UNIT II
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL INTERNET SYSTEMS AND ACCESS NETWORK
TECHNOLOGY & PROTOCOLS
The Concept of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
Overview
The IIoT is a subset of the broader Internet of Things (IoT), specifically focused on
industrial applications. It combines traditional industrial equipment with modern digital
technologies to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes.
Key Components
• Sensors and Actuators: These are the primary sources of data in IIoT systems.
Sensors measure various parameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and
vibration, while actuators perform actions like opening valves or turning motors on
and off.
o Example: A temperature sensor in a chemical plant monitors the reactor's
temperature, and an actuator adjusts the cooling system accordingly.
• Connectivity: This is essential for transmitting data from sensors to central
systems. It includes wired and wireless communication technologies.
o Example: Ethernet connections in a factory network or Wi Fi connections
for remote sensors.
• Edge Computing: This refers to processing data near the source rather than
sending it all to the cloud. It reduces latency and bandwidth usage.
o Example: A local processing unit analyzes data from sensors on a
production line to detect anomalies in real time.
• Cloud Computing: Provides scalable storage and processing power for analyzing
large datasets and running complex algorithms.
o Example: Data from multiple factories is aggregated in the cloud to
optimize supply chain logistics.
• Data Analytics: Utilizes machine learning and artificial intelligence to derive
insights from data, enabling predictive maintenance and process optimization.
o Example: Predictive maintenance algorithms predict equipment failures
before they happen, reducing downtime.
• Applications: Software tools for visualization, control, and management of
industrial processes.
o Example: A dashboard application displays real time metrics from a
manufacturing plant.
The Proximity Network
Overview
A proximity network involves devices that are in close physical proximity to each other,
facilitating low latency communication and quick data exchange.
Key Aspects
• Local Communication: Ensures that devices can communicate rapidly and reliably.
o Example: Machines on an assembly line communicating with each other
to coordinate operations.
• Edge Processing: Processing data at or near the source reduces the need for
constant data transmission to the cloud.
o Example: An edge device processes sensor data to detect defects in
products on the production line in real time.
• Reliability: High reliability is crucial in industrial environments to prevent
downtime.
o Example: Redundant network paths and failover mechanisms ensure
continuous operation.
• Interoperability: Different devices and systems must work together seamlessly.
o Example: A proximity network that supports various protocols like
Modbus, OPC UA, and MQTT.
WSN Edge Node
Overview
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of spatially distributed sensors that monitor
and record physical conditions. Edge nodes in WSNs play a crucial role in data processing
and communication.
Functions
• Data Collection: Gather data from connected sensors.
o Example: Sensors in a smart building monitoring temperature, humidity,
and occupancy.
• Data Processing: Perform initial processing to filter, aggregate, or analyze data.
o Example: An edge node aggregates temperature data from multiple
sensors to calculate an average.
• Communication: Transmit processed data to higher level systems like cloud
servers.
o Example: Using Zigbee to send data from sensors to an edge gateway.
• Energy Efficiency: Optimize power usage to extend the battery life of wireless
sensors.
o Example: Implementing sleep modes and low power communication
protocols.
Legacy Industrial Protocols
Overview
Legacy protocols are well established communication standards used in traditional
industrial automation systems.
Examples
• Modbus: A simple and robust protocol for transmitting data over serial lines.
Commonly used in PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers).
o Example: A Modbus network connecting temperature sensors to a central
control system in a power plant.
• PROFIBUS: A fieldbus standard for real time distributed control. Widely used in
factory automation.
o Example: PROFIBUS connecting sensors and actuators in a car
manufacturing plant.
• HART: Combines analog and digital communication, enabling smart field devices to
provide diagnostics and additional information.
o Example: A HART enabled pressure transmitter providing both pressure
readings and diagnostic information to a control system.
• CAN (Controller Area Network): Designed for reliable communication in harsh
environments, particularly in automotive applications.
o Example: CAN bus network in a vehicle connecting various electronic
control units (ECUs).
Modern Communication Protocols
Overview
Modern protocols are designed to meet the advanced requirements of IIoT, including
interoperability, scalability, and security.
Examples
• OPC UA: A platform independent, service-oriented architecture that supports secure
and reliable exchange of data in industrial automation.
o Example: An OPC UA server providing real time data from a factory floor
to a cloud-based analytics platform.
• MQTT: A lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol ideal for remote sensors
and control devices with low bandwidth and high latency.
o Example: MQTT brokers managing communications between sensors in
an agricultural monitoring system.
• CoAP: Designed for constrained devices, allowing them to communicate over IP
networks efficiently.
o Example: CoAP used in smart home devices like thermostats and lighting
systems.
• AMQP: An open standard for message-oriented middleware, ensuring reliable
communication and message delivery.
o Example: AMQP used in financial trading systems for high speed and
secure message transactions.
Wireless Communication Technologies
Overview
Wireless technologies provide flexible and scalable connectivity options for IIoT,
eliminating the need for extensive cabling.
Examples
• Wi Fi: Provides high speed connectivity and is suitable for bandwidth intensive
applications.
o Example: Wi Fi networks in a smart factory connecting machines and
mobile devices.
• Bluetooth and BLE: Bluetooth for general short-range communication and BLE for
energy efficient communication.
o Example: BLE beacons in a warehouse for asset tracking.
• Zigbee: A low power, low data rate wireless standard for sensor and control
networks.
o Example: Zigbee used in smart lighting systems.
• LoRaWAN: Designed for long range communication with low power consumption,
suitable for wide area networks.
o Example: LoRaWAN for connecting sensors in a smart city infrastructure.
• 5G: Offers high data rates, low latency, and massive device connectivity, suitable for
real time industrial applications.
o Example: 5G networks in a smart port enabling real time monitoring and
automation of cargo handling.
Proximity Network Communication Protocols
Overview
These protocols ensure reliable communication within short distances, ideal for local
networks in IIoT systems.
Examples
• Z Wave: Primarily used in home automation for secure, low latency communication
between devices.
o Example: Z Wave controlling smart locks and thermostats in a building.
• Thread: A low power, secure, and scalable mesh networking protocol for home and
commercial building automation.
o Example: Thread used in smart home systems for seamless device
communication.
• NFC (Near Field Communication): Enables communication between devices
within a few centimeters, suitable for secure transactions and access control.
o Example: NFC used in contactless payment systems and smart access
cards.
Gateways
Overview
Gateways are crucial in bridging different network segments and protocols, ensuring
seamless communication and data flow.
Functions
• Protocol Translation: Converting data between different protocols to enable
interoperability.
o Example: A gateway translating Modbus data to MQTT for integration with
a cloud-based monitoring system.
• Data Aggregation: Collecting and combining data from multiple devices before
sending it to the cloud.
o Example: Aggregating sensor data from a factory floor to reduce network
traffic.
• Security: Implementing security measures like encryption and authentication to
protect data.
o Example: A gateway encrypting data before transmitting it to the cloud to
prevent unauthorized access.
• Edge Processing: Performing data processing tasks close to the data source to
reduce latency and bandwidth usage.
o Example: A gateway running machine learning algorithms to detect
anomalies in real time.
Access Network Technology and Protocols
The Access Network
Overview
The access network is the portion of a telecommunications network that connects end
users (e.g., sensors, devices, machines) to a service provider's core network. It serves
as the gateway for data from edge devices to reach broader network infrastructure.
Key Components
• End Devices: Sensors, actuators, and other edge devices generating data.
o Example: Temperature sensors in a manufacturing plant.
• Access Points: Devices that provide connectivity to end devices, often using
wireless or wired technologies.
o Example: Wi Fi routers or cellular base stations.
• Network Infrastructure: The physical and logical components that support data
transmission.
o Example: Ethernet switches, fiber optic cables.
• Service Providers: Organizations offering network connectivity services.
o Example: Internet service providers (ISPs), telecommunications
companies.
Types of Access Networks
• Wired Access Networks: Traditional networks using physical cables like copper or
fiber optic.
o Example: Ethernet networks in an office building.
• Wireless Access Networks: Networks using wireless communication technologies.
o Example: Wi Fi networks in a smart factory.
Key Technologies
• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): Uses telephone lines to provide high speed internet
access.
o Example: DSL connecting homes and small businesses to the internet.
• Cable: Uses coaxial cables to provide broadband internet.
o Example: Cable internet service in residential areas.
• Fiber Optics: Uses light to transmit data at high speeds over long distances.
o Example: Fiber to the home (FTTH) providing high speed internet access.
• Wireless Technologies: Includes Wi Fi, cellular (3G, 4G, 5G), and satellite
communication.
o Example: 5G networks enabling high speed connectivity for IoT devices.
Access Networks Connecting Remote Edge Networks
Overview
Access networks connecting remote edge networks enable communication between
isolated or geographically dispersed devices and the central network infrastructure. This
is essential for IIoT applications where devices are spread across large areas or in
remote locations.
Key Aspects
• Connectivity: Ensuring reliable and consistent communication between remote
devices and central systems.
o Example: Using cellular networks to connect remote sensors in an
agricultural field.
• Latency and Bandwidth: Managing latency and bandwidth to ensure timely data
transmission.
o Example: Implementing edge computing to process data locally and
reduce latency.
• Scalability: Supporting a growing number of devices and increased data traffic.
o Example: Using scalable cloud services to handle data from an expanding
network of edge devices.
Technologies
• Cellular Networks: Use mobile phone infrastructure to provide connectivity,
especially in remote areas.
o Example: 4G/5G networks connecting sensors in remote oil rigs.
• Satellite Communication: Provides global coverage, particularly useful in areas
without cellular or wired infrastructure.
o Example: Satellite networks connecting maritime vessels to central
monitoring systems.
• LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network): Designed for low power devices
spread over large areas.
o Example: LoRaWAN connecting sensors in a smart city infrastructure.
• Mesh Networks: Consist of interconnected nodes that communicate with each
other, providing robust and flexible connectivity.
o Example: A mesh network of environmental sensors in a national park.
Protocols
• NB IoT (Narrowband IoT): A cellular technology designed for low power, wide
area applications.
o Example: NB IoT connecting smart meters in utility networks.
• Sigfox: A low power, wide area network protocol for IoT devices.
o Example: Sigfox network used for tracking assets across large geographic
areas.
• Zigbee: A low power, wireless mesh protocol for short range communication.
o Example: Zigbee sensors in a smart home system.
• Bluetooth and BLE: Bluetooth for general communication and BLE for low energy
applications.
o Example: BLE beacons for asset tracking in a warehouse.
Challenges and Solutions
• Coverage: Ensuring adequate network coverage in remote or rural areas.
o Solution: Deploying hybrid networks combining cellular, satellite, and
LPWAN technologies.
• Power Consumption: Managing power consumption for battery operated devices.
o Solution: Using energy efficient protocols like BLE and NB IoT.
• Data Security: Protecting data transmitted over access networks.
o Solution: Implementing encryption and secure authentication
mechanisms.
• Interoperability: Ensuring different devices and protocols can work together
seamlessly.
o Solution: Using gateways and protocol converters to bridge different
technologies.
