CLASS: X CBSE CHAPTER WISE CONCEPTS AND FORMULAS

REAL NUMBERS
[Link]. Type of numbers Description
1 Natural Numbers 𝑁 = {1,2,3,4,5, … . }
It is the counting numbers
2 Whole Numbers W = {0,1,2,3,4,5, … . }
It is the counting numbers + zero
3 Integers Z = {… . −5, −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5, … . }
4 Positive Integers 𝑍+ = {1,2,3,4,5, … . }
5 Negative Integers 𝑍− = {… . −7, −6, −5, −4, −3, −2, −1}
6 Rational Number A number is called rational if it can be expressed in the form p/q
where p and q are integers (q>0).
1 4 5
Example : 2 , 3 , 7 , 𝑒𝑡𝑐
7 Irrational Number A number is called rational if it cannot be expressed in the form
p/q where p and q are integers (q>0).
Example : √3, √2, √5𝜋, 𝑒𝑡𝑐
8 Real Number All rational and all irrational number makes the collection of real
number. It is denoted by the letter R.

[Link]. Terms Description

1 Euclid’s division For a and b any two positive integer, we can always find unique
lemma integer q and r such that
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
If r= 0, then b is divisor of a.
2 HCF (Highest common HCF of two positive integers can be find using the Euclid’s
factor) division lemma algorithm
We know that for any two integers a, b. we can write following
expression
𝑎 = 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑟, 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑏
If r = 0, then
HCF (a, b) = b
If r ≠ 0, then
HCF (a, b) = HCF (b, r)
Again expressing the integers b, r in Euclid’s division lemma, we
get
𝑏 = 𝑝𝑟 + 𝑟1
HCF (b, r) = HCF (𝑟, 𝑟1)
Similarly successive Euclid’s division can be written until we get
the remainder zero, the divisor at that point is called the HCF of
the a and b.
3 HCF (a, b) = 1 Then a and b are co-primes.
4 Fundamental theorem Composite number = product of primes
of Arithmetic
 5 HCF and LCM by prime HCF = product of the smallest power of each common factor in
factorization method the numbers
6 Important formula HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b
7 Important concept for Terminating decimal expression can be written in the form
rational number 𝑝
2 5𝑚
𝑛

POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSIONS
A polynomial expression S(x) in one variable x is an algebraic expression in x term as
𝑆(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎0
Where 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , … . , 𝑎, 𝑎0 are constant and real numbers and 𝑎𝑛 is not equal to zero.
Some Important points to Note:
[Link]. POINTS
1 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , … . , 𝑎, 𝑎0 are called the coefficients for 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑥 𝑛−1 , 𝑥 𝑛−2 , … 𝑥, 𝑥 0
2 n is called the degree of the polynomial
3 when 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , … . , 𝑎, 𝑎0 all are zero, it is called zero polynomial
4 A constant polynomial is the polynomial with zero degree, it is a constant value polynomial
5 A polynomial of one item is called monomial, two items binomial and three items as
trinomial
6 A polynomial of one degree is called linear polynomial, two degree as quadratic
polynomial and degree three as cubic polynomial

Important Concepts on Polynomial:

Concept Description
Zero's or roots of the It is a solution to the polynomial equation S(x)=0 i.e. a number
polynomial "a" is said to be a zero of a polynomial if S(a)=0. If we draw the
graph of S(x)=0 the values where the curve cuts the X-axis are
called Zeroes of the polynomial
Remainder Theorem's If p(x) is an polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and
p(x) is divided by the expression (x-a), then the remainder will
be p(a)
Factor's Theorem's If x-a is a factor of polynomial p(X) then p(a)=0 or if p(a) 0,x-a is
the factor the polynomial p(x)

Geometric Meaning of the Zeroes of the Polynomial:

Let’s us assume
Y= p (x) where p(x) is the polynomial of any form.
Now we can plot the equation y=p(x) on the Cartesian plane by taking various values of x and y
obtained by purring the values. The plot or graph obtained can be of any shapes.
The zeroes of the polynomial are the points where the graph meet x axis in the Cartesian plane. If the
graph does not meet x axis, then the polynomial does not have any zero’s.
Let us take some useful polynomial and shapes obtained on the Cartesian plane
[Link]. 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥) Graph obtained Name of the Name of the
graph equation
 1 y = ax+b where a and b can Straight line Linear
be any values (a ≠ 0) It intersects the polynomial
Example y=2x+3 x axis at (-b/a,
0)
Example (-
3/2,0)
2 y = ax²+bx+c Parabola Quadratic
where b2-4ac > 0 and a ≠ 0 It intersects the polynomial
and a > 0 x - axis at two
Example y = x2-7x+12 points

Example (3,0)
and (4,0)
3 y = ax3+bx2+cx+d It can be any shape It will cut the x Cubic
where a ≠ 0 – axis at the polynomial
most 3 times

Relation between coefficient and zeros of the polynomial:

[Link]. Type of polynomial General form Maximum Relationship between
Zero’s zero’s and coefficients

1 Linear polynomial y = ax+b 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚

𝑘=−
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥

2 Quadratic polynomial y = ax²+bx+c, a ≠ 0 2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2

𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
=−
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑘1 𝑘2 =
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
3 Cubic y = ax3+bx2+cx+d 3 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3
polynomial where a ≠ 0 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
=−
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
=
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3

Formation of polynomial when the zeroes are given:

Type of polynomial Zero’s Polynomial formed

Linear 𝑘 = 𝑎 (x - a)
 Quadratic 𝑘1 = 𝑎 and 𝑘2 = 𝑏 (x - a) (x - b)
Or
𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
Or
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 ′ 𝑠)𝑥
+ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜′𝑠

Cubic 𝑘1 = 𝑎, 𝑘2 = 𝑏 and 𝑘3 = 𝑐 (x - a) (x - b) (x - c)

Division algorithm for polynomial:

Let’s p(x) and q(x) are any two polynomial with q(x)0, then we can find polynomial s(x) and r(x) such
that

P(x) = s(x) q(x) + r(x)

Where r(x) can be zero or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x)

Dividend = Quotient  Divisor + Remainder

 LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers, such that a and b are not
both zero, is called a linear equation in two variables.

Important points to Note:

[Link]. Points

1 A linear equation in two variable has infinite solutions

2 The graph of every linear equation in two variable is a straight line

3 x = 0 is the equation of the y – axis and y = 0 is the equation of the x – axis

4 The graph x = a is a line parallel to y – axis

5 The graph y = b is a line parallel to x – axis

6 An equation of the type y = mx represents a line passing through the origin.

7 Every point on the graph of a linear equation in two variables is a solution of the linear
Equation. Moreover, every solution of the linear equation is a point on the graph

[Link]. Type of equation Mathematical Solutions

representation
1 Linear equation in one variable ax + b=0, a ≠ 0 One solution
a and b are real
number
2 Linear equation in two variable ax + by + c =0, a ≠ 0 Infinite solution
and b ≠ 0 possible
a, b and c are real
number
3 Linear equation in three variable ax + by + cz + d =0, a Infinite solution
≠ 0, b ≠ 0 and c ≠ 0 possible
a, b, c and d are real
number

Simultaneous pair of linear equation:

A pair of linear equation in two variables

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0

a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
Graphically it is represented by two straight lines on Cartesian plane.

Simultaneous pair of Condition Graphical representation Algebraic

linear equation interpretation

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 𝑎1 𝑏1 Intersecting lines. The One unique solution

≠
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 𝑎2 𝑏2 Intersecting point only.
coordinate is the only
Example solution
x – 4y + 14 = 0
3x + 2y – 14 = 0

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Coincident lines. The any The Infinite solution.

= =
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 coordinate on the line is
the solution.
Example
2x + 4y = 16
3x + 6y = 24

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 Parallel lines No solution

= ≠
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Example
2x + 4y = 16
4x + 8y = 18

The graphical solution can be obtained by drawing the lines on the Cartesian plane.

Algebraic Solution of system of Linear equation:

[Link]. Types of method Working of method

1 Method of elimination by substitution 1) suppose the equation are
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
2) find the value of variable of
either x or y in other variable
term in first equation.
3) substitute the value of that
variable in second equation
4) Now this is a linear
equation in one variable. Find
the value of the variable.
5) Substitute this value in first
equation and get the second
variable
2 Method of elimination by equating the coefficients 1) Suppose the equation are
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
2) Find the LCM of 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 .
Let it k.
3) Multiple the first equation
by the value 𝑘⁄𝑎1
Multiple the first equation by
the value 𝑘⁄𝑎2
4) Subtract the equation
obtained. This way one
variable will be eliminated
and we can solve to get the
value of variable y
5) Substitute this value in first
equation and get the second
variable
3 Cross multiplication method 1) Suppose the equation are
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
2) This can be written as
𝑥 −𝑦 1
=𝑎 𝑐 =
𝑏1 𝑐1 1 1 𝑎1 𝑏1
𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2
3) This can be written as
𝑥 −𝑦
=
𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑐1
1
=
𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
4) Value of x and y can be find
using the
X = first and last expression
Y = second and last expression
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

[Link]. Terms Descriptions

1 Quadratic Polynomial P(x)=ax²+bx+c where 𝑎 ≠ 0

2 Solution or Root of the A real number 𝛼 is called the root or solution of the quadratic
Quadratic equation equation if
a𝛼² + b𝛼 +c = 0
3 zeroes of the The root of the quadratic equation are called zeroes
polynomial p(x)

4 Maximum roots of We know from chapter two that a polynomial of degree can
quadratic equations have max two zeroes. So a quadratic equation can have
maximum two roots
5 Condition for real roots A quadratic equation has real roots if b² - 4ac > 0

How to Solve Quadratic equation:

[Link]. Method Working

1 Factorization This method we factorize the

equation by splitting the middle
term b
In ax2 + bx + c = 0
Example
6x2 – x – 2 = 0
1) First we need to multiple the
coefficient a and c. In this case
6 × −2 = −12
2) Splitting the middle term so
that multiplication is 12 and
difference is the coefficient b
6x2 + 3x -4x – 2 = 0
3x (2x+1) – 2 (2x+1) = 0
(3x - 2) (2x+1) = 0
3) Roots of the equation can be
find equating the factors to
zero
3x – 2 = 0 => x = 3/2
2x + 1 = 0 => x = -1/2
 2 Square method In this method we create
square on LHS and RHS and
Then find the value.
ax² + bx + c = 0
1) x2 + (b/a)x + (c/a) = 0
2) (x + b/2a)2 – (b/2a)2 + (c/a)=0
3) (x + b/2a)2 = (b2 – 4ac)/4a2
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
4) x = 2𝑎
Example
x2 + 4x – 5 =0
1) (x + 2)2 – 9 = 0
2) Roots of the equation can be
find using square root on both
the sides
x + 2 = -3 => x = -5
x + 2 = 3 => x = 1
3 Quadratic method For Quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
roots are given by
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
x= 2𝑎
,x= 2𝑎
2
For 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0, Quadratic
equation has two real roots of
different value
For 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, Quadratic
equation has one real root
For 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, no real roots
for quadratic equation

Nature Of roots of Quadratic equation:

[Link]. Condition Nature of roots

1
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 Two distinct real roots

2
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 One real root

3
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 No real roots

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
[Link]. Terms Descriptions

1 Arithmetic An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that

Progression the difference of any two successive members is a constant
Examples
1) 1,5,9,13, 17,….
2) 1,2,3,4,5,…..
2 Common difference of The difference between any successive members is a constant
the AP and it is called the common difference of AP
1) If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 are the terms in AP then
D = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎4 − 𝑎3
2) We can represent the general form of AP in the form
𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, 𝑎 + 4𝑑 … …
Where a is first term and d is the common difference.
3 nth term of Arithmetic nth term = a + (n – 1)d
Progression

4 Sum of nth item in 𝑛

𝑠𝑛 = ( ) [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
Arithmetic 2
Progression OR
𝑛
𝑠𝑛 = ( ) [𝑡1 + 𝑡𝑛 ]
2
 TRIANGLES

[Link] Terms Descriptions

1 Congruence Two geometric figure are said to be congruence if they are exactly
same size and shape
Symbol used is ≅
Two angles are congruent if they are equal
Two circle are congruent if they have equal radii
Two square are congruent if the sides are equal
2 Triangle Congruence  Two triangles are congruent if three sides and three angles
of one triangle is congruent to the corresponding sides and
angles of the other

 Corresponding sides are equal AB = DE, BC = EF, AC = DF

 Corresponding angles are equal ∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷, ∠𝐵 =
∠𝐸, ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐹
 We write this as ABC ≅ DEF
 The above six equalities are between the corresponding
parts of the two congruent triangles. In short form this is
called C.P.C.T
 We should keep the letters in correct order on both sides
3 Inequalities in 1) In a triangle angle opposite to longer side is larger
Triangles 2) In a triangle side opposite to larger angle is larger
3) The sum of any two sides of the triangle is greater than the third
side
In triangle ABC
AB + BC > AC

Different Criterion for Congruence of the triangles:

[Link]. Criterion Description Figures and expression

1 Side angle side  Two triangles are congruent if
(SAS) the two sides and included
Congruence angles of one triangle is equal
to the two sides and included
angle
 It is an axiom as it cannot be
proved so it is an accepted
truth
 ASS and SSA type two
triangles may not be
congruent always

If following condition
AB = DE, BC = EF
∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸
 Then 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐸𝐹

2 Angle side angle Two triangles are congruent if the two

(ASA) Congruence angles and included side of one
triangle is equal to the corresponding
angles and side
It is a theorem and can be proved

If following condition
BC = EF
∠𝐵 = ∠𝐸, ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐹
Then 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐸𝐹
3 Angle angle Two triangles are congruent if the any
side(AAS) two pair of angles and any side of one
Congruence triangle is equal to the corresponding
angles and side.
It is a theorem and can be proved

If following condition
BC = EF
∠𝐴 = ∠𝐷, ∠𝐶 = ∠𝐹
Then 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐸𝐹
4 Side-Side-Side (SSS) Two triangles are congruent if the
Congruence three sides of one triangle is equal to
the three sides of the another

If following condition
BC = EF, AB = DE, DF = AC
Then 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐸𝐹
 5 Right angle – Two right triangles are congruent if
Hypotenuse – the hypotenuse and a side of the one
side(RHS) triangle are equal to corresponding
congruence hypotenuse and side of the another

If following condition
AC = DF, BC = EF
Then 𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐸𝐹

Some Important points on Triangles:

Terms Description
Orthocenter Point of intersection of the three altitude of the triangle

Equilateral triangle whose all sides are equal and all angles are equal to 60°

Median A line Segment joining the corner of the triangle to the midpoint of the
opposite side of the triangle
Altitude A line Segment from the corner of the triangle and perpendicular to the
opposite side of the triangle
Isosceles centroid A triangle whose two sides are equal Point of intersection of the three
median of the triangle is called the centroid of the triangle
In center All the angle bisector of the triangle passes through same point

Circumcenter The perpendicular bisector of the sides of the triangles passes through
same point
Scalene triangle Triangle having no equal angles and no equal sides

Right triangle obtuse Right triangle has one angle equal to 90° one angle is obtuse angle while
triangle other two are acute angles
Acute triangle All the angles are acute
Area of Similar triangles

If the two triangle ABC and EDF are similar

𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐷𝐸𝐹
Then
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝐸𝐹
= (𝐷𝐸 ) = (𝐸𝐹 ) = (𝐷𝐹)

Pythagoras Theorem:
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRY
AERA OF CIRLCES
 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

Volume Unit conversion:

Surface Area and Volume of Right circular cylinder:

Surface Area and Volume of Right circular cone:

Surface Area and Volume of sphere and hemisphere:
How the Surface Area and Volume are determined:
STATISTICS
PROBABILITY