GROUP 4

LEADER: TALLEDO, JAY

MEMBERS:
BACONGA, STEPHANIE
QUIMANHAN, ARBIE
YAGMA, MYLENE
DATU, JENEVIER
DIGAMON, FIDEL
DELOS SANTOS, BRENT
PACHOCO,JABEZ

DEFORESTATION, MINING AND ILLEGAL LOGGING

DEFORESTATION

WHAT IS DEFORESTATION?

*Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or

stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.

*Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or

urban use. About 31% of Earth’s land surface is covered by forests at present.
*Deforestation represents one of the largest issues in global land use.
Estimates of deforestation traditionally are based on the area of forest cleared
for human use, including removal of the trees for wood products and for
croplands and grazing lands.

CAUSE AND EFFECTS:

[Link] Change
Cause: Agribusinesses clear huge tracts of forest and use the land to plant
high-value cash crops like palm oil and soya, and for cattle ranching.
Effect: Much of the carbon stored by trees is released back into the
atmosphere as carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change.

[Link] Erosion
Cause: Deforestation contributes to soil erosion by loosening the soil particles
from the trees’ support, which greatly increases the soil’s chances to be
carried away by the water from the runoff rains.
Effect:The loose soil contributes to landslides, all due to deforestation
because of the trees’ lack of support of the soil.
[Link] Extinction
Cause: Biodiversity loss when animal species that live in the trees no longer
have their habitat, cannot relocate, and therefore become extinct.
Effect: Deforestation can lead certain tree species to permanently disappear,
which affects biodiversity of plant species in an environment.

[Link] Water
Depletion
Cause: Deforestation leads to the depletion of the water table. When soil is
healthy, water is gradually absorbed into the earth, replenishing groundwater.
Effect: When trees and roots are cut, water runs off the surface more quickly
and the soil is unable to absorb the flowing water.

[Link]
Cause: Deforestation is directly attributable to humans clearing land for
agriculture or pasture, building roads, logging, and extracting forest products.
Effect: Overpopulation leads to an increased demand for housing, food, and
resources, which can lead, among other things, to deforestation. We lose
approximately 10 million hectares a year.

Article:
The negative impacts of deforestation led to the launching of the National
Greening Program(NGP) that involved the planting of more than a billion
seedlings over a few million hectares of land from 2011 to 2016. To assess the
success of NGP, satellite data from Landsat and Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were analyzed before, during and after the NGP.
How can we prevent Deforestation and what is the importance?
One of the most pressing environmental issues we face today, with vast tracts
of forests disappearing at an alarming rate. It not only leads to the loss of
habitat for countless species but also accelerates climate change due to the
significant amounts of carbon dioxide stored in these ecosystems. However,
it’s not an unsolvable problem. Each one of us can contribute to the solution to
prevent deforestation. We can help stop deforestation and promote a more
sustainable relationship with our planet’s precious.
❖Plant More Trees
Engage in tree-planting initiatives in your community or through global
organizations.

❖Go Paperless
Reduce paper consumption by going digital at home and in the office. When
you do need to print, use both sides of the paper.

❖Buy and Use Responsibly

Consider your purchases carefully. Buy only what you need, and prioritize
items with less packaging or reusable containers.
 ❖Recycle and Buy Recycled Products
Support the recycling economy by buying recycled products and recycling
them again after use.

❖Educate Others
Raise awareness about deforestation in your social circle and community.
The more they know,the more they can help.

❖Advocate for Forest Protection Policies

Support policies and politicians that prioritize forest conservation and
responsible land use.
Remember, every action counts. By making informed choices, we can
contribute to preserving our forests and securing the future of our planet. And
remember… every product that is made out of trees is Recyclable. So practice
recycling diligently.

JUSTIFICATION:
The Difference between DEFORESTATION and ILLEGAL LOGGING., is that
ILLEGAL LOGGING is described as the commercial felling of trees to make
other products, DEFORESTATION is defined as the complete removal of the
forest and all of its associated life forms. In addtion DEFORESTATION is the
loss of natural forest while ILLEGAL LOGGING is a type of activity.

MINING

What is Mining?

*Mining, process of extracting useful minerals from the surface of the Earth,
including the seas.
*Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through
agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory.
*Mining is also called a “robber industry” because of valuable resources are
taken from the earth and hence depriving earth from it’s own [Link]
resources are not formed in a small time instead takes millions of years to
replenish.

9 TYPES OF MINING

[Link] Mining

-Is the process of extracting minerals, rocks and other industrial materials
other than oil, coal and gas from the earth through the development of shafts
and entries from the surface to the deposits or seam before recovering the
products and using underground extraction methods.
[Link] Mining

-refers to the removal of the terrain surface to access minerals

underneath. In particular, surface mining is used to retrieve sand, gravel,
stones, coal, iron and other metals.

[Link] Mining

-is the mining of stream bed deposits for minerals. This may be done by
open-pit mining or by various surface excavating equipment or tunneling
equipment.
[Link] Top Removal

-Mountaintop Removal Mining is highly controversial, and best suited for

retrieving mass amounts of minerals, usually coal, from mountain peaks. The
process involves blasting the overburden with explosives above the mineral
seam to be mined. The broken mountaintop is then shifted into valleys and
fills below.

5. Dredging

- Is the more sophisticated version of panning for gold. In fact, it’s mostly
associated with gold mining. Much like hopeful miners with their pans during
the gold rush, floating dredges (a barge fitted with conveyor belts and scoops)
move up a water table.
[Link] Mining

-Strip mining gets its name from the fact that the process involves stripping
the surface away from the mineral that’s being excavated (usually coal). Soil,
rock, and vegetation over the mineral seam is removed with huge machines,
including bucket-wheel excavators.

[Link] Mining

- Highwall mining relies on machinery to collect ores from a “highwall”, or

an unmined wall with overburden and exposed minerals and ores. Usually,
highwalls are found at the edges of quarries and pit mines, and enable miners
to retrieve ore from a wall that would otherwise be too expensive to clear of
overburden in order to reach the ore.
8. Open-pit Mining

-Is similar to strip mining, except the ore is removed from an open pit which
is not then filled in. Open-pit mining has been around for centuries, with
ancient cultures like the Greeks, Romans, and Persians mining for granite,
marble and even salt.

9. Solution Mining

- refers to the production of salt (or potash, or other soluble products) by

pumping water into subterranean salt deposits, found in many parts of the
world, dissolving the salts and pumping the brine to the surface for drying and
further use.
CAUSE AND EFFECT OF MINING:

1. Cause: Land Excavation

Effect: Deforestation and Habitat Destruction
-Mining activities often involve clearing large areas of land, leading to the
destruction of forests and natural habitats, which affects biodiversity and
displaces wildlife.

[Link]: Chemical Usage in Mining

Effect: Water Pollution
-Chemicals such as cyanide and mercury are used in mining to extract
minerals, which can seep into local water sources, leading to water pollution
and harming aquatic life and human communities that rely on the water.

[Link]: Mining Operations

Effect: Soil Erosion and Degradation
-The removal of vegetation and topsoil for mining exposes the land to
erosion, reducing the soil’s fertility and its ability to support vegetation, leading
to long-term land degradation.

[Link]: Release of Particulate Matter

Effect: Air Pollution and Health Issues
-Mining activities release dust and other particulate matter into the air,
leading to air pollution. This can cause respiratory problems, such as asthma
and lung disease, in nearby communities.

[Link]: Resource Extraction

Effect: Economic Growth
-Mining can lead to economic growth in a region by creating jobs and
generating revenue. However, this effect is often short-term and can lead to
economic dependence on finite resources.

Article:
For decades, Apo Cement and Apo Land and Quarry Corporation
(ALCQ),subsidiaries of mexican mining conglement cemex, have carried out
extractive practices in this mountainous area along the southeastern coast of
Cebu. When a landslide killed more than 70 and displaced over 8,000 people on
20 September 2018, they were already entangled in contention with mining
corporations and the local political elite.

What are the Minerals and stones we can get from mining, and the
importance of Mining:
5. Common Minerals on Earth are:
[Link]

-Quartz is the major component of beach sand and an important mineral in

many types of rocks, including granite. It is also the Earth’s most common
mineral and is present in a wide range of rocks. It forms in the trigonal
system.
 2. FeldSpars

-Feldspars are aluminosilicate minerals containing varying amounts of

potassium, sodium and calcium. They are the most abundant mineral group,
constituting about 60% of the Earth’s crust. The most common economic
deposits of feldspars are in pegmatites.

[Link]

- Mica is a naturally occurring mineral dust often used in makeup

foundations, as filler in cement and asphalt, and as insulation material in
electric cables.
[Link]

- Amphibole minerals’ defining characteristics are their dark color,

hardness and well-developed cleavage. These usually serve to
distinguish them from most other common rock-forming minerals with
the exception of the pyroxene mineral group.

[Link]

- Olivinesare an important rock-forming mineral group. Magnesium-rich

olivines are abundant in low-silica mafic and ultramafic igneous rock and.
are believed to be the most abundant constituent of the Earth’s upper
mantle.
17 Rare Minerals are:

[Link] (Ce)
2. dysprosium (Dy)
[Link] (Er)
[Link] (Eu)
5. gadolinium (Gd)
6. holmium (Ho)
7. lanthanum (La)
[Link] (Lu)
[Link] (Nd)
10. praseodymium (Pr)
11. promethium (Pm)
12. samarium (Sm)
13. scandium (Sc)
[Link] (Tb)
[Link] ™
16. ytterbium (Yb)
17. yttrium (Y).

10 Common Stones are:

1. quartz
[Link]
3. mica
[Link]
5. pyroxene
[Link]
[Link]
8. dolomite
9. gypsum
[Link]

10 Rarest Gemstones are:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Opal
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Beryl
[Link]

What is the importance of Mining?

- Mined materials are needed to construct roads and hospitals, to build
automobiles and houses, to make computers and satellites, to generate
electricity, and to provide the many other goods and services that
consumers enjoy.
ILLEGAL LOGGING

What is Illegal Logging?

*Illegal logging and related trade occurs when timber is harvested,

transported, processed, bought or sold in violation of national or sub-national
laws. It also refers to clearing of forests for plantations such as oil palm.

*Illegal Logging worldwide comes with a host of environmental and social

problems . Destruction of tropical rainforests releases vast amounts of
greenhouse gas emissions, threatens biodiversity ,and imperils other so
called “ecosystem services” such as clean water.

Why is it harmful?
❖Many species experience lost of habitat.
❖Loss of income for people whose livelihoods depends on forest .
❖Lossof forest resources for local use, such as medicine, fuel wood, food
and drinking water.
❖Governments can experience loss of revenue from taxes and duties.
❖By not paying taxes , illegal loggers are able to undercut market prices,
creating unfair competition and causing a depression in world timber
prices.
❖Deterioration of the law and
 ❖coprrution.

JUSTIFICATION :
Illegal Logging can harm the government in several ways, including:

✓ Lost of Revenue
✓ Market Distortion
✓ Corruption
Governments can lose tax revenue from Illegal Logging, markets will
lower the price of the timber due to the numerous production of timber
and also Illegal Logging can stimulate corruption and crimes within the
government.
So it is a HARMFUL EFFECT of ILLEGAL LOGGING not the IMPACT,
because HARM is the act of causing damage, while IMPACT is the result
of that action.

What are the Cause and Effects of Illegal Logging?

[Link]: Cutting down trees illegally without proper permits.

Effect: This causes damage to forest areas, leading to a loss of plant and
animal species, including those that are rare or endangered.

[Link]: Trees are removed carelessly during illegal logging.

Effect: This results in increased soil erosion and a greater risk of landslides,
which can harm both the environment and local communities.

[Link]: Illegal logging releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2).

Effect: This adds to climate change by increasing greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, which makes the Earth warmer.

[Link]: Illegal logging often involves illegal activities and abuses of

power.
Effect: This leads to human rights violations and negatively affects the lives
and cultures of communities that depend on the forest.
 [Link]: The lack of enforcement against illegal logging.
Effect: This results in lost tax revenue that could have supported public
services, impacting the overall economy and infrastructure.

Article:
The Philippineforests have been the most coveted among the country’s
natural resources, and the few who have been granted the privilege of
“taming” portions of them have reaped power and wealth. The dangerous
entertrwine of forests and politics was most glaring under Ferdinand Marcos
(1969-1985). In bestowing upon himself the power to grant and revoke logging
licenses-formely held by the department of Environment and Natural
Resources the marcos government used the Timber License Agreement or
TLA as a tool of political patronage.

How can we prevent illegal logging and its Importance:

- llegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as

deforestation, soil erosion and biodiversity loss which can drive larger-scale
environmental crises such as climate change and other forms of
environmental degradation.
Here are some examples on how we can prevent illegal logging:

❖Plant trees
- It’s like a lifetime investment. The seeds sown will grow into trees one day
and may recover the loss faced through deforestation.

❖Buy and use reposibly

- Making sure that the products and services we buy are as sustainable as
possible, with the lowest. Environmental impact and most positive social
results.

❖Proper Logging
- Implementing strategies such as log buffering, asynchronous logging, or log
sampling are among the best logging practices to mitigate potential
performance degradation caused by excessive logging.

❖Implementing illegal logging policies

- Effective control of illegal logging requires action across many policy areas:
the promotion of good governance, action to tackle corruption, land reform,
industrial and fiscal policy reform, development assistance, and so on.

❖Educate others
- Raise awareness about deforestation in your social circle and community.
The more people know, the more they can help.

Why is it important to prevent illegal logging?

- It is important to fight/prevent illegal logging because of the damage it inflicts
on people, societies and the environment. Illegal logging drives
deforestation, biodiversity loss and climate change.

IN ADDITION:
 There are positive and Negative Effects of Illegal logging which are:

POSITIVE EFFECT:
➢ Improves Health of Trees
➢ When logging is performed, the dead and deseased trees are
harvested ,thus preventing the spread of the fungi or bacteria which
may damage other parts of the tree.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS:
➢ Illegal Logging is a global problem. It damages forests,devastates
communities and wildlife, aggravates climate change,and keeps
forested countries locked in cylces of poverty and corruption.

IS ILLEGAL LOGGING , IS A GOOD PRACTICE?

➢ NO!! BECAUSE THESE ILLEGAL PRACTICES DAMAGE
BIODIVERSITY AND THE HEALTH OF THE FOREST
ECOSYSTEM.