WEEK 7 ◦Literally good spirited

HUMANS FLOURISHING ◦A term coined by Aristotle to describe the

- an effort to achieve self actualization and pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by
fulfillment within the context of a larger humans.
community of individuals, each with the right ◦A Greek word commonly translated as
to pursue his/her own efforts. happiness or welfare; however, “human
flourishing or prosperity’’ and ‘’blessedness’’
Flourishing is "when people experience have been proposed as more accurate
positive emotions, positive psychological translations.
functioning and positive social functioning, ◦Means ‘’ doing well and living well’’
most of the time," living "within an optimal
range of human functioning." MARTIN HEIDEGGER
◦A German Philosopher - ‘’ meditative
Human flourishing in science and tech thinking’’
- in the pursuit of a good life, he/she may ◦According to him ; to be able to appreciate
acquire, consume, or destroy what the world the fruits of science and technology –
has to offer. - examined for their function and
- Science and tech must be taken as a part of instrumentality
that merits reflective and as Martin Heidegger - also for their greater impact on humans
says - meditative thinking as a whole.
technology is defined as:
1. means to an end (instrumentality)
2. human activity (anthropological)
SCIENCE AS METHOD & RULES
* HUMAN FLOURISHING = ‘’good spirited ‘’ in ◦ Scientific Method is a mathematical and
classical Aristotelian notion. experimental technique employed in the
◦It is an effort to achieve self-actualization and sciences.
fulfillment. ◦ Steps in scientific method
◦Aristotle’s human flourishing arises as a 1. Observe and determine if there are
result of the following components: phronesis, unexplained occurrences unfolding.
friendship, wealth and power. 2. Determine the problem and identify factors
involved.
HOW TO FLOURISH 3. Formulate hypotheses that could explain
● qualities and influence making us the said phenomenon.
emotionally and physically stronger to 4. Conduct experiments by setting up the
flourish dependent and independent variables and
- sense of control trying how independent ones affect
- optimistic outlook dependent ones.
- healthy habits 5. Gather and analyze results throughout and
- social support upon culmination of the experiment. Examine
- relaxation if data gathered are significant enough to
- sense of meaning conclude results.
spirituality 6. Formulate conclusions and provide
recommendations in case others would want
EUDAIMONIA to broaden the study.
 b) Poesis
KARL POPPER - as bringing forth. It means making or
◦Was one of the most influential philosophers producing something for a purpose. It is
of the 2oth century. sometimes used to refer to poetry and
◦He holds that scientific practice – composition. The activity in which a
characterized by its person brings something into being that
- continual effort to test theories against did not exist before.
experience c) Techne
- make revisions based on the outcomes - root word for technology meaning skill,
of these tests. art of craft that is often translated as
◦He proposed the Theory of Falsification. craftsmanship.

THEORY OF FALSIFICATION HOW IS TECHNOLOGY REVEALING

◦ asserts that as long as an ideology is not In Heidegger’s work, technology is a poiesis
proven to be false and can best explain a that discloses the truth.
phenomenon over alternative theories we Technology reveals the world as raw
should accept the said ideology. materials, available for production and
◦ Principle of Falsification. manipulation.
- Being unrestricted, scientific theories
cannot be verified by any possible TECHNOLOGY AS POIESIS: APPLICABLE AS
accumulation of observational MODERN TECHNOLOGY
evidence. since Poiesis + Techne = Revealing
The formation of hypotheses is a creative Technology’s essence is that it reveals
process of the imagination and is not a aletheia or truth to us. Yes but no because
passive reaction to observed regularities. modern technology goes beyond casualty.
Modern tech reveals something different: we
TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING go beyond poiesis and towards techne. Unlike
Heidegger in The Question of Technology in the past when man simply brings forth, now
highlights some points man challenges forth
1. Tech is not means to an end
2. Tech is not a product of human activity Enframing is the essence of modern
3. Tech is the highest danger technology.
- When we see how nature should fit with us
TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING rather than how we should ship with nature.
◦ Technology is important in everyday life. Instead of allowing nature to give and to
◦ Technology is a human activity. reveal on its own, we enframe and take its
◦ Heidegger also put forward the ancient sources for granted and appropriate them as
Greek of: Alethia, poesis & techne. standing reserve.
a) Alethia
- unhiddenness or disclosure. Greek word ART AS WAY OF ENFRAMING
variously translated as “unclosedness’’, ◦Enframing is a way of revealing in modern
“ unconcealedness ‘’ , “ disclosure ‘’ or technology.
‘’ truth’’. It is the state of not being ◦ It challenges back and forth and sets upon
hidden; the state of being evident. It nature.
also means factuality or reality. ◦Is a way of looking at reality.
◦Technology as enframing is the mode in aspects or dimension of given people and / or
which everything comes into open, and makes period.
sense for us. ◦Is a whole complex of interacting components
of
TWO KINDS OF THOUGHT civilization. These include custom, tradition,
A. Calculative thinking religious, ethical and philosophical maxims or
◦ is a more technical kind of human thought, dogma; social, political, economic, and
in which people gather information and put it educational structure or institutions.
together in order to put it to some specific - The role of science to culture is to give
use. us an understanding of the world as we
◦ It is more active aspect of human thought, perceive it, not as we conceive it to be.
concerned more with doing of a thing than - At present, we no longer ask why, but
considering the possible consequences. rather how things are created; how are
B. Meditative thinking these creations interconnected. We are
◦ It involves something much deeper than more concerned now about living things
practical calculation, and it takes much more becoming so diverse and how the
effort. physical environment is linked to all
◦ Tells us why we should do or should not do a living creations.
thing.
◦ It is not limited to simple coming up with Generation Gap
reasons why to or not to do a thing. ◦Is a difference of opinions between younger
people and their parents or grandparents
◦Meditation - is a practice where an individual regarding beliefs, politics or values.
uses ◦Is attributed mainly to the changes brought
techniques such as mindfulness or focusing about by technology.
their mind on a particular object or activity - ◦ This is a challenge for people in the field of
to train attention and awareness, and achieve science and technology to make theses
a mentally clear and emotionally calm and technological advancements more accessible
stable state. and less confusing for people who are not as
young anymore.
Human person swallowed by technology ◦ This is also a challenge for a younger
● If we are constantly plugged online and generation to take the older generation to an
have no time for authentic personal exciting journey in science and technology.
encounters.
● If we cannot let go of the conveniences NOTABLE COMPARISON OF THEN AND NOW
and profits brought about by processes 1. Mortality rate : due to technology, less
and industries that pollute the women and children die during birth.
environment and cause climate change, 2. Average life span : science is able to
then technology has consumed our prolong lives by enhancing living status and
humanity. discovering different remedies to most
diseases.
TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING 3. Literacy rate : access to education provided
Culture to more individuals generally creates a more
◦ is the characteristic features of particular informed public.
stage of human civilization that includes all
4. Gross Domestic Product : is often used to equipment, tools, factories, and other
determine the value of the country’s goods hardware or an informational form like blue
and services. prints, diagram and other software.
◦It is an activity or product that tends to
increase man's chance of survival.
SCIENCE AND TECH INTERRELATIONS ◦ Technology aims to fulfill a particular needs.
1. Science cannot develop without the The most basic of these needs is survival.
required technology infrastructure needed for
research and development. Materials, Posadas classified alternative strategies for
Equipment, Information, Organization, science and technology development based
Management, and financial resources are on acquisition:
necessary for the conduct of productive 1. Strategies of technological dependence-
research and development. anchors on importance of major technologies
2. Technology cannot advance without while generating few, low level ones. Rest on
continuing inputs from science. Knowing that the principles of cost effectiveness, quick
heat technology was used for cooking and result, and minimal investment risk.
lighting even by primitive people, the 2. Strategies of technological autarky-
technological leap was achieved only after characterized by an almost self reliant
explanation by the science of technology as it barely imports foreign
thermodynamics based on physics and technology. A country is said to be in a
chemistry. complete state of autarky if it has a closed
3. Science is not the only source of economy, which means that it does not
technology. Empirical know-how, experience engage in international trade.
and practice are also valuable sources of - An autarky also provides the opportunity to
technology. exercise complete control over the supply of
technology, goods and services.
Technology: definitions, concepts and [Link] of technological leapfrogging- an
perspectives approach characterized by coupling selected
◦Technology - “techne” meaning art and high technology transfer that involves
technologia which means systematic innovating imported technology.
treatment.
◦Technologia or technology is defined in
Scribner Bantan English dictionary as science
of industrial arts and manufacture, applied Meanings of technology According to Mcgginn,
science, all the means employed by a social 1. Technics- material, artifacts or hardware
group to provide for material comforts and produced by a person, group or society.
technical terminology. 2. A technology- the complex knowledge,
methods, materials and if applicable
According To Posadas constituents parts used in making a certain
◦ Technology is a system of know how, skills, kind of technic
techniques, and processes which enable 3. A form of human activity- a specific type of
societies to produce, distribute, install, endeavor practiced by technologists.
maintain or improve goods and services 4. A total societal enterprise- the complex of
needed to satisfy human needs, embodied in knowledge, people, skills, organization,
either a material form such as machine, facilities, techniques, physical resources,
method and technologies that taken together 5. Life technology – deals with the
and in relationship to one another, are preservation, repair, maintenance,
devoted to the research, development, reproduction and improvement of living
production and operation of techniques. systems.
6. Management technology – deals with the
JACQUES ELLUL planning, organization, coordination and
◦A philosopher of technology best known for control of social activities.
his anti-
technological views CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY
◦Technology refers to knowledge about 1. Operative technology – denotes
performance of certain tasks and activities implementation & practical utilization of
called techniques. technology which can be divided into two
◦Technology can dominate every field of aspects:
human and is geared to the achievement of a. Static – the know how & skills which permit
maximum efficiency in all levels of human the processor to execute technology’s routine
endeavor. operation.
b. Dynamic – the know how & skill which
CHARLES WALKER endow its processor with a comprehension of
◦ Father of modern drugstore, says that scientific principles underlying the technology
technology has two aspects the inner and and with the capacity to develop & design an
outer aspects improved version of technology.
◦A internal modern technology- consists of
skills of body and brain, of technical and 2. Advance, Frontier or High technology –
administrative procedures of mental refers to the
processes both conscious and subconscious, modern or sophisticated technologies which
some associated with value judgements began and
◦ B outer modern technology- in may developed after second world war out of
perceived as an environment where we lived, modern research in the basic sciences.
made up of external tangible things which are
modified from time to time and which modify 3. Appropriate, Intermediate, or Alternative
us. technology-
these are technologies which are low cost, low
TYPES OF TECHONOLGY level in
1. Material technology – deals with the complexity, small scale, labor intensive, suited
extraction, processing, combination and to local material and skill, designed for
synthesis of any goods. decentralized and renewable resources, and
2. Equipment technology – deals with the oriented towards rural industries.
design and fabrication of tools, instruments,
devices and machines. The role of technology can be explained
3. Energy technology – deals with the through cause and effect relationship:
generation, conversion, and distribution of 1. Technological improvement in medicine
various forms of power generated storage. reduces infant mortality, eradicates killer
4. Information technology – deals with the diseases thus leading to a high life expectancy
collection, storage, processing, retrieval, rate, and makes safe and reliable
transmission & utilization of messages.
contraceptives available resulting in a stable and objectives or mission, while demands and
growth rate. opportunities created by the market economy
2. Technological application and utilization in defined the needs at the private business
production results in high labor productivity, sector level
product surplus, higher international trade, 1. Foremost of the prerequisites is the
and technology based sports providing larger identification, clarification, and prioritization of
capital investments accumulation for better objectives and needs followed by the
income distribution and improve social determination of appropriate science and
services. technology inputs
3. Economic growth entrance formation 2. A pool of sufficiently available resources- is
enables development of better system and the second major prerequisites for
communication, as well as improving housing technological innovation
conditions and social services leading to the 3. The 3rd basic prerequisites entails
evolution of urban centers. designing and creating specific technological
innovation that would maximize and ensure a
Technology changes us—and the world steady supply of resources for the effectual
around us—in discharge of the identified objectives and
countless ways. It eases our labor, cures needs.
diseases, provides
abundant food and clean water, enables ROLE OF TECH IN SOCIETY
communication and travel across the globe, ◦Development is characterized by change
and expands our knowledge of the natural involving several interlocking aspects of
world and the cosmos. society in response to the evolving
needs and conditions in pursuit of better
Technological development should be utilized alternatives for the welfare and satisfaction of
to material needs and well being of its
achieve the following ends for the benefits of inhabitants
mankind
1. Improving the population system List of commonly used ‘’DEVELOPMENT
2. Upgrading the resource system and INDICATORS’’
protecting the environment through recycling 1. Income distribution among population
and synthesis 2. Literacy rate
3. Creating better socio-cultural system 3. Health services in terms of ratio of doctors
through party status and opportunity between to population
men and women 4. Labor force structure, ratio of science and
4. Expanding economic system by changing technology manpower to the total labor force
employment structure and percent of unemployment
5. Advancing politico legal system which will 5. Demographic structure;% of urban
enable greater people participation. population, population density and life
expectancy
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TECH
INNOVATIONS 3 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF NATIONAL
A. Needs and prerequisites TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITY
Governmental needs are embodied in a [Link] capability- ability to put foreign
countries development goals technology into actual operation and carry out
routine maintenance and minor repairs on *Doctors use three main types of “clue” in
components of technology making a diagnosis:
2. Adaptive capability- ability to adapt foreign a. The patient’s case history
technology through modification of its scale or b. The doctor’s physical examination
a replacement of some of its minor c. The results of medical tests.
components to suit local conditions
3. Replicative capability- ability to reproduce I. Diagnostic technology
some if not all, the major components of a Diagnosis- is the examination of a person to
foreign technology through endogenous determine the cause of an illness or of what
technological innovation. disease is present.
*Doctors use three main types of “clue” in
MODES OF TECH INNOVATION making a
1. Endogenous mode- cumulative method of diagnosis:
transforming knowledge potential, generated a. The patient’s case history
and develop at a local or domestic level into b. The doctor’s physical examination
practical utility involving a sequence process c. The results of medical tests.
=research- development engineering-
production or implementation- distribution or The Process Of Diagnosing
diffusion • A. Patients provide their own medical history
2. Exogenous mode- transfer of an operative by
technology developed elsewhere, assimilated answering questions posed on them such as;
and transplanted in a country through 1. Physical conditions and past illnesses
commercial and non commercial channel 2. Family history of disease and habits
3. Present illnesses
GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION
◦Is a long and tedious process and would B. Doctors use certain basic tools and
therefore play a techniques to
minimal role in national development. perform a physical examination.
◦Local effort thus, determine a country’s • They use a stethoscope to listen to a
socioeconomic progress to greater extent. patient’s heart and lungs.
• They check the internal organs for unusual
EFFECTS OF SCIENCE AND TECH IN SOCIETY hardness, softness or change in size or shape.
1. Expand society’s knowledge • they use endoscope, a lightened instrument
2. They allow mass communication that allows
3. Advances in medical career the doctor to see the interior of hollow organs
4. Changing job market such as the
stomach or intestines

WEEK 8 The general and physical examination include;

MEDICAL AND HEALTH RELATED TECH [Link] and weight measurement
DIAGNOSIS 2. Taking a blood pressure
- is the examination of a person to determine 3. Eyes, ears and mouth examination
the cause of an illness or of what disease is 4. Reflex test for nerve conductions
present.
Importance And Social Implications
• To make a final diagnosis, the doctor gather tissues of the breast as a means or screening
together all the clues from the patient's case women for breast cancer.
history, physical examination and medical
tests. E. Skin test – used to diagnose hypersensitive
1. By diagnosing body fluids such as blood, conditions and allergies. This test is usually
urine, stool sample, spinal fluids and mucus, done to identify the allergies pollen, mold, pet
we will know about the important information dander, dust mites and food. In adults, the
about the disease. Ex. Blood , can be test is usually done on the forearm.
determine whether the person has anemia,
infection or blood disease. H. Amniocentesis – a medical procedure
generally performed during the fourth month
2. Urine is tested for: of pregnancy.
• Glucose – caused by diabetes. - The examination of fetal cells contained in
• Bacteria – can indicate kidney or bladder the sample can provide valuable information
infection. about developmental abnormalities.
• Protein – its presence of blood may result - When properly performed, amniocentesis
from kidney disorder. pose minimal health risks to the developing
3. Stool sample – tested for disease-causing fetus or the mother.
microorganisms for blood which is often a
system of intestinal disease. F. Pap smear (Papanicolaou’s test) –a vaginal
4. Spinal fluids – examined for microorganisms examination that can determine cancer of the
and other unusual contents. cervix.
5. Mucus in the nose and throat – tested to - It is the method of cervical screening used to
identify organisms responsible for respiratory detect potentially precancerous and
infections. cancerous processes in the cervix. Abnormal
findings are often followed up by more
TYPES OF DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGY sensitive diagnostic procedures and if
A. CT (computed tomography) SCAN – can warranted, interventions that aim to prevent
take highly detailed images of hard and soft progression to cervical cancer.
tissues to detect very small tumors and other
disorders. G. Psychological test – used to diagnose
learning and mental processes. It uses a
B. Electrocardiogram (ECG) – is the medical combinations of techniques to help arrive to
test that detects heart problems by measuring some hypotheses about a person and their
the electrical activity by the heart as it behavior, personality and capabilities.
contracts. It is useful for diagnosing heart
conditions. I. Radiology – is a technique for generating
images or interior parts of the body by taking
C. Ultrasound – high frequency sound waves photographs using x-ray, which penetrate the
that are produced by the hand-held from body soft tissues such as the bone.
tissues detected by the same instrument,
which transmits the signal to a video monitor. J. Conventional radiography – generally and
commonly known as x- ray. Tumors,
D. Mammography – is a special x-ray pneumonia and tuberculosis could be
technique that is used to visualized soft diagnose by the use of x-ray. It can also be
used to see bone fracture and other Q) Wireless endoscope – an instruments used
conditions and to examine the muscular and to detect cancers on the small intestine and
skeletal system. other ailments by inserting fiber – optic tubes
up the rectum or down the throat. This can be
K. Biopsy – examination to detect painful and some areas remain inaccessible
abnormalities of the cell. It is the examination
of tissue removed from a living body to LASER-LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED
discover the presence, cause , or extent of a EMISSION OF RADIATION
disease. - most commonly used in medicine and
surgery. Because the laser beam is so small
L) Myelogram – test to identify spinal cord and precise, it allows health care providers to
disorder. Such disorder often shows up in safely treat tissue without injuring the
myelogram after a radiopaque liquid has been surrounding area. Device that creates and
injected into the spinal cord. amplifies a narrow intense beam of coherent
light
M) Angiogram – various kinds of angiogram
shows heart and circulatory diseases. Biomedical issues
1. Cerebral Angiogram – involves the infusion Scientific advances in biotechnology open the
of a radiopaque substance into the cerebral to door to a host of ethical, social and legal
the arterial system. issues. The fruits of development in science
- It provides important diagnostic information and technology are best savored in the fields
about the patency, size, irregularities, or of the health-related and medical sciences.
occlusion of the cerebral vessels. New researches in biotechnology could
2. Cardiac Angiography – use to visualize dramatically reduce the annual toll up to 12
coronary arteries, aorta, pulmonary blood million deaths from infectious diseases in
vessels, and ventricles to assess structural developing countries.
abnormalities in the blood vessels.
• Bioethics – concerned with questions about
N) Pulmonary test – measures the breathing basic human values such as the rights to life
capacity of lungs and airways and gives and health, and the rightness or wrongness of
information on respiratory functions. certain developments in healthcare
institutions, life technology, medicine, the
O) Pelvic Examination- test to assess the health professions and about society’s
general reproductive heath of a woman. It is responsibility for life and health of its
the physical examination of the external and members.
internal female pelvic organs.
A. ABORTION Defined as the termination of
P) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Cylinder pregnancy either spontaneously or by
– is a scanning technique for creating detailed induction prior to viability.
images or the human body. The scan uses a • Viability means the child’s capability to live
strong magnetic field and radio waves to independently from its mother after it has left
generate images of the parts of the body that womb.
can't be seen as well as the x-rays, CT scans • Normally, a child is viable after at least
or ultrasound. about the end of the 7th month of pregnancy.
• Although the fetus at this stage has a slim - If the characteristic of the unborn baby did
chance of survival, the use of an incubator not meet what the parents expected or
increases such a chance. wanted.
Abortion is a long, well-debated issue. - The determination of the fetal characteristics
The practice of abortion during the time of is made possible using modern techniques in
Plato and Aristotle was recommended to prenatal diagnosis.
control the population growth. Here in the - Such technique can detect congenital
Philippines abortion is illegal. Despite its being malformations which may be considered
illegal, abortion is still practice in the ‘’undesirable’’ thus may warrant an abortion.
Philippines. Cases of abortion here in the - In some countries like China, the female sex
Philippines ranges from 150,000 to 750,000 as the first-born may be a ground for abortion.
every year.
B. EUTHANASIA
Types of Abortion • Means ‘’easy death’’ from the Greek word
1. Natural abortion eu – ‘easy’
• Occurs spontaneously or by accident. and Thanatos – ‘death’
• Also called miscarriage. • It can be defined as the deliberate putting to
• It has no moral bearing. death in an easy, painless way, of an
individual with an incurable and agonizing
2. Induced abortion disease.
• This involves deliberate removal of the • Often referred to as ‘ MERCY KILLING’
unborn.
• It is termination of pregnancy using drugs or A. Active Euthanasia – is a sense that there is
surgical intervention after implantation. deliberate killing of the individual to terminate
• Self induced abortion is an abortion the prolonged suffering.
performed by the pregnant woman herself or B. Passive Euthanasia – involves allowing
with the help of other non- medical oneself to die without taking any medical
assistance. treatment.
[Link] or Intentional Abortion – in this of C. Voluntary Euthanasia – is the act of
kind of abortion, the woman willfully deliberate killing is requested by the patient
undergoes abortion due to unwanted himself.
pregnancy, due to unplanned/accidental D. Non Voluntary Euthanasia – decided upon
pregnancy between spouse or sexual partners by the physician, a close relative, or a friend
or pregnancy brought about by rape. of the patient. It may take place in cases
• Therapeutic Abortion – if a woman’s life is where the patient is unconscious and cannot
put in danger due to a pregnancy or decide himself.
continuation of a pregnancy, abortion is
induced to save the life of the woman. *The use of technology may help prolong life
- Cases like ectopic pregnancy or uterine but may not
cancer are examples of situations when sustain and improve its quality.
therapeutic abortion is performed. In some A common scenario: of a comatose patient
instances, abortion is a secondary effect of an dependent on respirator and artificial feeding
action intended to the life of the mother. machine. The use of that gadget may increase
•Eugenic / Selective Abortion the life span of the patients for months.
However the condition may not improve.
 “In – vitro” – means “inside a glass” It refers
*The use of technology may help prolong life to the union of the sperm and egg in a test
but may not tube.
sustain and improve its quality. - In this technique, sperm from a male is
A common scenario: of a comatose patient allowed to fertilized an egg cell from a female
dependent on respirator and artificial feeding inside a test tube under laboratory-controlled
machine. The use of that gadget may increase conditions. The resultant zygote is allowed to
the life span of the patients for months. grow and develop for several days after which
However the condition may not improve. the embryo is implanted in the woman’s
Using the Brain Death Definition, it is possible uterus for further development. In Vitro
that the individual is considered alive because Fertilization and Embryo Transfer
the functioning of his brain is still supported -“in-vitro” means “inside a glass”
by machine, but the quality of being alive may - the union of the sperm and egg in a test
be considered virtually absent. tube

Reproductive Technologies In Vitro fertilization and embryo transfer is

[Link] Insemination performed for either of the following reasons:
- Introduction of semen to the vagina or 1. Both couples are sterile.
uterus of a 2. The wife is a carrier of defective genes or
female with the use of an instrument such as has defective oocytes or non-functional ova.
syringe in 3. Fertilization is not possible due to some
order to attain conception and pregnancy. obstructions or defects in the fallopian tube of
the wife
1. Artificial Insemination using the sperm of
the husband (AIH) – it is performed if the Artificial Insemination and In-Vitro Fertilization
husband is suffering from low sperm count or - are solutions to the childlessness of couples.
the husband is sterile. With this procedure, The couples consent to perform these
the sperm of the husband is first concentrated technologies would symbolize their love for
prior to insemination. other possible reasons each other. This is a way for them to
for AIH are the following: overcome infertility or sterility.
- The husband is incapable or erection,
thus incapable of fertilization. HYBRIDIZATION - is the process of
- Some types of injury which cause interbreeding between individuals of different
hindrance to normal intercourse. species or genetically divergent individuals
Some physiological obstruction of the from the same species Offspring produced by
genitalia of the woman. In case the woman hybridization may be fertile, partially fertile, or
has defects in her uterus, gestation may not sterile. It is used in plant growing for
occur in her. Couples may settle for a centuries.
surrogate motherhood arrangement. Either Modern methods of hybridization have
the husband or the donor’s sperm is application in many field besides agriculture.
introduced into the woman who will act as For ex. Scientists are now using controlled
surrogate mother. breeding techniques and other methods from
biotechnology to insure survival of species
B. In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. that are threatened or endangered.
 ● Farmers found that they could produce - Twins or triplet are thus formed with
food plants with any number of special identical DNA. This has done for many years
qualities by carefully selecting the on various species of animals, only very
seeds that plant and by controlling limited experimentation has been done on
growing conditions. humans.
● “As the result of this kind of process,
the 2 – 3 inches vegetable known as c. Adult DNA Cloning - this technique produces
maize has evolve over the years in the a duplicate of an existing animal. It has been
12 inches robust product we call corn. used to clone a sheep
● The greatest success of hybridization & other mammals.
has been in the development of new The DNA from an embryo is removed and
food crops that can be grown in a replaced with the DNA from an adult animal.
variety of less-than-optimal conditions. The embryo is then implanted in a womb and
The dramatic increase in harvests made allowed to develop into a new animal.
possible by these developments has Not yet been tried on humans. It has the
become known as the Agricultural potential or producing a twin of an existing
Revolution or Green Revolution person.

Cloning – is the creation of a being that is d. Therapeutic Cloning – this is a procedure

genetically identical to its parent. It is the that starts off like adult DNA cloning.
production of one or more individual plants or - The goal of this is to produce a healthy copy
animals that are genetically identically to of a sick person’s tissue or organ for
another. It is the process of producing similar transplant.
populations of genetically identical individuals - This technique would be vastly superior to
that occurs in nature when organisms such as relying an organ transplant from other people.
bacteria, insects or plants reproduce
asexually. Pharmacology Breakthrough
A. Antiseptics - was discovered by John Lister
Types of Cloning that is used to reduce the risk of infection
during surgery.
a. Reproductive Cloning – the life is implanted Ex. Carbolic Acid – was used to clean wounds
in a surrogate mother and allowed to grow and surgical cuts and to scrub surgeons
and born. hands.

b. Embryo Cloning – this is a medical B. Insulin – a hormone used to control the

technique which disease diabetes mellitus.
produces monozygotic (identical) twins or *Diabetes usually results when the pancreas
triplet. It is more accurately called artificial does not produce insulin to use the sugar in
twinning because it stimulates the blood.
the mechanism by which twins naturally
develop. C. Penicillin – acts both by killing bacteria and
- one or more cells are removed from a by inhibiting
fertilized embryo and encouraged to develop their growth.
into one or more duplicate embryos. It does not kill organisms in the resting stage
but only those growing and reproducing.
it is effective against a wide range of disease –
bearing microorganisms.
It is successfully used to treat deadly diseases WEEK 9
as gas gangrene, gonorrhea and scarlet fever.
Good Life
D. Nystatin – is the world’s first successful - marked by happiness brought about by
fungus - fighting virtues human actions and decisions that
antibiotic. It kills the body’s bacteria that fight affect the individual self and the greater
fungus. community.
- it cures various potentiality devastating - It is characterized by a life of flourishing of
fungal oneself and of other.
infections of the skin and digestive system.
Truth
E. Diphtheria, Antitoxin, Trypan aim of theoretical sciences. It is the quality of
- “magic bullets” attacking only disease- being true. It is a quality of the propositions
causing organisms in the body and leaving the which underlie correctly-used statements.
rest of the body unaffected. ● “Good”
- is the end goal of the practical ones.
F. Polio Vaccine
- developed on June 23,1995 by microbiologist Aristotle
Jonas Edward Salk. It is the first vaccine - first philosopher who approached the
effective against poliomyelitis that provided problem of reality from a scientific lens.
immunity against polio. - He is the first thinker who dabbed into the
- Poliomyelitis (Polio) – is an infectious complex problematization of the end goal of
disease that sometimes results in paralysis. life:
The term was derived from a Greek word ● Happiness.
referring to inflammation of the spinal cord. - He thinks that happiness is the end of
- The shortened term polio is commonly used everything that we do. We may not realized
by the public and medical professions, and the but the end goal of everything that we do is
disease has also been referred to as happiness.
INFANTILE PARALYSIS.
- The infection chiefly affects children and “According to Aristotle, human activities aim
young adults and is caused by any one of at some good. Every art and human inquiry
three related viruses called poliovirus. and similarly every action and pursuits
- The virus penetrates into the central nervous thought to aim at some good.”
system, infecting cells that control muscle * Everyone is moving towards the good.
function.
- Such infection can result in permanent Aristotle's view of good life
paralysis of limbs. ● the activity of the soul in accordance
- The infection attacks the brain, creating with virtue
complications that sometimes result in death. ● the good for human is the maximum
realization of what was unique to
humans
● the good for the humans was to reason
well
 ● the task of reason was to teach humans care of the environment. All these and more
how to act virtuously and the exercise are pursued for the sake of happiness.
faculties in accordance with virtue It is that which comes from living a life of
virtue, a life of excellence, manifested from
Plato the personal to the global scale.
- thought that things in the world are not real
and are only copies of the real in the world of Virtue
forms. - plays a significant role in the living and
attainment of the good life. The constant
Two aspects of Reality: practice of the good no matter how difficult
a. World of forms the circumstances.
- entities are only copies of the ideal and the Ex. a. Making sure that one avoids sugary
models and the forms are only real entities. and processed foods to keep healthy is an
- It is the essential basis of reality. activity that expresses virtue.
b. World of matter b. Taking care of the environment through
- it is an international art and media project proper waste management which results in a
investigating primary materials (fossil, clean environment that can add to people’s
mineral, agrarian, maritime) and the comple well-being and happiness.
ecologies of which they are a part. - behavior showing high moral standards -
- the things are changing and impermanent. paragons of virtue
- “ No individual young or old, fat or skinny,
male or female – resists happiness. We all Kinds of Virtue
want to be happy.
a. Intellectual Virtue
- quality of mind & character that promote
Happiness as the Goal of a Good Life critical thinking, and the pursuit of truth.
John Stuart Mill - These are the deep personal qualities or
- declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by character strengths.
saying that an action is right as far as it - These are wisdom, which governs ethical
maximizes the attainment of happiness for behavior, and
the greatest number of people. understanding.
- He said that individual happiness of each - They include: intellectual responsibility,
individual happiness of each individual should perseverance, open-mindedness, empathy,
be prioritized and collectively dictates the kind integrity, intellectual courage, confidence in
of action that should be endorsed. reason, love of truth, intellectual humility,
imaginativeness, curiosity, fair-mindedness,
Happiness and autonomy.
- is the ultimate end of human action which
people pursue Moral Virtue
for its own sake. A communication and - dispositions or habits of living that deal with
material. the whole person . For example, prudence,
Ex. Financial stability for one’s family, the justice, fortitude an temperance are moral
power achieved from winning the elections, or virtues.
the harmony and peace as a reward for taking
 - We learn moral virtue primarily through
habit & practice rather than through Hedonists, strive to maximize their total
reasoning & instruction. pleasure.
Moral virtues cannot exist without intellectual Pleasure has always been the priority. For
virtues. Moral virtue can exist without certain them life is about obtaining and indulging in
intellectual virtues, e.g., wisdom, scientific pleasure because life is limited.
knowledge, and art. But moral virtue cannot “Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we
exist without understanding and prudence. die.”

School of Thoughts C. Stoicism

A. Materialism - teaches the development of self-control and
- form of philosophical monism which holds fortitude as a means of overcoming
that matter is the fundamental substance in destructive emotions.
nature, and that all things, including mental - For Stoics, to generate happiness, one must
aspects and consciousness, are results of learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.
material interactions. This means that Happiness can be attained by
- physical well-being and worldly possession a careful practice of apathy meaning to
constitute the greatest good and highest indifferent. Some things are not within our
value control. The sooner we realize this, the
- realist philosophy of science which holds that happier we can.
the world is a material- phenomenon in the - The philosophy asserts that virtue (such as
universe “matter in motion” according to wisdom) is happiness and judgment should be
natural laws. based on behavior, rather than words. That
-asserts the primacy of the material world: we don't control and cannot rely on external
matter precedes thought. Thought is a events, only ourselves and our responses.
reflection of the material world.
D. Theism
Democritus and Leucippus - the belief in the existence of one or more
- the first materialists who led a school whose divinities or deities(gods) that exist within the
primary belief is that the world is made up of universe. The ultimate basis of happiness for
and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in theist is the communication with God.
the world called atoms. - Most people find the meaning of their lives
- “ Most people who are clinging on to using God as a fulcrum of their existence.
material wealth as the primary source of the - The world where we are in is only just a
meaning of their existence.” temporary reality where we have to maneuver
around while waiting for the ultimate return to
B. Hedonism the hands of God.
- philosophy that pleasure is the most
important pursuit of mankind, and the only Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the
thing that is good for an individual. existence of a Supreme Being or deities. The
- This is led by Epicurus, this school of term often describes the classical conception
thought does not buy any notion of afterlife of God
like the materialist. - Atheism is commonly understood as non-
- Epicurus, school of thought does not buy any acceptance or rejection of theism in the
notion of afterlife like the materialist.
broadest sense of theism, i.e. non-acceptance Humanists believe that human experience and
or rejection of belief in God or gods. rational thinking provide the only source of
both knowledge and a moral code to live by.
E. Humanism - emphasizes the value and They reject the idea of knowledge 'revealed'
agency of human beings, or the freedom of to human beings by gods, or in special books.
man to carve his own destiny and to legislate
his own laws, free from shackles of a God that
monitors and controls.
The man is literally the captain of his own
ship.
- It is a philosophical stance that emphasizes
the value and agency of human beings,
individually and collectively. The meaning of
the term humanism has fluctuated according
to the successive intellectual movements WEEK 10
which have identified with it.
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
Humanism
1. Putting human beings and other living When Technology and Humanity Cross
things at the center of your moral outlook Our world is in a period of transformative
2. Seeing the world as a natural place and change & many
looking into science and reason to make sense of us surprised by the scale and pace of
of it developments we
3. Promoting and supporting human flourish simply hadn’t anticipated. The advancement
across all frontiers, and championing human of technology
rights reshapes the essence of humanity and touch
every aspects
Humanist of life.
- is applied to someone who concentrates on Several technological devices that can easily
human activities and possibilities, usually found inside
downplaying or denying the importance of the home, the most accessible place to
God and a life after death. anyone:
- Humanist see themselves not merely as
stewards of the creation but as individuals a. Mobile Phones
who are in control of themselves and the - wireless handheld device that allows users to
world outside them. make and receive calls and to send text
- Humanism as another school of thought messages that is use for communication.
espouses the freedom of man to carve his - survey results showed that one in every 3
own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free Filipinos cannot live without a mobile phone.
from the shackles of a God that monitors and -mobile phones are necessities in life.
controls.
Television Sets
For a humanist, man is literally the captain of -the ultimate medium for advertisement
his own ship. placements. It plays a great role in the lives of
the people.
- It is mainly used as a platform for Here are some facts about Filipinos and their
advertisements, different propagandas and gadgets and the Internet
advocacies and for information dissemination. - Mobile phone subscription is at 119
- It can also be a good way to bond with one’s million
family members. - Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours
on mobile and 5.2 hours on desktop
Kantar Media daily.
-most trusted television audience - Currently, the Philippines has one of the
measurement providers. Reported that in the highest digital populations in the world.
Philippines, the current count of households - There are now 47 million active
with television set already reached 15. 135 Facebook accounts in the Philippines.
million. - The Philippines is the fastest-growing
application market in Southeast Asia
c. Computers and Laptops
Computer- machine or device that performs The Cumulative Impact of Technology
processes, calculations and operations based - during the technological eras, tech
on instructions provided by a software or development only consider society and
hardware program. financial benefits
It is designed to execute applications and - no focus on the environment outside of
provides a variety of solutions by combining the human species
integrated hardware and software - driven by monetary gains - health of
components. the bottom line
Before, the first design of computers was so - increased pollution and toxic waste
big that it could occupy whole floors of emission
buildings. - minimal understanding of health impact
on people, wildlife, nature, etc.
Laptops- sometimes called a notebook - Tech starts to evolve into Green
computer by manufacturers, a battery- or AC- Technology
powered personal computer generally smaller
than a briefcase that can easily be Man- constantly pursuit of the good life.
transported and conveniently used in Soul- the seat of our humanity and been the
temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in focused of
libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings. attention of each goal
Human Dignity- ultimate core value of our
Osborne I existence. It is
- (Orfano 2011) is the first true portable something that cannot be taken away.
computer release in April 1981. Catholic Social Teaching states that each and
every person has value, is worthy of great
respect and must be free from slavery,
Analytical Engine manipulation and exploitation.
-the basic framework of the computers It is in this kind of society that we are able to
designed by an English Mathematician become fully
professor Charles Babbage. human, more free, more rational and more
loving.
“The Catholic Church proclaims that human 1. Article 1: All human beings are born free
life is sacred and that the dignity of the and equal in dignity and rights. They are
human person is the foundation of a moral endowed with reason and conscience and
vision for society. This belief is the foundation should act towards one another in a spirit of
of all the principles of our social teaching.”. brotherhood.
“The first violation of human dignity is 2. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all rights
humiliation. Humiliation: cause a loss of self- and freedoms set forth in this declarations
respect, dignity, pride, or the painful feeling without distinction of any kind, such as race,
arising from something dishonorable. ... color, sex, language, religion, political or
Basically Human Dignity is the value or worth opinion, national or social origin, property,
of a human. birth or either status.
3. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life,
Universal Declaration of Human Rights liberty and security of a person.
- global standard of fundamental human rights 4. Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery,
for universal recognition and protection. slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited
“Everyone has absolute moral worth by virtue in all their forms.
of being a human”. 5. Article 5: No one shall be subjected to
torture or to cruel, in human or degrading
Human Rights treatment or punishment.
- basic rights and freedoms that belong to all 6. Article 6: Everyone has the right to
of us, from birth until death. recognition everywhere as a person before
the law.
- include the right to life and liberty, freedom 7. Article 7: All are equal before the law and
from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion are entitled without any discrimination to
and expression, the right to work and equal protection of the law.
education.
All are entitled to equal protection against any
Examples of rights and freedoms which are discrimination in violation of this declaration
often thought of as human rights include civil and against any incitement to such
and political rights, such as the right to life discrimination.
and liberty, freedom of expression, and
equality before the law; and social, cultural Robotics
and economic. - branch of engineering that involves the
conception, design, manufacture, and
Human rights include the right to life and operation of robots.
liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, - This field overlaps with electronics, computer
freedom of opinion and expression, the right science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics,
to work and education. Everyone is entitled to nanotechnology and bioengineering.
these rights, without discrimination. - It deals with the design, construction,
operation, and use of robots, as well as
THE FIRST SEVEN ARTICLES OF THE computer systems for their control, sensory
UNIVERSAL feedback, and information processing. These
DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS : technologies are used to develop machines
that can substitute for humans and replicate
human actions.
...Robots must never harm human beings. - Examples are cleaning robot for public
places, delivery robot in offices or hospitals,
Germany- was one of the first countries to firefighting robot,
develop service rehabilitation robot , and surgery robot in
robots. hospitals.
In this context, an operator is a person
Engel Berger designated to start, monitor, and stop the
- father of the modern robotics industry., intended operation of a robot or a robot
worked closely with inventor George Devol, system.
licensing patents and developing the first
industrial robot in the United States under the The German Federal Ministry of Education and
brand name “Unimate”. Research Service Robotics Innovation Lead
Initiative sponsored a collaborative project
ROBOTICS AND HUMANITY called DESIRE (Deutsche Service Robotik
Robot Initiative-Germany Service Robotics Initiative)
- do a specific task but focus mainly in with the following individual objectives:
assisting their masters in their everyday
tasks. A. To achieve a technological edge toward
- Robots are machine and often, or almost attaining key functions and components that
always, automatic, which means that it is able are suited for everyday use.
to perform activities on its own without the aid B. To create a reference architecture for
of external variables like humans. mobile manipulation.
- robots are quickly emerging as a threat to C. To promote the convergence of
the global workforce. technologies through integration into a
- they are free from all other emotional, common technology platform
physical and mental noise that humans D. To conduct pre competition research and
experience. development activities for new products and
- robots are equipped with better speed and technology transfer in startup enterprises in
endurance than humans. the field of service robotics.

Kinds of Robot Some of the expected work to be performed

a. Service Robot by DESIRE are
- robot that performs useful tasks for humans the following:
or equipment excluding industrial automation - “Clear up the kitchen table “– all
application. objects on top of the kitchen table will be
removed to where they belong
b. Personal Service Robot - “Fill the dishwasher”- the dirty dishes
- service robot used for a non- commercial will be sorted correctly into the dishwasher
task, usually by laypersons. - Clear up this room” – all objects that
are not in their proper places will be moved to
c. Professional Service Robot where they belong.
- service robot used for commercial task,
usually operated by a property trained Different machines that displayed the same
operator. mechanism and characteristics as the robots
in the present.
For example: A robot may not injure a human being of
There was a wooden pigeon that could fly through inaction, allow a human being to
A talking doll come to harm.
Steam – powered robots b. Law Two:
Hydraulically – operated statues that could A robot must obey the orders given it by
speak and human beings except where such orders
gesture. would conflict with the first law.

ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTICS:

- Primarily they used to ease the work c. Law Three
load of mankind . A robot must protect its own existence as long
- They were invented to make life more as such protection does not conflict with the
efficient and less stressful. first or second law.
- Robots are also used in factories to
build things like cars, candy bars, and ETHICAL DILEMMAS FACED BY ROBOTICS:
electronics. 1. One of the dilemmas faced by robots is
- Robots play different roles not only in safety.
the lives of the people but also in the society It is important to know who should be blamed
as a whole. and who should be held responsible if
- There are robots which made for someone’s safety is compromised by a robot.
pleasure that perform activities to entertain (the inventor / maker or agent)
people.
- They can be found in amusement parks 2. Emotional Component
or exhibits. This may seem a little absurd as of the
- There are some robots which were moment, but looking at how fast technology
made to serve as toys that perform different progresses nowadays, it is not completely
activities but they are usually child friendly. impossible for robots to develop emotions. It
- Most robots today are used to do is interesting to know how people would react
repetitive actions or jobs considered too if the time comes when robots can already
dangerous for humans. feel pain and pleasure.

Advantages of Robotics Autonomy -the ability to perform intended

The benefits of robots have increased their tasks based on bcurrent state and sensing
flexibility with being capable of performing a without human intervention.
variety of tasks and applications. a. Partial Autonomy- active human-robot
They are more precise and consistent than interaction.
human workers. b. Full Autonomy - excludes active human-
Robots also allow for increased production robot interaction.
and profit margin because they can complete A robot with full autonomy can perform
tasks faster. actions or activities even without a master
telling it what should be done or what should
ETHICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ROBOTS be performed.
FORMULATED BY ISAAC ASIMOV:

a. Law One:
The rise of the machines accompanying the
progress in science and technology may Billy Joy
render humans to be useless. - wrote a controversial essay “Why the future
does not need us”.
Manual Labor- physical work done by people, - genetics, nanotech, and robotics are
most especially in contrast to that done by threatening to make humans an endangered
machines, and to that done by working species.
animals.
It is most literally work done with the hands, These technologies offer untold promise:
and, by figurative extension, it is work done oGenetic Engineering = may soon provide
with any of the muscles and bones of the treatments, if not outright cures, for most
body. diseases.
oNanotechnology and Nanomedicine=
“Manual Labor is gradually being replaced by address yet more ills, together they could
machinery.” significantly extend the average life span and
“Computers become more and more improve the quality of our lives.
sophisticated.”
J. Robert Oppenheimer- brilliant physicist
Artificial Intelligence known as the
-sometimes called machine intelligence, “father of Atomic Bomb”
intelligence demonstrated by machines, - lead the atomic bombing of the Japanese
contrast to the natural intelligence by humans cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 that
and other animals. killed over a hundred thousand people.
- Unemployment = is only one of the
many ethical considerations in the widespread Freeman Dyson- shared his thoughts and
use of sentiments as a scientist taking part in the
artificial intelligence. development of nuclear power in his
“In the future, when machines and documentary “The Day After Trinity”.
robots become more human like, with all the
attendant feelings and thoughts, peoples may ◦ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
also have to consider the ethical treatment for ◦Technological advancement is the generation
artificial intelligence. The development of of information or the discovery of knowledge
society along with science and technology that advances the understanding of
gives rise to more and more complex issues. technology.
We are able to protect and exercise human
rights for everyone in our pursuit of the good THE GREATEST INVENTIONS OF OUR TIME:
life. [Link] fingerprinting- laboratory technique
- It is important that in these used to establish a link between biological
developments human beings become more evidence and a suspect in a criminal
free, more rational, and more loving in our investigation.
practice of science and technology. A DNA sample taken from a crime scene is
compared with a DNA sample from a suspect.
If the two DNA profiles are a match, then the
WEEK 11 evidence came from that suspect.
 The Internet- global computer network oTechnological innovation in food production
providing a variety of information and was evidence by irradiation technique.
communication facilities, consisting of There was an increased mechanism of farming
interconnected networks using standardized with the widespread use of pesticide and
communication protocols. herbicide.
Scientific farming with careful breeding,
Wireless electricity- transmission of electrical controlled breeding and mechanized handling
energy without wires. . People often compar techniques were also learned.
the wireless transmission of electrical energy
as being similar to the wireless transmission D. MATERIALS
of information, for example, radio, cell oA Glass fiber molded to form motor car
phones, or wi-fi internet. bodies and hulls a small ship.
oCarbon fiber utilized for high temperature
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT IN turbine blades instead of metals.
DIFFERENT FIELDS: oHeat shields on space craft were made of
ceramic that produce materials resistant to
[Link] high temperature.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
-heavy bulldozer and tower crane were onew extensive for nonferrous metals, such
invented. as:
Home systems like plumbing, and heating [Link] for electric conduction
food that had begun before World War II [Link] for shields in nuclear power installation
continued progressing with a proliferation of [Link] for protective plating of less resistant
electrical equipment. materials
Spectacular skyscrapers, bridges, and dams [Link] for photography
all over the world, especially in the United
States, were constructed E. COMMUNICATION
Radars- used on ships, airlines & in military
-The Empire State Building = was built with its stations to give early warning signals against
total height of 1250 ft and 102 stories, aerial or sea attacks
achieved a limit not exceeding 40 years. Transistor- for computers , control engineering
and communication techniques.
B. TRANSPORTATION Space satellites- was developed in the 1960’s
[Link] 1950’s wiTnessed The coming of big for telephone & television communication, as
jeT-civil airliners well as relaying meteorological photos &
[Link] cushion vehicles were developed data..
◦Vertical takeoff landing techniques of an Magnetic tape- means of recording sounds
aircraft were successfully pioneered by a and vision.
British military airplane.
◦Air cushion vehicles were developed Printing technique:
a)Photo type setting- conventional metal type
C. Agriculture replaced by photographic image
Food Production b)Xerography- dry copying process
oA highly effective insecticide was discovered. Optical devices- zoom lenses with increased
power of camera
 it also has the potential to negatively affect
Laser- a powerful means of communication by physical and emotional health.
long distance. It is also used in surgical
technique. Read on as we take a look at a few possible
Electromagnetic waves- used instead of light negative effects of technology and provide
to venture into the structure of the universe tips on healthier ways to use it.
Radio telescope- pioneered after the World
War II became the vital in the satellite control A. Digital eye strain
& space research. According to the American Optometric
◦ Radio telescope have been directed towards Association (AOA), prolonged use of
the sun’s closets neighbor with the hope of computers, tablets, and cellphones can lead
receiving electromagnetic signals from the to digital
other species in the universe. eye strain.
Symptoms of digital eye strain may include:
F. Energy/POWER blurred vision, dry eyes, headaches, neck and
The first atomic bombs were explored. shoulder pain.
Atomic power station was built.
◦The mechanics of the hydrogen bomb was Contributing factors are screen glare, bad
studied due to triggering off a fusion reaction lighting, and improper viewing distance.
with intense heat generated by atomic fission
explosion. The AOA recommends the 20-20-20 rule to
◦The first successful use of the gas turbine. ease eye strain. To follow this rule, try to take
a 20-second break every 20 minutes to look at
G. AUTOMATION AND COMPUTERS something that’s 20 feet away.
Computers, especially the electronic digital
computer, a 20th century invention, have B. Musculoskeletal problems
been very essential equipment. When you use a smartphone, the chances are
◦ The theory of this was expanded on the that you’re holding your head in an unnatural
English mathematician and inventor, Charles forward-leaning position. This position puts a
Babbage in the 1830’s. The machine utilizes lot of stress on your neck, shoulders, and
electronic devices to record electronic impulse spine.
in the binary system.
◦ Mark a digital computer was further tested at A small 2017 study found a clear association
Harvard university. between self-reported addiction to
◦ The transistor invented by John Bardeen, smartphone use and neck problems.
Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at the
bell telephone laboratories in the US 1947 was An earlier study found that among teens,
the product of research on physics of solids neck- shoulder pain and low back pain rose
and materials like germanium and silicon. during the 1990s at the same time that the
use of information and communication
Technology is here To sTay, buT iT’s always technology was increasing.
morphing and expanding. As each new
technology enters the scene, it has the Overuse of technology can also lead to
potential to improve lives. But, in some cases, repetitive strain injuries of the fingers,
thumbs, and wrists.
If you’re feeling the pain of technology, you
can take the following steps to reduce these =health apps to track chronic illnesses and
issues: communicate vital information to doctors
take frequent breaks to stretch create an =health apps that help you track diet,
ergonomic workspace maintain proper posture exercise, and mental health information online
while using your devices medical records that give you access to test
If pain persists, see a doctor. results and allow you to fill prescriptions
=virtual doctor visits
C. Sleep problems =online education and ease of research
Technology in the bedroom can interfere with =enhanced communication with others, which
sleep in a number of ways. can improve the feeling of connection
A 2015 study demonstrated that exposure to
the blue light that devices emit can suppress Modern environmental technology enabled us
melatonin and interrupt your circadian clock. to capture this naturally occurring energy and
Both of these effects can make it harder to fall convert it into electricity or useful heat
asleep and result in you being less alert in the through devices such as solar panels, wind
morning. and water turbines, which reflects a highly
Having electronic devices in the bedroom positive impact of technology on the
places temptation at your fingertips, and it environment.
can make switching off more difficult. That, in
turn, can make it harder to drift off when you A. Easier Communication
try to sleep. Clear communication is vital in the business
setting. Miscommunication has cost
D. Emotional problems companies fortunes in the past because of an
Using social media can make you feel more inability to communicate in time or in a clear
connected to the world. But, comparing manner between employees or between
yourself to others can leave you feeling companies and their clients. In the not-so-
inadequate or left out. distant past, the main method of
communication was the phone. You would
A recent study looked at the social media use have to have a secretary to keep track of your
of more than 1,700 people between the ages schedule and you would have to hope for the
of 19 and 32. The researchers found that best that you wouldn’t get caught playing
those with high social media use felt more phone tag with an important deadline
socially isolated than those who spent less looming.
time on social media.
B. Smoother Trade
Positive Effects Of technology Making Transactions are much easier and more
Everyday Life Better efficient than they once were. On the
consumer side, inventions like the credit card
Positive effects of technology and the emergence of e-commerce have
Technology plays a role in virtually every part made it easier than ever before for businesses
of our lives, whether we’re aware of it or not. to sell products and services to consumers at
These are just a few of the ways in which their convenience. However, transactions are
technology may positively affect our physical also much easier on a massive scale on a B2B
and mental health: level. For example, companies buying
components for their products would often
have to wait days for the transfer of money to F. Technology Smoothens Communication
clear, especially if the manufacturer of those Both business and personal communication
components was located overseas. have improved by leaps and bounds over the
years. Two of the biggest improvements that
C. Increase In Income Generation technology has made on communication
As a direct result of being able to advertise include:
more effectively and more efficiently, income =Data Retrieval And Information Sharing
generation has increased drastically. Startups The impact technology has made on our
have an easier time getting off the ground ability to contact one another is obvious (mail,
because they don’t need to invest as many telegrams, phone calls, emails, text, etc.);
resources into trying to increase brand however, technology has also made it possible
exposure using traditional methods when they to share content with similar ease. Computers
can advertise online instead. Additionally, and smartphones can store photos, videos,
marketing automation solutions have made it and any types of documents.
possible to eliminate the need for doing many =Assisting People With Disabilities
repetitive, time- consuming tasks by hand, Technology has also helped assist with certain
reducing staff needs. specific disabilities. For example, individuals
with speech impediments can use apps such
D. Impact on Advertising as Speak for Yourself to speak for them.
The ability to advertise online provides Individuals who may not have the function in
companies with a huge advantage over more their hands necessary to navigate phone
traditional methods. Now, with the right menus or type on keyboards can use voice
strategy you can expose your brand to a control programs.
worldwide audience on the web -- something
that was once impossible unless your G. Technology Makes Everyday Life Better
company had an enormous budget. You can While much technology has been developed
also use your website to provide consumers for profit or to improve a company’s ability to
with content about your brand as well as generate profit, for the most part it’s all for
engage directly with customers on social the benefit of the customer. However, when it
media, thereby strengthening your brand comes down to it, technology in general
identity and growing your brand’s reputation simply makes day-to-
and awareness. day life better. The following are a few
examples outside of the business world in
E. Technology Advances Education which technology has made an enormously
Technology has benefited many more people positive impact on our lives:
and fields than just the business community.
One underrated benefit of how technology has Transportation and Household
advanced over the past few decades is how it Improvements in transportation have not only
has impacted education. Here are a few made it easier to get from one place to
examples: another, but safer as well. Just think about
what a massive undertaking it once was to
= The availability of online courses cross the Atlantic. When the pilgrims were
=The access to web seminars first settling the Americas, crossing the ocean
= The ability to research any topic was at least a two-month journey. Once steam
engines were invented, it took less than a research, yet none of this would be possible
week. Now, it can take as little as five or six without socentury, from the X-ray machine to
hours to fly across. the MRI machine, which made it possible for
medical researchers to look at the me of the
Advanced Technology For Human Life massive technological inventions made over
Technology is continually helping to save lives the course of the 20th internal systems of a
and to improve the quality of life through patient in order to
advancements in healthcare, from medical
research to robotics. For example, cannabis is
still considered a Schedule 1 drug (in the
same category as heroin) by the FDA. Yet
intensive medical research over the past
decade has revealed that cannabis actually
has many beneficial medical properties, and
it’s one of the reasons why it’s being legalized
in many states. Technology made it possible
to easily record the effects of marijuana as
well as the properties of cannabis itself in the
hundreds, if not thousands, of studies done
throughout the world. Results could be
compared, analyzed, and accessed using
specialized software programs. Technology
also made the data that was collected and
analyzed easily accessible by other research
teams.

Medical Research
Take Parkinson’s disease for example. There
are records of possible treatments for
Parkinson’s that date back thousands of
years. Back in 2002, a surgical procedure
called DBS (deep brain stimulation) was first
approved. The procedure involved implanting
electrodes into the brain and connecting them
to a small electrical device in the chest. This
device would deliver stimulation to certain
parts of the brain responsible for the
symptoms of Parkinson’s to help prevent
tremors.

Recently, wireless control was made possible

through something as simple as a
smartphone, making the treatment even more
precise as well as personalized. These are all
recent advancements made in medical