Doping in Sport

https://adel.wada-ama.org/learn
= WADA online courses for supports staff, doctors and athletes
 Early History of Doping in sport
• DOP- from the dutch for alcohol that was
used by zulu warriors to enhance
performance
• 1904 Olympic marathon athlete Tom Hick
took strychnine & brandy to improve
performance
• 1928 IAAF banned stimulants but no
testing
• 1960 Olympics Rome -Cyclist died after
taking amphetamine
• 1968 Mexico Olympics 1st testing
 100m men Seoul1988
6 of the 8 finalists tested • https://youtu.be/9e6Cfq_Yc
positive then or later for drugs hM.
– Ben Johnston 1988
– Carl Lewis 1988 trials
– Linford Christie 1988 & 1999
– Calvin Smith .. Clean
– Dennis Mitchell 1998
– Robson de Silva…clean
– Ray Stewart 2010
• Banned for Coaching with
drugs
– Desai Williams
• Later admitted taking in 1988
The dirtiest race ever?
1500m
women
London 2012
• 6 of the
top 9 had
served or
would
serve
doping
bans
India Antidoping
 WADAs criteria for banning
substances in sport?
Must meet 2 of the
following criteria:-
• -Performance
enhancing
• - harmful to the
athlete
• - “against the spirit https://www.wada-
ama.org/en/content/what-is-
of sport” prohibited
 What is a doping offence?
What is a drug?
• A DOPING Offence can be defined “ as the
use of prohibited drugs or methods,
to intentionally enhance performance”
• DRUGS are non-food substances taken
– to improve performance.
– OR to treat an illness or injury
– OR to alter body image
– OR for recreational purposes
 What constitutes a doping offence?
1. Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample
2. Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method
3. Refusing to submit to sample collection after being notified
4. Failure to file athlete whereabouts information & missed tests
5. Tampering with any part of the doping control process
6. Possession of a prohibited substance or method
7. Trafficking a prohibited substance or method
8. Administering or attempting to administer a prohibited
substance or method to an athlete
9. Complicity in an AntiDopingRV
10. Prohibited association with sanctioned Athlete Support
Personnel
 Who are the testing Authorities?
• National e.g. UKSport acts in the UK for
WADA(World Anti-Doping Agency) and
• International Olympic Committee and
• Sport Governing body (International and
National)
• e.g. IAAF and UK
• or FIFA for FA
• E.g. IGF for PGA and European Tour in Golf
 When do they test?
• In competition tests
• Out of competition
• advance notice
• or
• no notice tests out of competition ..Whereabouts

• ATHLETES AT HIGHER LEVELS (decided by their

governing body who have to pay for the testing) must
register with ADAMS - anti doping administration &
management system
 ADAMS Whereabouts
“Under the revised World Anti-Doping Code and International Standard for Testing which
took effect on January 1st 2009, you are required to comply with the following requirements
when providing your Whereabouts information: Whereabouts Filings should be submitted 14
days prior to the first day of the quarter.
• You must specify one daily location where you will be
available for testing between 5am-11pm for one (1)
hour, seven (7) days of the week.
• You must provide a complete mailing address.
• You must provide the full address of the place you will be staying each day
throughout the quarter (e.g. home, hotel, university etc.)
This is known as your “Daily (overnight) residence”.
• You must provide your quarterly competition schedule (if applicable)
• You should provide details of any other REGULAR activity which takes place
during the quarter (e.g. training, work, school, university etc.)
 REMEMBER
• THE DOPE TESTING is
being done to protect
the health of athletes
and for fairness…
• But career wise it IS AS
IMPORTANT AS ANY “Former Olympic Gold medallist Marion
TRAINING OR Jones jailed for 6 months”
Independent newspaper 12 January 2008
EQUIPMENT IN
SPORTING SUCCESS BUT Marion Jones passed 160
antidoping tests in 7 yrs when taking
• FAIL IT AND !!!!!! THG
 STRICT LIABILITY
= The athlete is responsible for anything
found in their body…..
(except perhaps if the ATP Tour supply it ….ref RUSEDSKI 2004!)

JUST BECAUSE A DOCTOR PRESCRIBES OR A

COACH GIVES IT OUT- DOES NOT MEAN ITS
NOT BANNED!!

ALWAYS CHECK www.globaldro.com

 WADA Classes of banned substances
• S0. Vetinarian products
• S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS
• S2. HORMONES & RELATED Substances
• S3. BETA 2 AGONISTS
• S4. Agents with Anti-Oestrogenic activity
• S5. DIURETICS and MASKING AGENTS
• S6. STIMULANTS Groups A&B)
• S7. NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
• S8. CANNABINOIDS
• S9.GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS
 WADA Classes of banned substances
• PROHIBITED METHODS
• M1. ENHANCEMENT OF OXYGEN
TRANSFER
• M2. CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL MANIPULATION
• M3. GENE DOPING
• SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED IN PARTICULAR
SPORTS
• P1. ALCOHOL
• P2. BETA-BLOCKERS
 S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS

• 1.ANABOLIC • OTHER ANABOLIC

ANDROGENIC AGENTS
STEROIDS (AAS) • Clenbuterol (and
• Intentional steroid related substances e.g.
abuse Some Beta 2 asthma
• Inadvertent inhalers)
consumption use in
supplements
• includes nandrolone
 ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROIDS

• “Natural or man made compounds that act in

a similar way to testosterone”
• Illegal under Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 as Class C
drugs in UK - It is an offence to produce, supply,
possess, import/export with intent to supply and
carries a jail sentence if caught
• If a coach or manager asks you to give it to an athlete
you could go to prison!
ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STERIODS
• May be accidentally taken in
supplements such as vitamins,
creatine, glucosamine.
• IOC in 2001 found that 14-25%
of supplements (e.g vitamins
and creatinine)bought
contained enough
steroid(Testosterone or
nandrolone) to give an athlete
a positive drug test
 SIDE EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS
• Psychological: aggressive mood swings, depression
• Metabolic: develop diabetes
• Skin: acne, spots , thins
• Tendons: rupture
• Blood Lipids: high fat levels in blood vessels
• die at 20 years old instead of 70 with heart disease
• Kidney &Liver tumours, failure & death
• Bone stunted bone growth in adolescents
Side Effects of Steroid Abuse
A POSITIVE TEST = a long ban
• HIV
• HEPATITIS-B,C etc
• and all the attendant
risks of intravenous
drug abuse
• (At some needle
exchanges 70% are
steroid abusers not
junkies)
& yet more Steroid Side Effects

• MALE
• sterility
• impotence
• lowered sperm count
• shrunken hard testes
• breast development
• prostate enlargement
and incontinence
• Death
& yet more Steroid Side Effects

• FEMALE
• male facial hair
• male body hair
• enlarged clitoris
• loss of breast tissue
• deeper voice
• irregular or non-existent periods
• and DEATH
 Florence Griffith Joyner

1980 female 1988 gold medal 1998 Age 38 dead

 S2. HORMONES and RELATED SUBSTANCES

• Peptide hormones & analogues are

substances mimicking human hormones
which cause release of substances e.g.
increasing Red Blood Cells with EPO
• HCG Human chorionic gonadotrophin
• EPO Erythropoetin /Darbopoetin
• HGH Human Growth Hormone
• Insulin
 EPO testing
EPO stays in the system such a short time that
you need to test the athlete on the day of
doping

The window of opportunity 11pm to 5am may

go to 24hr random out of comp testing to try
an catch EPO users
BLOOD PASSPORTS - since 2009 to try
and monitor changes in blood profile in
endurance athletes
• The haematological module should collect information on Markers of
• erythropoiesis.:-
• HCT: Hematocrit
• HGB: Hemoglobin
• RBC: Red blood cells count
• RET%: The percentage of reticulocyte
• RET#: Reticulocytes count
• MCV: Mean corpuscular volume
• MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
• MCHC: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
• OFF-hr Score1 Blood profile score : Index of stimulation
• The WADA accredited Laboratory analyzes the Sample(s) following the appropriate
analytical protocol (Annex C herein) and reports the biological results into
ADAMS .
 S3. Beta 2 agonists (Asthma inhalers)
• ALL BANNED (includes Terbutaline)

• EXCEPTION

• Inhaled salbutamol (maximum 1600 micrograms over 24

hours)
• Inhaled formoterol (maximum delivered dose 54
micrograms over 24 hours)
• Inhaled salmeterol (maximum 200 micrograms over 24
hours)
• Inhaled vilanterol ( maximum 25 micrograms over 24
hours)
S4. Agents with anti-oestrogenic effects

• Men abusing some

drugs e.g. steroids ,
then develop female
breast tissue so take
anti-oestrogen tablets
like TAMOXIFEN (used
to treat female breast
cancer)
to reverse their breast
enlargement
S5. DIURETICS AND MASKING AGENTS
• Substitution of urine
• Catheters
• Masking agents
DIURETICS( water tabs)

• Beware of taking any

tablets to get rid of
fluid or weight
• Beware of tablets for
high blood pressure
 S6. STIMULANTS

• Found in
• Amphetamine • Stimulant Drinks
• Metamphetamine • Supplements contaminant
• Cocaine • Cold Cures
• Ephedrine and • BUT Pseudoephedrine
• methylephedrine effectively banned again
• and cathine ( if • Recreational Drugs
>10mcg/ml) • * Caffeine OK but being
monitored so is nicotine
 Stimulant: beware of GINSENG

• Stimulant: Ginseng
• Beware many herbal remedies can give an athlete
a positive drugs test as they may contain ginseng
with added stimulant
• especially STIMULANT HERBAL DRINKS
• (EPHEDRINE added CAN improve performance)
 S7.NARCOTIC ANALGESICS

• = Pain killers related to Morphine

• Substance containing CODEINE were banned but are
now ALLOWED, but athletes should check with a
sports doctor before taking anything other than very
mild painkillers because of their possible effects on
performance.
• Also (OTC in UK)codeine is illegal to import in many
countries(as classified as controlled drug) eg UAE,
Greece, Australia
 S8. CANNABINOIDS

• E.g. MARIJUANA
• Not generally
considered
performance enhancing
and subject to dose
related tests.
• Cannabis oils ?
 S9. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS
• All glucocorticosteroids are prohibited when administered by
oral, intravenous, intramuscular or rectal routes.
• In accordance with the International Standard for
Therapeutic Use Exemptions, a declaration of Use must be
completed by the Athlete for glucocorticosteroids
administered by intraarticular, periarticular, peritendinous,
epidural, intradermal and inhalation routes, except as noted
below.
• Topical preparations when used for auricular, buccal,
dermatological (including iontophoresis/phonophoresis),
gingival, nasal, ophthalmic and perianal disorders are not
prohibited and require neither a Therapeutic Use Exemption
nor a declaration of Use.
 www.nadaindia.org
• Anti doping awareness • NADA is conducting anti
programme doping awareness/training
• Mass athlete Awareness workshops through Sports
program against doping Institutions, SAI Centres,
(MAAPAD) State Sports Associations,
Universities/Colleges:
• National core group
athletes (SAI Camp)
• But nothing updated on
website since March 2020? • Young athletes (STC Inmates
Changed??? and School athletes)
• Coaches & supporting staff
• Physical education teachers
 HOW TO
CHECK YOUR
MEDICINE

www.
globaldro.
com
 www.globaldro.com
Sport nationality
• Canada, UK, USA, Switzerland, Japan,
Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka
Austria Nationale Anti-Doping Agentur Austria (NADA) German www.nada.at/en/medicine/drug-database

Belgium (Flanders) NADO Flanders Dutch www.dopinglijn.be/geneesmiddelen-supplementen-en-ttn/lijst-geneesmiddelen/

Belgium (French
ONAD Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles French www.dopage.cfwb.be/index.php?id=6464
Community)
Czech Republic Anti-Doping Committee of the Czech Republic Czech www.antidoping.cz/zakazane_prostredky_leky.php
Denmark Anti-Doping Denmark (ADD) Danish www.antidoping.dk/doping/medicin/medicin
Estonia Estonian Anti-Doping Agency Finnish www.antidoping.ee/ravimid
Finland Finnish Center for Integrity in Sport Finnish https://kamu.suek.fi/#!/
France Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD) French medicaments.afld.fr
Germany Nationale Anti Doing Agentur (NADA) German www.nada.de/de/medizin/nadamed
Hong Kong Hong Kong Anti-Doping Committee English, Chinese www.druginsport.hk
Hungary Hungarian Anti-Doping Group (HUNADO) Hungarian www.antidopping.hu/Hatoanyagok
Ireland Sport Ireland English www.eirpharm.com/sports/search
Korea Korea Anti-Doping Agency (KADA) Korean https://www.kada-ad.or.kr/kada?where=drug/drug_search
Latvia Anti-Doping Bureau of Latvia Latvian https://antidopings.gov.lv/aizliegtas-vielas/parbaudit-medikamentu
Lithuania Anti-Doping Agency of Lithuania Lithuania www.antidopingas.lt/medikamentu-paieska/#5
Netherlands Dopingautoriteit – Doping Authority Netherlands Dutch www.dopingwaaier.nl
Norway Anti-Doping Norway (ADN) Norwegian https://www.antidoping.no/medisinsk/legemiddelsok
Poland Polish Anti-Doping Agency (POLADA) Polish www.leki.antydoping.pl
Russia Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) Russian list.rusada.ru
South Africa South African Institute for Drug Free Sport (SAIDS) English www.drugfreesport.org.za/online-medication-check
Spain Agencia Española de Protección de la Salud en el Deporte (AEPSAD) Spanish https://nodopweb.aepsad.gob.es/
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Anti-Doping Agency (SLADA) English https://slantidoping.org/app.html
Sweden Swedish Sports Confederation Swedish www.antidoping.se/rodgronalistan
 Therapeutic Use Exemption
• Some medications may • Common TUEs for
be required for medical – Asthma medications
reasons to stay healthy – Thyroid disease
• The athlete and their
medical team must apply
for this before use if • Emergency TUE for
possible. anaphylaxis can be given
• All this information will retrospectively if given to
be looked at by medical save a life
expert doctors and
decided whether okay to
take
MEDICAL EVIDENCE TO CONFIRM THE
DIAGNOSIS SHOULD INCLUDE:
• Comprehensive medical history
• Results of all relevant examinations,
laboratory investigations and imaging studies
• Copies of original reports, letters and
specialist reviews
• Clinical justification of the use of a Prohibited
Substance or Prohibited Method when there
are reasonable permitted alternative
medications available
 BEWARE of Doctors colluding with
cheating
• Lance Armstrongs
Doctors

• Richard Freeman this

week in UK with cycling
 PROHIBITED METHODS:
M1.Manipulating Blood and Blood
components

• M1.a) Blood Doping

• Definition= Administration of blood either saved
earlier (from the same athlete) or procured from else
where HUGE RISKS of blocking blood vessels e.g. in
the brain leads to strokes, paralysis & death
• b) Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or
delivery of oxygen.
 PROHIBITED METHODS: M2. Physical
and Chemical Manipulation (tampering)
• Includes:-The USE of agents which alter, attempt
to alter or may reasonably be expected to alter
the integrity and validity of specimens collected
in doping control
• includes- catheterisation, urine substitution,
tampering, inhibiting renal excretion, altering
testosterone to epitestisterone concentration
 M3. Gene and Cell Doping
• 1. The use of nucleic
acids or nucleic acid
analogues that may
alter genome
sequences and/ or alter
gene expression by any
mechanism.
• 2. The use of normal or
genetically modified
cells.
 Substances prohibited in particular Sports
P1 Alcohol
Prohibited IN Competition at thresholds equivalent
to a blood alcohol concentration of 0.10 g/L. by
analysis of breath and/or blood for :-
Air Sports (FAI) Archery (WA)
Automobile (FIA) Motorcycling (FIM)
Powerboating (UIM)
(was also Boules, Karate, Modern pentathlon- for
shooting….now ok with these sport!!!!)
 P2 Beta Blockers
Beta-blockers are prohibited In-Competition only, in the
following sports, and also prohibited Out-of-
Competition where indicated *.
- Archery (WA)* - Automobile (FIA)
- Billiards (all disciplines) (WCBS) - Darts (WDF)
- Golf (IGF) - Shooting (ISSF, IPC)*
- Skiing/Snowboarding (FIS) in ski jumping, freestyle
aerials/halfpipe and snowboard halfpipe/big air
- Underwater sports (CMASP)
 The Drugs Test Procedures
• Understand the UK Sport • Most Athletes find the
Doping Control Test test worrying so tell them
procedures- read the • “IF YOU HAVE NOTHING
leaflets 100% ME. TO HIDE SHOW THE
• Know them inside out. TESTERS”
• I will highlight areas for • and
athletes and • DECLARE ALL RECENT
representatives to double DRUGS, SUPPLEMENTS
check or MEDICATIONS taken in
the last week
M2006 Cycling Experience
Notification
• Check WHO the authority is
that the drug tester is working
for.e.g. UK Sport, Olympics,
WADA.
• Check their ID and ensure
they check athlete’s ID.
• Remember athletes should be
allowed to finish what they
are doing before going for the
test. (approx 1 hour may be
more if major media or
medical requirements )
Athletes should take some one with them to
double check procedures
• All competitors are entitled to
having their own representative
with them for a test. IT IS
STRONGLY RECOMMEND every
athlete has SOMEONE WITH
THEM at every test. The best folk
are team doctor, physio, therapist,
manager or coach who are familiar
with the dope test procedures
 Athlete’s Representative

• The representative is there to double check all

these points:
• ID of tester
• peeing container is not contaminated
• sample bottles OK as well.
• Check the paper work
• REPRESENTATIVE LOOKS but DOES NOT TOUCH
any container
• The representative does not watch athlete pee.
 Pre test - The wait
• The athlete once notified • HYDRATION
is accompanied by a Not too much
doping control appointed
chaperone while they Not too little
finish their recovery, go to • Once at the drug test
the drug testing station station The Doping
and until they are ready Control Officer takes over
to pee . the paperwork checks it -
• Throughout this time the but it is the chaperone
athlete should be visible who will watch the
at all times to the athlete pee
chaperone
 Selecting the bottles
• When selecting the container to pee
into they must always check for any
holes in the bag containing the tub.
Look for crystals or contaminants at
the bottom of the tub very carefully
• Do the same for the sample bottles
• They should not be guilty rejecting
any one as their careers (and their
support team’s careers) depend on
it
 Be Prepared to Pee
• Athletes will be watched while
they pee. E.g. They may be asked
to take clothes off down to knee
level and up above belly button,
then turn around 360o.
• It is this stage of the test
where most cheats cheat,
therefore if they have nothing
to hide , then show the tester
they are not cheating!
 Seals
• Check the sample bottles A and
B are very tightly closed. The
athlete should ask the
representative to watch and
agree as well (remember the
representative can not touch).
• Check the seals are numbered
the same for A& B sample.
• Check the outer seals /bags are
well sealed as well
 Final check
• Always WRITE ALL THE MEDICATIONS,
SUPPLEMENTS, INHALERS etc that have
entered the body in the previous week
• Check all the paperwork is clear and
complete and dates are all correct.
• ANY WORRIES about PROCEDURES? Write it
down on the form at the time
 The Results
• The Results will be sent direct
to athlete’s governing body, not
to the athlete.
• The Governing body should
notify them of their results
• KEEP ALL COPIES OF THE TEST
PAPERWORK..
• They might need it in defence
or evidence at a court of sport
arbitration
 A POSITIVE RESULT
can ruin careers and lives
• The governing body should notify the
athlete (often through the team
manager if away with a team.)
• Athletes have the right to get the B
sample tested independently
• A Positive test is not always a doping
offence, there may be medical reasons
• Athletes have the right to appeal and if
necessary to go to the International
Court of Arbitration in Sport
 Sanctions
• Varies with sport
• E.g. The applicable period of Ineligibility for a first Anti-Doping Rule
Violation under the Policy, other than for Illicit and Recreational
Drugs, shall be up to one-year Ineligibility
• except in cases involving Trafficking, administration, or Aggravating
Circumstances, where the sanction may be up to permanent
Ineligibility.
• A second Anti-Doping Rule Violation under the Policy, other than
for Illicit and Recreational Drugs, shall be up to five (5) years
Ineligibility except in cases involving Trafficking, administration, or
Aggravating Circumstances, where the sanction may be up to
permanent Ineligibility.
• The applicable period of Ineligibility for a third Anti-Doping Rule
Violation under the Policy, other than Illicit and Recreational Drugs,
shall be up to a permanent Ineligibility
 PROBLEMS WITH DOPING TODAY
• BALCO and other like it • Only 1% positive tests in
exist • 2012 games ......?
• Intelligence gathering Ostapchuk metenolone
• Blood test and blood women shot putt only
passport (must have unanimous 1yr ban as said her
expert analysis) coach put it in and she
• Gene doping did no know
• (but one of the other athletes said to
• TUE 2nd place athlete when it was
announced Osta was 1st “ that
• Penalties means you will get the gold”....so
• May remove B sample! team mates knew but the athlete
didn’t?)
 Does WADA anti doping work ?
• World Anti-Doping code 2004 Olympics total of 138
implemented 2004 medals impacted by doping 72%
identified retrospectively taking
• Athlete Biological Passport 4.8- 8.8 years to be
caught.(commonest finds
(Blood passport) Androgenic steroids) testosterone,
implemented 2009 nandrolone, stanzozol etc.

Estimates of prevalance of doping

= 14-39%
Compare with
Doping control test results
positive 1-2% annually
 What next for Anti-doping
THE ASPIRATION for WADA The problem
• The game changer will be = Funding
DNA sequencing
• Possibly Dried Blood Spot £80 million committed to
(DBS) tests in retrospect WADA for next few years
research
• Possible greater sanction Compare with Football
with more lifetime bans transfer fee for one player
e.g Neymar £220 Million
 European tour advice re CBD oil
• CBD Oil: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive derivative of cannabis. As of Jan 2018, CBD is no
longer listed as a prohibited substance, however
• CBD Oil may still contain some concentration of the banned substance tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Use of CBD Oil is at the player’s own risk, and is not recommended or endorsed. CBD Oil products
derived from industrial hemp, claim to be free from THC or contain low concentrations of THC.
• A number of factors may influence levels of THC in CBD products: • The variety of plant and parts
of plant used • The refinement and preparation processes used by the manufacturer • The amount
consumed and period of time over which consumption has occurred.
• What about THC testing certificates? No credible third-party testing scheme can guarantee that
every batch of CBD extract is truly THC free. Presently no government guidelines exist to determine
label claim quantifications.
• Not everyone metabolises cannabinoids in the same way, even small amounts may accumulate
through frequent use. THC is fat soluble, which means it can be stored in the body for a long time,
released slowly, often inconsistently depending on individual metabolism. If consumption of a CBD
Oil product leads to an Adverse Analytical Finding for THC, then use of this product would not
mitigate liability for a positive test, despite the permitted status of cannabinoid. Players are strictly
liable. Hemp Seed or (hemp) oil: hemp seed oil is obtained from the seeds of (non-drug strains of)
hemp plants. Refined hemp seed oil is used in body care products and detergents. Hemp seed oil is
also used in cooking. Care should be taken in case low concentrations of THC are present due to the
manufacturing process