the following is a pair of incompatibility?
a. flour / flower b. ravage / destroy c. hammer / tool d. breakfast / supper
5. The sentence “John is older than himself” is:
a) analytic
b) synthetic
c) a contradiction
6. Which of the following is correct?
a) Synonymy is to entailment as hyponymy is to paraphrase.
b) Synonymy is to paraphrase as hyponymy is to entailment.
c) Synonymy is to hyponymy as entailment is to paraphrase.5
7. The word ‘might” (e.g.: meaning great strength or power vs. expressing possibility)
is a case of…………polysemy…………………….
8. The word “bare” (e.g. meaning thing that can be heard vs. meaning healthy or in
good condition) is a case of……homonymy………………….

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 9. Does polysemy or homonymy contribute to the lexical ambiguity in each of the two
given sentences
a) She cannot bear children.
b) The cat sat on the mat.

III. Decide whether these sentences are Analytic (A), Contradiction(C), or Synthetic (S).
1. Two halves make up a whole.
2. My neighbor’s child is an adult.
3. Witches are wicked.
4. John is simultaneously a man and not a human.
5. Every female dog is a bitch.
6. All ministers are stingy.
7. All mammals produce live young.
8. Kings are monarchs.
9. Witches are wicked.
10. Alice is Ken’s sister
11. Cats are not vegetables.
12. My watch is slow.

IV. Indicate the relationship between the following words: Synonyms (S), Binary antonyms (B),
Gradable antonyms (G), Converse antonyms (C), Multiple Incompatibles (I), Hyponymy
(HY) or Homonymy (H). Write your answers in the table on page 6.

1. Hot/Cold

2. Pig/Animal

2. Deciduous/evergreen

3. Same/different
4. Merit/demerit

5. High/low

6. Lessor/lessee

7. Punch/slap

8. Legal/illegal

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 9. Gloom/darkness

10. Host/guest

11. Coarse/course

12. Deny/admit

V. What principal semantic features do the words in each group share?

1. Bake, grill, fry, steam, roast

2. Wasp, bee, moth, ant, horsefly

VI. What is the relationship between sentence (A) and sentence (B)?

1. “I detest horror movies” (A) and “ I am not fond of horror movies” (B)
2. “The laser has a wide variety of applications” (A) and “As we have seen, the use of laser
is numerous” (B)
3. (A): My pet cobra likes the taste of chocolate.
(B): My pet cobra finds chocolate tasty.
4. (A): I saw Ted at the party.
(B): It was Ted that I saw at the party.
5. (A): It is 50 miles to the nearest service station.
(B): The nearest service station is 50 miles away.
6. (A): No pizzas were eaten.
(B): No frozen pizzas were eaten.
7. (A): We went in a small bus
(B): We went in a small vehicle.
8. (A): John said he is good.
(B): John is good.
9. (A): This door handle is brass.
(B): This door handle is plastic.