SENTENCES Susan is not a lazy student.

2) Interrogative / Question
1. CLASSIFICATION
a. BY ORDINARY a) Yes/No Question
1) Verbal sentence + =VS?
Where the predicate is verb (not “be”).  Did you attend the meeting?

For example: - = V S not ?

 Will you not contact me?
 She studies hard every day.
 I like to listen the jazz music.
b) Information Question
 We watch television together.
(1) Subject Question
+ = QW V ?
2) Nominal sentence
 Who came to the meeting?
Where the predicate is “be”.
- = QW V not?
He / She / It = Is / Was
 What is not mentioned in the passage?
I = Am / Was
(2) Non-Subject Question
You/ They / we = Are / Were
+ = QW V S ?
For example:  How did they can reach the final stage?
 She is an actress in Hollywood. - = QW V S not?
 They are clever student.  When will Sasha not be at home?
 If I were a boy, I will be able to beat you.
3) Imperative
a) Active Voice
b. BY STRUCTURE
+ = (S) Vbi !/.
1) Declarative / Statement
 Eat it up.
a) + = S V .
- = (S) do not Vbi !/.
Kevin throws rubbish in river.  Do not disturb the patient !
b) - = S V not .

Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 1

 A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses. An independent clause
(unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.
b) Passive Voice
+ = get/become Pp !/.
 Get involved in army !
- = do not get/become Pp !/.
 Do not become addicted by cigarette.

4) Exclamatory
+ = Ep (S) V !
 How pity you are !
 How quickly the motorcycle is !
 What a beautiful girl Raisya is !
- = Ep (S) V not ! (Very Rare)
Examples
c. BY NUMBERS OF FULL PREDICATION  Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure
1) Simple Sentence about the former.
A simple sentence has just one independent clause. A simple sentence has  There used to be a real me, but I had it surgically removed.
no dependent clauses. An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand  Go, and never darken my towels again.
alone as a sentence.  Any fool can criticize, condemn, and complain - and most fools do.
Examples
 I cannot drink warm milk. Conjunction – Compound
 A day without sunshine is like night. a) Coordinate
Punctuation: SV,CSV.
 Only the mediocre are always at their best. (Jean Giraudoux)
- And (Positive and Negative Augmentation)
 Reality continues to ruin my life. (Bill Watterson) - Nor (Negative Augmentation)
- Or (Choice)
2) Compound Sentence - But (Contrast Adversative and Concessive)

Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 2

 - Yet (Contrast Concessive)
- For (Reason) Other Punctuation
- So (Result)
In a compound sentence, the independent clauses are joined using one of the
The Weakness of FANBOYS following methods:

- They can’t be placed in the beginning of sentence.  A conjunction with a comma (e.g., ", and")
- For, Yet, and So merely connect between clause or sentence. o I like tea, and he likes coffee.
 A semicolon
b) Correlative
- Both______ and _______ (Positive and Negative Augmentation) o I like hot chocolate; it sends me to sleep.
- Not only _______ but also ________ (Positive and Negative Augmentation)  A colon
- Neither_______ nor ______ (Negative Augmentation)
o I know one thing: I love that girl.
- Either _______ or _______ (Choice)
Wether (This is rare because the words after a colon are not often an independent
clause.)
c) Conjunctive Adverb (Transition): Adverb functioned as conjunction
 A dash
Punctuation : Semi Colon - S V ; T, S V.
- S V ; S T V. o I know you're here — I can smell your perfume.
- S V ; S V, T.  A conjunction with a semicolon (e.g., "; and")
Full Stop - S V. T, S V.
o After the lights went out, I could hear you whispering; and I know you were
- S V. S, T, V.
- S V. S V, T. talking about me.
Meaning - Addition : besides, likewise, moreover (and) (This is rare because it's an outdated style.)
- Condition : otherwise (or)
- Time : then
3) Complex Sentence
- Result : accordingly, consequently, hence, then, therefore (so)
- Contrast concessive: however, nevertheless, still (but, yet) A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
- For Example : for example, for instance, e.g., such as
An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence.

Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 3

Examples. e.g. What you think does not matter.
 Stay in the bath until the phone rings. A noun clause can be used as the subject or the object in the following forms:
 The car swerved to miss Mrs Jackson, who had slipped off the pavement.

 Both the cockroach and the bird would get along very well without us, although
e.g. What you think does not matter.
the cockroach would miss us most. (Joseph Wood Krutch, 1893-1970)
In this example, the noun clause is the subject of the sentence.
 Leave while you can.

 When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is e.g. I don’t know what she thinks.
almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very In this example, the noun clause is the object of the sentence.
probably wrong. (Arthur C. Clarke)
Noun clauses can begin with …
(This is two complex sentences.)
1. … a question word:
where he lives
what one says
who the man is
how she survives

2. … “whether” or “if” ………….. (or Not)

whether she will stay
if she will stay

a) Noun Clause 3. … a question word + TO infinitive

A noun clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb; however, it what to say
cannot stand alone as a sentence. where to meet

Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 4

4. … “that” we can write
that he is innocent It pleased her parents that she worked hard for the whole term.
that she knows three languages Note that this pattern can be used only with “that” but not with “the idea that / the
5. Exclamation fact that”.
Pattern : How -> adj S V (O)
-> adv S V (O) Using subjunctive in noun clauses
What -> Noun Phrase S V (O) A subjunctive verb is the simple form of a verb. Sentences with subjunctive verbs
-> Noun S V (O) generally stress importance or urgency.
e.g. I suggest (that) he see a doctor.
e.g. That she worked hard for the whole term pleased her parents.
In this example, the whole that-clause is the subject of the sentence.
Negative form: not + simple form of the verb
e.g. I recommend that she not go to that movie.
Instead of “that” we can also use the belief that, the fact that, the idea that, the
evidence that.
Passive form: simple form of BE + past participle
e.g. The fact that the economic growth rate is lower than the population growth
e.g. It is essential that children be told the truth.
rate causes problems.
When the main verb of the sentence is in past form, the verb in the noun clause is
e.g. The idea that the teacher should dominate in the classroom is unacceptable.
also in past form.
However, if the subject is too long, it may be difficult for the reader to understand the e.g. I suggested that he saw a doctor.
sentence. To solve this problem, we use the introductory “it”, which takes the
position of the subject in the sentence and signals that a noun clause is to follow. Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in a noun clause:
advise, ask, command, decree, demand, insist, move,
e.g. Instead of
order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, + that + noun clause
That she worked hard for the whole term pleased her parents.
stipulate, suggest, urge

Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 5

  We like the woman who / that serves as volunteer in orphanage.
advised, critical, essential, imperative, important, Ellipsis of RPS
mandatory, necessary, obligatory, proposed, It is + that + noun clause C V (O)  without modal
recommended, required, suggested, urgent, vital  Active Voice -> Present Participle (Ving)
e.g.: The girl who is standing in the corner is smoking.
b) Adjective Clause -> The girl standing in the corner is smoking.

An adjective clause — also called an adjectival or relative clause — functions as  Passive Voice -> Past Participle (V3)

adjective modifying nouns and pronouns. It placed after the antecedent. e.g.: The girl who was given a gift is teaching English.
-> The girl given a gift is teaching English.
(1) Relative Pronoun  If the noun is preceded by phrase: the first, the only, the most, the ____est
(a) Relative Pronoun Subject (RPS) -> To Inf
It replaces the function of subject in dependent clause. e.g.: The first victim that was rescued is still alive.
Conjunction : who / which / that -> The first victim to rescue is still alive.
Pattern : C V (O)
e.g.: (b) Relative Pronoun Object (RPO)
 The house looks so clean. It replaces the function of object in dependent clause.
Antecedent
Conjunction : whom / which / that
It was renovated two days ago.
RPS -> conj: which/that Pattern

 The house which / that was renovated two days ago looks so clean.  Object of Verb : C S Vt (O)
 Object of Prep : prep C S V (O) -> formal
whom/which/that
 We like the woman.
Antecedent C S V (O) Prep -> informal
whom/which/that
She serves as volunteer in orphanage.
RPS -> conj: who/that

Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 6

  Whose : C + N V (O) -> Possessive di S
S Vt -> Possessive di O
e.g.:
 Of Which : , n of which V (O) , -> Possessive di S
a. The room looks so clean. S Vt -> Possessive di O
Antecedent e.g.:
Our headmaster has renovated it.
RPO -> conj: which/that a. The novel is so famous.
 The room which / that our headmaster has renovated looks so clean. Antecedent
Its cover is made from crocodile skin.
RP -> conj: whose/of which
 Whose: The novel whose cover is made from crocodile skin is so
b. We like the woman.
Antecedent famous.
You greeted her last night.
RPO -> conj: whom/that  Of which: The novel, cover of which is made from crocodile skin, is so
 We like the woman whom you greeted last night. famous.
b. The novel is so famous.
c. I know the man. Antecedent
Antecedent A lot of people like its cover.
Many people are talking about him. RP -> conj: whose/of which
Prep RPOP -> conj: whom/that  Whose: The novel whose cover a lot of people like is so famous
 Of which: The novel, cover of which a lot of people like, is so famous.
 I know the man about whom many people are talking. -> formal
 I know the man whom many people are talking about. -> informal
(3) Relative Adverb
Ellipsis of RPO As Adverb of Place (RAP)
C S Vt / C S V (O) Prep Conjunctions : - Where
- That
(c) Relative Possessive (RP) - In / At / On Which
It replaces the function of possessive-adjective pronoun in dependent clause.
Conjunction : whose / of which
Pattern
Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 7
e.g.: e.g.:
- The factory is going to close down.  The reason why I can’t go is that I don’t have time.
- I work there  The reason I can’t go is that I don’t have time. (omitting conjunction)
 The factory where I work is going to close down.
 The factory at which I work is going to close down. c) Adverbial Clause

 The factory which I work at is going to close down. Adverb clauses are clauses that function as adverbs. Since they are dependent
 The factory that I work is going to close down. clauses, they must have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the other
 The factory I work at is going to close down. clause. This will help you recognize an adverb clause.

Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according to the purpose of the clause

As Adverb of Time (RAT):
they begin. Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:
Conjunctions : - When
 Time: after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as soon as, whenever, by the time
- That
 Condition: if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless, even if, in the event
- In / At / On Which
 Cause and effect: because, as, since, so, in order that, now that, inasmuch as
e.g.:
 Contrast: though, although, while, whereas, even though
- Do you remember the time?
- We all went to a night club at the time. Most of the time, an adverb clause will be separated from the other clause with a
 Do you remember the time when we all went to a night club? comma. Here are examples of sentences with and without commas:
 Do you remember the time at which we all went to a night club?  Whether you like it or not, you have to go. (The adverb clause “Whether you like it
 Do you remember the time that we all went to a night club? or not” puts a condition on the action.)
 Do you remember the time we all went to a night club?  She enjoyed the party more than he did. (The adverb clause 'than he did' modifies

the adverb “more.”)

As Adverb of Reason (RAR)  After my car is fixed, we can take a trip to the coast. (The adverb clause "After my
Conjunction : - Why car is fixed" puts a time on the action.)
Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 8
4) Compound-Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or

more dependent clauses.
Some examples:
- Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't
found anyone to go with.
 independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"
 independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
 dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "
**********
- We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch
scary movies, thought that we were wrong.
 independent clause: "We decided that the movie was too violent"
 independent clause: "(but) our children thought that we were wrong"
 dependent clause: who like to watch scary movies

Compound-complex sentences are very common in English, but one mistake that
learners often make is to try to write them without having mastered the simple
sentences, compound sentences, and complex sentences first.

Grammar for Writing 1| Mr. Ikal 9