DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY BURIE CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY FOR DOMESTIC USE IN THE
CASE OF BURIE WOREDA
A SENIOR PROPOSAL RESEARCH
SUBMITTED TO DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY BURIE CAMPUS, COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR B.SC
IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

BY: ID
1, Amanuel Gochor.....................1304946
2, Niguse G/Mariyam........................1306994
ADVISOR: Zerfe M. (MSc)

NOVEMBER, 2024
BURIE, ETHIOPIA

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, we would like to thank God for his miraculous time to let us accomplish everything we start and also for
his help to go through every event successfully up to this minute. We also convey our deepest thanks to our advisor
Mr. Zerfe(MSc). The completion of this work may not have been possible without his generous devotion from the
early design of the research title and to the final write-up of this report. Last but not least our special thanks goes
to all people including our friends for being with us and providing us a moral support and encouragement.

Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.............................................................................................................................5
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS.......................................................................................................................6
LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................................7
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................9
1.1. Back ground.........................................................................................................................................9
1.2 Statements of the Problem...............................................................................................................10
1.3. Objectives of the study...................................................................................................................10
1.3.1. General objective.........................................................................................................................10
1.3.2. Specific Objectives..................................................................................................................10
1.5. Significance of the study.................................................................................................................11
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the study..................................................................................................11
2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................12
2.1. Definition of water supply..............................................................................................................12
2.2. Sustainable water Supply...............................................................................................................12
2.3. Water governance and its status in Ethiopia...................................................................................12
2.4. Drinking water supply in Ethiopia..................................................................................................13

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 2.5. The Basics Sources of water...........................................................................................................13
2.5.1. Surface water...........................................................................................................................13
2.5.2. Groundwater............................................................................................................................13
2.5.3. Rainwater Harvesting..............................................................................................................14
2.5.4. Reclaimed Water.....................................................................................................................14
2.5.5. Desalinization..........................................................................................................................14
2.5.6. Bottled Water...........................................................................................................................15
2.5.7. Potable Water..........................................................................................................................15
2.6. Challenges of Sustainable Water Supply........................................................................................15
2.6.1 Lack of Capacity.......................................................................................................................15
2.6.2 Inadequate financing.................................................................................................................16

2.6.4 Urbanization.....................................................................................................................................16
2.6.5 Increasing global water scarcity................................................................................................16
2.6.6 Technological Capacity............................................................................................................17
3. Materials and Methods..........................................................................................................................18
3.1. Description of study area....................................................................................................................18
3.1.1. Location...................................................................................................................................18
3.1.2. Climate....................................................................................................................................18
3.1.3. Population................................................................................................................................18
3.2. Data type and Data Sources................................................................................................................19
3.3. Sample size and sampling technique...............................................................................................19
3.4. Data collection Techniques.............................................................................................................20
3.5. Data Analysis..................................................................................................................................20
4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET.............................................................................................................21
4.1 Work Plan........................................................................................................................................21
4.2 Budget Plan.....................................................................................................................................22
4.2.1 Physical Resource.........................................................................................................................22
5. REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................24
6. Appendix...............................................................................................................................................25

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

CSA Central Statistical Authority

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
HHs Households
IWA International water association Sustainability in water supply
MWR Ministry of Water Resources
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations.
O&M Operation and Maintenance
RIPPLE Research-Inspired Policy and Practice Learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region
UN United Nation
USA United States of American
WHO World Health Organization
UNDP United nation Human Development Report Interactive
WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development

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LIST OF TABLES
Table-1 Time schedule
Table-2 Physical resource
Table-3 Human resource

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Back ground

The sustainable provision of adequate and safe drinking water is the most important of all public
services and human being. It is one of the essential necessities of life next to oxygen. Former UN
Secretary General Kofi Annan once said, “All resources that nourish life owe their existence to
water…” From the tiniest algae to the giant mammals along with everything they live on, feed
on, and make possible their breeding are the creations of water” (Informer, 2011). Around 2
billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of scarcity (FAO,
2007). Another 1.6 billion people or almost one quarter of the world population face economic
water shortage where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from rivers and
aquifers (FAO, 2007).
The challenges facing many countries in the world today in their struggle for economic and
social development is increasingly related to water (FAO, 2007). According to Antonio WHO
(2000) more than 1.2 billion people in the World still lack access to safe drinking water and
2.6billion lack accesses to even basic sanitation. Particularly, of any region in the world, the
problem of water supply is deep rooted and Multi-dimensional in Africa. In the year 2000, World
Health Organization (WHO, 2000) estimated that Africa contains 28% of the world’s population
without access to improved water supplies. Even though Africa is stated that it is currently
urbanizing rapidly and by2020 it is expected that over 50% of the population in Africa will
reside in urban areas, more than 30% of the residents in urban areas currently lack access to
adequate water services and facilities (Antonio ,2005).The Water Utility Partnership, an
organization that deals with capacity building of water supply and sanitation utilities in Africa,
has noted that: "public water services in many African countries have been assigned to a single
water authority and the abilities of governments to deliver water adequately have been negatively
affected by a number of factors. First, urban water systems are characterized by heavy water and
financial losses (Asnake, 2012).
Similar to the urban water sector in many developing countries, there are serious constraints in
meeting the challenge to provide adequate water sustainability for all urban residents in Ethiopia.

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Water supply shortages and quality deterioration are among the problems which require greater
attention and action. Various strategies are always being developed to make water accessible to

all inhabitants. However due to insufficient structures coupled with rapid population growth and
urbanization, the gap between demand and supply of water continues to widen (Degnet, 2011).
Burie town has been faced the problems of sustainable adequate drinking water supply services
for many times due to different constraints. The aim of this research is to identify these
challenges and problems of sustainable water provision of the burie town.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

In Ethiopia, millions of people lack access to clean water although the country has several rivers
that do not cease to flow. Similar to the urban water sector in many developing countries, there
are serious constraints to meet the challenge to provide adequate water for all urban residents.
Water supply shortages and quality deterioration are among the problems which require greater
Attention and action (Asnake, 2012). Various strategies are always being developed to make
water accessible to all inhabitants. However due to insufficient structures coupled with rapid
population growth and urbanization, the gap between demand and supply of water continues to
widen. Water is the most crucial and precious natural resource that is important to maintain
healthy and sustain social welfare, economic growth and political stability. Accessibility to
adequate, quality and safe drinking water is one of a basic citizen’s right. However, community
in Burie town lack in access to safe and adequate water supply for domestic uses. This affects
day to day life of the community in various ways. As a result of this reason this research was
aimed to identify the challenges of sustainable provision of adequate water supply in the town.

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General objective

To assess the challenges of sustainable water supply for domestic use

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

To assess major sources of water in the study area
To examine the challenge of Sustainable Water Supply
1.4. Research Questions
What are the major sources of water in the study area?

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 What are the challenges of Sustainable Water Supply for domestic use in the study area?

1.5. Significance of the study

The research focuses on assessing the challenges of sustainable water supply in Burie town and
it is expected to assess up to date information on water supply problems of town and the
proposed actions or solutions to overcome these supply problems. This study could serve as a
working document for the concerned stakeholders on water Resources development and
management like: policy makers in the water sector, the NGOs, the community and
environmental advocates; and may be this study will further more serves as a baseline data for
any further investigations/ research conducting on water resource.

1.6. Scope and Limitation of the study

The research will conduct at Burie on assessing the challenges of sustainable water supply
for domestic use. It will take around three months to carry out the research task and identify
the challenges of sustainable water supply of the study area; and, the respondent will be
Burie Town water, mining and energy and relative office, development agency,
representative of the community of the study area.
This research will limite to assessing challenges of sustainable water supply for domestic use
in the case of Burie town. So due to time and resource limitations we
cannot capture the long term challenge of water supply on the twon through longitudinal
research.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Definition of water supply
Water supply is a means to find reliable and resilient approaches to various human needs for
water for that does exhaust the water sources and the local economy nor have long term negative
impact on the environment. Agriculture consumes about 70% of the current world water supply,
whereas domestic and industrial use is about 8% and 22% respectively (WBCSD, 2009). The
dimensions of sustainability of a water supply scheme and its service delivery are multifaceted.
There are social, technical, financial, institutional and environmental issues to address. To
sustain water supply schemes, it is vital to have the involvement of all segments of the
community, in the form of full participation and control over the scheme’s O&M, overall
management, strategic decision making, ownership and cost sharing for O&M and construction
activities (Israel&Habtamu, 2008).

2.2. Sustainable water Supply

What is considered “sustainable” in one location may be a challenge to sustainability elsewhere
Sustainable water systems should provide adequate water quantity and appropriate quality for a
given need, without compromising the future ability to provide this capacity and quality. Water
systems in the realm of sustainable development may not literally include the use of water, but
include systems where the use of water has traditionally been required (IWA, 2018).

2.3. Water governance and its status in Ethiopia

Water governance refers to the range of political, social, economic and administrative systems
that are in place to develop and manage water resources, and the delivery of water services, at
different levels of society (UNDP, 2006). Water policy and the process for its formulation must
have as its goal the sustainable development of water resources, and to make its implementation
effective, the key actors/stakeholders must be involved in the process. Water governance is
concerned with those political, social and economic organizations and institutions (and their
relationships), which are important for water development and management (Bereket, 2006).

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2.4. Drinking water supply in Ethiopia
The water supply sector in Ethiopia is one of the least developed and is mostly characterized by
service deficiency of physical infrastructure as well as by inadequate management capacity to
handle policy and regulatory issue and to plan, operate and maintain the service. The
sustainability of water supply facilities mainly depends on timely and maintenance and operation
of the system. However, in most developing regions of Ethiopia has been found out that O&M
of water supply facilities is in a poor state of condition and the sustainability of the scheme’s at
stake & identified the following problems: Inappropriate tariff setting without emphasis on full
cost recovery, Lack of clear guidelines for urban tariff setting including issues related to fairness,
and financial sustainability, Poor technical and financial capacity among the urban service
providers that leads to high levels of in accounted for water (MWR,2002). Inadequate quality of
drinking water also remains a major cause of health problems and poor sanitation in rural areas
The in availability of safe drinking water in most rural and urban locations is one of the main
causes of diarrhea among children under the age of five (CSA ,2006).

2.5. The Basics Sources of water

2.5.1. Surface water

Surface water is water on the surface of continents such as in river, lake or wetland. Surface water is any
body of water found on the earth’s surface, including both salt water in the ocean and the fresh water in
rivers, streams and lakes. A body of surface water can persist all year long or for only part of the year,
Surface fresh water is unfortunately limited and unequally distributed in the world. Almost 50%
of the world's lakes are located in Canada alone. In addition, pollution from various activities
leads to surf are water that is not drinking quality. Therefore, treatment systems (either large
scale or at the household level) must be put in place. Structures such as dams may be used to
impound water for consumption. (IWA, 2018).

2.5.2. Groundwater
Groundwater is the water present beneath earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures
of rock formation. Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow
aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil),
immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water.
Groundwater accounts for greater than 50% of global freshwater; thus, it is critical for potable

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water. Groundwater can be a sustainable water supply source if the total amount of water
entering, leaving, and being stored in the system is conserved. There are three main factors
which determine the source and amount of water flowing through a groundwater system:
precipitation, location of streams and other surface-water bodies, and evapotranspiration rate; it
is thus not possible to generalize a sustainable withdrawal or pumping rate for groundwater
(IWA, 2018).

2.5.3. Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a type of harvest in which the rain drops are collected and stored for the
future use, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs and
redirected to a deep pit aquifer, a reservoir with percolation, or collected from dew or fog with
nets or other tools. Collecting water from precipitation is one of the most sustainable sources of
water supply since it has inherent barriers to the risk of over-exploitation found in surface and
groundwater sources, and directly provides drinking water quality. However, rainwater
harvesting systems must be properly design and maintain in order to collect water efficiently,
prevent contamination and use sustainable treatment systems in case the water is contaminant
(IWA, 2018).

2.5.4. Reclaimed Water

Reclaimed water, or water recycled from human use, can also be a sustainable source of water
supply. It is an important solution to reduce stress on primary water resources such as surface
and groundwater. There are both centralize and decentralize systems which include Grey water
recycling systems and the use of micro porous membranes. Reclaim water must be treate to
provide the appropriate quality for a given application (irrigation, industry use, etc.).
It is often most efficient to separate Grey water from black water, thereby using the two water
streams for different uses. Grey water comes from domestic activities such as washing, whereas
black water contains human waste. The characteristics of the two waste streams thus differ
(LWA, 2018).

2.5.5. Desalinization
Desalinization is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. Generally,
desalinization refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance as in soil
desalinization, which is an issue for agriculture. Desalinization has the potential to provide an

11
adequate water quantity to those regions that are freshwater poor, including small island states.
However, the energy demands of reverse osmosis, a widely-use procedure used to remove salt
from water, are a challenge to the adaptation of this technology as a sustainable one. The costs of
desalination average around 0.81 USD per cubic meter compared to roughly 0.16 USD per cubic
meter from other supply sources. If desalination can be provided with renewable energies and
efficient technologies, the sustainable features of this supply source would increase (IWA, 2018).

2.5.6. Bottled Water

Bottled water is a 21st century phenomenon whereby mostly private companies provide potable
water in a bottle for a cost. In some areas bottled water is the only reliable source of safe
drinking water. However, often in these same locations, the cost is prohibitively expensive for
the local population to use in a sustainable manner. Bottled water is not considered an “improved
drinking water source “when it is the only potable source available (IWA, 2018).
When sustainability metrics are used to access bottled water, it falls short in many situations of
being a sustainable water supply. Economic costs, pollution associated with its manufacturing
(plastic, energy etc.) and transportation, as well as extra water use, makes bottled water an
unsustainable water supply system for many regions and for many brands. It takes 3-4 liters of
water to make less than 1 liter of bottled water (IWA, 2018).

2.5.7. Potable Water

Potable water requires some of the strictest standards of quality in terms of bacteriological and
chemical pollutants. These standards are often governing by national governments; international
recommendations can be found from the World Health Organization. Drinking water must be
fresh water and should be free of pathogens and free of harmful chemicals. (IWA, 2018).

2.6. Challenges of Sustainable Water Supply

from 1995 to in the provision of adequate clean water to urban dwellers, the world faced many
challenges, which are related to capacity of the nations, (i.e. Technological know-how and
institutional), inadequate finance, rapid urbanization and declining of global water resources
(Wallace et al,2008).

2.6.1 Lack of Capacity

Capacity is a flexible concept and encompasses the public sector, academia’s; community based
organizations and the private sectors, and ranges from the individual to institutions to society

12
as a whole. Capacity can be described in terms of the human, technological, and managerial
resources required at all levels from the individual through to national governance (Wallace et
al,2008).

2.6.2 Inadequate financing

Historically, water has suffered from severe water financing. This results from inadequate
internal financial capacity in the poor countries to achieve water goals; poor political decisions
for allocation of development aid; an overall reduction over time in development aid; and the

limited cost recovery potential.

2.6.3 Population growth
population growth and rapid urbanization will create a sever scarcity of water as well as
tremendously impact on the natural environment (Wallace et al,2008). In less developed
countries, urban population will grow from 1.9 billion in 2000 in 2030, averaging 2.3% per year.
In order to meet the future water demand cities will be need to tap their water supply either
from a deep ground or surface source situating a far distance away from the urban
area(challa,2011).

2.6.4 Urbanization
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural area to urban areas, the gradual increases
in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which society adapts to this
change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become
larger as more people begin living and working in central areas. Although the two concepts are
sometimes used interchangeably, urbanization should be distinguished from urban growth.
Urbanization is the proportion of the total national population living in areas classed as urban,
while urban growth refers to the absolute number of people living in areas classed as urban.

2.6.5 Increasing global water scarcity

UN-HABITAT stated that, not only is the numbers of those requiring better water suppliers very
large, water itself is becoming scarcer. The number of people living in water stressed and water

13
scarce over the world is estimated to increase approximately six fold 2025 to reach 2.8 billion
(UN-HABITAT,2006).

2.6.6 Technological Capacity

Innovative technologies are essential to overcome barriers to water and sanitation service
provision. Technological capacity includes the development and application of new
technologies, the technical skills needed to effectively construct, operate and manage a
technical solution; the translation of information regarding technologies to promote informed
decision making when implementing a technical solution. However, technology providers
needed a better understanding of local conditions and policies(challa,2011).

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3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Description of study area

3.1.1. Location
Burie town is located in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the West Gojjam Zone and
is situated in the northwestern part of the country. The woreda is known for its agricultural
activities and has a diverse landscape.

3.1.2. Climate
Burie Woreda, located in the Amhara region of Ethiopia, experiences a climate that is influenced
by its altitude and geographical features. Here are some key aspects of the climate in Burie
Woreda:

Burie town generally falls under the temperate climate zone, which is characterized by moderate
temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons. The region can be classified as having a
subtropical highland climate (Cwb) according to the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperatures in Burie town can vary significantly depending on the season and
elevation. Typically, daytime temperatures can range from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), while
nighttime temperatures may drop to around 5°C to 10°C (41°F to 50°F).

3.1.3. Population

Bure is one of the woredas in the West Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Its name
comes from its largest town, Bure. Part of the Mirab Gojjam Zone, Bure is bordered on the south
by the Abay River which separates it from the Oromia Region, on the west by Wemberma, on
the northwest by the Agew Awi Zone, on the north by Sekela, on the east by Jabi Tehnan, and on
the southeast by Dembecha and the Misraq Gojjam Zone. Bure was part of former Bure
Wemberma woreda.
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia
(CSA), this woreda has a total population of 143,132, of whom 71,208 are men and 71,924
women; 25,975 or 18.15% are urban inhabitants. The majority of the inhabitants practiced
Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 98.34% reporting that as their religion, while 1.01% were
Muslim.

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3.2. Data type and Data Sources
Both qualitative and quantitative data will gather through Questionnaires, key informant
interview, and personal observation to supplement, complement from the HH survey. All the
necessary data require for the study will obtain from both primary and secondary sources. The
major sources of secondary data will take from government and non-government publications,
annual and inventory reports, previous studies, and books. Whereas the primary data were from
sample households and Key Informant Interview it would make with various stakeholders,
community representatives, water service officers, City Administration and other concern and
affected bodies. In addition, personal observation and informal discussion with users will take as
the other data source which reinforces the require data from the study area and serves as a check
for data reliability.

3.3. Sample size and sampling technique

For the purpose of will study, simple random sampling was used to select the sample household
for household survey and purposively selecting the kebele from the town. The reasons behind
choosing this technique is: it avoids biases during selection of representative samples and it
creates an opportunity to all people in the population equal chance of being select. This is by
considering or understanding of the distance.
For sample size determination we used yemen's formula that was developed in 2012.
The sample size for this study will be determined by using Solves’ formula, which is as follow:

n=N/(1+N) * (e)2

n=16460/1+16460[0.1]2=99

Where n= sample size

N= total hose hold (16460)

℮ = is the level of precision with the 10% of sampling intensity

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From the total house hold (16460) of the study area 100 of sample size were determine but
proportionally we took 75 HHS to save time and resource taken using simple random sampling
technique that, represent the total population.

3.4. Data collection Techniques

Data on factors that may hinder the sustainable functioning of water supply schemes will be
gather through employing multiple methods including Questionnaire, Interview and personal
observation will also use as vigorous instruments to directly observe the existing water supply
problems in the study area. Interview of key informant will be conduct with the town’s residents
from different offices, like Keble leaders, with persons of different responsibilities, knowledge
and experience about the town’s water coverage, the balance between demand and supply of
water in the town, major challenges facing in the provision of sustainable water supply, level of
community awareness and participation in the provision of the service. Those questions will be
asked for the student of Debre markos University Burie campus, knowledge and experience
about
the town’s water coverage, manager of hospital, for the leader water supply office (education
persons).

3.5. Data Analysis

To analyze the collect data both a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis methods
will employ. Quantitative data will generate from HHs survey and analyzed using simple
descriptive statistical tools like frequency, percentages and tables. The qualitative data will
collect by using key informants interview and personal observation and was analyze through
description, narrating and interpreting the situation contextually so that the town’s water supply
situation has been properly reveal.

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4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET
4.1 Work Plan
A sequence action in time when we conducting this proposal (day)
Table-1: time schedule

Month (2024)

No Action November December January February March April May June

1 Title selection X
2 Data collection X
3 Data arrangement X

4 Copy and edit the X

arranged data

5 General process X
6 First draft of written X
proposal
7 Final submission of X
proposal

8 Questionnaires X
preparation

9 Data process and X

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 analysis

10 Research submission X

4.2 Budget Plan

The cost budget shows the total cost or an expense that is going to be full filled by the students for the purpose of
equation of materials that are necessary for this proposal while conducting the proposal.

4.2.1 Physical Resource

Table-2: physical resource

NO Item Unit Quantity Price/Unit Total Price/Unit

1 Paper Pack 1 pack 250 250

2 Pen No 3 10 30

3 Binder No 2 20 40

4 Flash NO 1 200 200

5 Ruler No 2 10 20

6 Printing Page 30 2 60

7 Typing Page 30 1 30

8 Transport Km 6 10 60

9 Pencil No 2 6 12

10 Mobil card No 15 10 150

11 Eraser No 2 10 20

12 Internet In hour 20 10 200

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13 Calculator No 1 120 120

Sub total 1,192 birr

4.2.2 Human resource

Table.3 Human resource

Number Purpose Number Of Number Of Per Total Birr

day person diem/day

1 Allowance for 5 10 20 100

data collection

2 Allowance for 7 4 15 105

data processing

Subtotal 205 birr

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5. REFERENCES

Ahmed muhumed, (2013). Sustainability of rural water services implemented using community
managed project approach in Amhara region of Ethiopia.HAMK University of applied
science. Bachelor’s thesis on construction engineering. ChallaDeyessa(2011): An
assessment urban water supply and sanitation,the case of ambo town. Addis
Ababa ,Ethiopia.
Asnake zemenay zeamanuel,(2012).Assessing The Challenges of Sustainable Water Supply in
the Harari Region: The case of Harar town.A Thesis Submitted to the Centre for
Environment and Development Studies,Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
Bereket Belayhun (2006): Evaluation of water supply systems in selected urban
Poor areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Burie town Administration, (2019).background information of the kebele.
Degnet Abebaw, (2011): Access to Improved Water Source and Satisfaction with service
Evidence from Rural Ethiopia. Development Strategy and Governance Division,
International Food Policy Research Institute – Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The case of ambo town. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
CSA (2006): Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
CSA (2007).population census of Ethiopia
FAO (2007): Food and Agricultural organization UN-water world

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Informer (2010): Quarterly published bulletin by the research and Graduate Program of Addis
Ababa University. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
IWA, (2018): International water association Sustainability in water supply.
Meseret belachew addisie, (2012).Assessment of drinking water quality and determinants of
household potable water consumption in simada district, Ethiopia. A project paper
presented to the faculty of the graduate school of Cornell university in partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of master of professional studies, January.
San Antonio, (2005): conference paper (PDF) taxes water ‘08 university of delaide
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), (2006).Human development report interactive
world map
WBCSD (2009): World Business Council for Sustainable Development
WHO (2000): Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report.
World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund, (2000). New York, USA.

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