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 [Link] AND ITS APPLICATIONS
1. The bacterium, 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 is widely used in contemporary biology as
a) Insecticide
b) Agent for the production of dairy products
c) Source of industrial enzyme
d) Indicator of water pollution
2. The technique of DNA fingerprinting was initially developed by
a) Ian wilmut b) HarGobindKhurana
c) Jacque Monod d) Alex Jeffreys
3. Consider the following statements
I. Specific 𝐵𝑡 toxin gene have been isolated from 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠
II. 𝐵𝑡 toxin is coded by a gene named 𝑐𝑟𝑦
III. 𝐵𝑡 toxin protein exists as inactive protoxins
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) I and II c) I and III d) II and III
4. Silencing of a gene could be achieved by the use of
a) RNAi b) Antisense RNA c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
5. In callus culture, roots can be induced by the supply of
a) Auxin b) Cytokinin c) Gibberellin d) Ethylene
6. Golden rice
I. It is a transgenic variety of rice
II. It contains a goods quality of β-carotene (provitamin-A)
III. β-carotene is a principal source of vitamin-A
IV. The grains of the rice are yellow in colour due to β-carotene. The rice is commonly called golden rice
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
7. GEAC stands for
a) Genetic and Biotechnique Approval Committee b) Gene Environment Action Committee
c) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee d) Genome Engineering Action Committee
8. The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible with
a) DNA ligase b) Endonucleases c) DNA polymerase d) Exonucleases
9. Genetically modified plants have been useful in increasing
a) Crop yield b) Nutritional value of food
c) Tolerance against abiotic stresses d) All of the above
10. Transgenic crops are modified through genetic engineering to develop natural resistance to insect pests.
Which one is a transgenic plant?
a) Tobacco and cotton b) Tomato and rice c) Maize and sugarcane d) Tomato and wheat
11. Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two beta=carotene biosynthesis genes, namely,
a) Psyand Cry 1 genes b) LCY-e c) CHY-1 d) CHY-2
12. Which of the following is used in genetic engineering?
a) Plastid b) Plasmid c) Mitochondria d) ER
13. Explants before organogenesis, is
a) Photosynthetic b) Autotrophic c) Heteromorphic d) Heterotrophic
14. In RNAi, genes are silenced using
a) dsDNA b) dsRNA c) ssDNA d) ssRNA
15. GAATTC is the recognition site for the restriction endonuclease
a) Eco RI b) Hind II c) Eco RII d) Bam HI
16. Consider the following statements about transgenic tobacco plant
I. Transgenic tobacco plants contains a gene from a bacterium, 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠
II. 𝐵𝑡gene is an insecticidal protein which damages the inner lining of the insects and kills it (insect)
III. The tobacco plants having 𝐵𝑡 gene produces their own insecticide
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
17. Which gene was introduced in the first transgenic cow?
a) Human α-lactalbumin b) α-1-antitrypsin c) β-1-antitrypsin d) cry-IAc
18. Which bacteria was the first to be used as biopesticide on the commercial scale in the world?
a) Bacillus thuringiensis b) E. coli
c) Pseudomonas aeruginosa d) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
19. Silk is produced by
a) Egg of silkworm b) Pupa of silkworm c) Lara of silkworm d) Insect itself
20. Most widely used bioweapon is
a) Bacillus subtilis b) Pseudomonas putida
c) Bacillus anthracis d) None of these
21. 𝐵𝑡 toxin kills insects by
a) Inhibiting protein synthesis
b) Generating excessive heat
c) Creating pores in the midgut epithelial cells, leading to cell swelling and lysis
d) Obstructing a biosynthetic pathway
22. GM brinjal in India has been developed for resistance against
a) Virus b) Bacteria c) Fungi d) Insects
23. Which of the following is used as a best genetic vector in plants?
a) Bacillus thuringiensis b) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens
c) Pseudomonas putida d) None of the above
24. Somaclonal variation appears in plants
a) Growing in polluted soil or water b) Exposed to gamma rays
c) Raised in tissue culture d) Transformed by recombinant DNA technology
25. Which of the following cells cannot be grown under tissue which of culture condition?
a) Hela cells b) Leucocytes c) Kidney cells d) Nerve cells
26. Use of biological resources of other countries without any legal authorization of the countries concerned is
called
a) Biopatent b) Biopiracy c) Bioethics d) All of these
27. Genetic modification has
I. reduced reliance on chemical pesticides
II. reduced post-harvest losses
III. increased efficiency of minerals used by the plants
IV. enhanced nutritional value of the food
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II, III and IV b) I, II and III c) II, III and IV d) III and IV
28. The function of polymerase chain reaction is
a) Transduction b) DNA amplification c) Translation d) None of these
29. Gene amplification using primers can be done by
a) Microinjection b) ELISA
c) Polymerase chain reaction d) Gene gun
30. A technique, which involves deliberate manipulation of genes within or between species is
a) Gene therapy b) Hybridoma technology
c) Tissue culture d) Genetic engineering
31. Production of a human protein in bacteria by genetic engineering is possible because
a) Bacterial cell can carry out the RNA splicing reactions
 b) The human chromosome can replicate in bacterial cell
c) The mechanism of gene regulation is identical in humans and bacteria
d) The genetic code is universal
32. Which of the following statement is not true for a clone?
a) Clones are descended from a single parent b) Identical twins are not clones
c) Clone is a result of sexual reproduction d) Both (a) and (c)
33. Which of the following companies started selling humulin in 1983?
a) Baxter international b) Eli Lilly c) Roche d) Bayer healthcare
34. More advancement in genetic engineering is due to
a) Restriction endonuclease b) Reverse transcriptase
c) Protease d) Zymase
35. An organisation aiming to regulate biotechnological activities was established by Indian Government
named
a) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
b) Society of Applied Biotechnology
c) Society of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
d) National Biotechnology Development Society
36. Bt toxin is obtained from
a) Prokaryotes b) Eukaryotes c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these
37. Which of the following transgenic human protein product has been used to treat emphysema?
a) α-1 antitrypsin b) α-1 globulin c) Cry I Ab protein d) Cry II Ac protein
38. Biopiracy is
a) The use of biological patent
b) Thefts of plants and animal
c) The use of bioresources of a country without proper authorisation
d) Stealing of biological resources
39. Meristem culture is practised in horticulture to get
a) Somaclonal variation b) Haplods c) Virus-free plants d) Slow-growing callus
40. Use of biology in industrial process and for improving quality of life is called
a) Genetic engineering b) Eugenics c) Microbiology d) Biotechnology
41. 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 forms the protein crystals which contains a toxic insecticidal protein. This protein
I. is activated by alkaline pH of the gut of the insect pest
II. binds with the epithelial cells of the midgut of the insect pest ultimately killing it
III. does not kill the carrier bacterium which is itself resistance to this toxin
Which of the statement given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
42. Treatment of a genetic disorder by manipulating genes is called
a) Gene therapy b) Gene replacement therapy
c) Bone marrow transplantation d) Enzyme replacement therapy
43. PCR proceeds in three distinct steps governed by temperature, they are in order of
a) Denaturation, annealing, synthesis b) Synthesis, annealing, denaturation
c) Annealing, synthesis, denaturation d) Denaturation, synthesis, annealing
44. Lymphocytes are
a) A kind of white blood cells b) A kind of red blood cells
c) Blood platelets d) Plasma cells
45. Blindness can be prevented by use of which crop in poor contries?
a) Golden rice b) Wheat c) Gram d) Pea
46. Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) in the DNA molecule are highly useful in
a) Recombinant DNA technology b) DNA fingerprinting
c) Monoclonal antibody production d) Stem cell culture
47. Why is 𝐵𝑡 toxin not toxic to human beings?
 a) The toxin recognises only insect specific targets
b) Bttoxin activation requires temperature above the human body temperature
c) Bttoxin formation froms pro Btstate which requires pH lower than one present in human stomach
d) Conversion of pro Btto Btstate takes place only in highly alkaline condition
48. A clone is
a) Heterozygote obtained asexually b) Homozygote obtained asexually
c) Heterozygote produced by sexual methods d) Homozygote produced by sexual reproduction
49. Humulin is
a) Human insulin b) Animal insulin c) Bacterial insulin d) Fungi insulin
50. In Bt cotton, transgenic plant, Bt refers to
a) Botanical b) Beta
c) Biotechnology d) Bacillus thuringiensis
51. The first time in 1990, M Blease and WF Andresco of National Institute of Health, attempted gene therapy
on a 4 year old girl with which of the following enzyme deficiency?
a) Cytosine deaminase (CDA)
b) Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
c) Tyrosine oxidase
d) Glutamate trihydrogenase
52. Secondary cells can’t divide because
a) They lose the ability to divide
b) They do not have nucleus
c) They undergo certain irreversible changes during differentiation
d) All of the above
53. Undifferentiated mass of plant cells grown on nutrient medium, is called
a) Callus b) Bud c) Clone d) Scion
54. The first case of IVF-ET technique success, was reported by
a) Louis Joy Brown and Banting Best b) Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edward
c) Robert Steptoe and Gilbert Brown d) Baylis and Starling Taylor
55. Today, transgenic models have been developed for many human diseases, which includes
I. rheumatoid arthritis II. Alzheimer’s disease
III. cancer IV. Cystic fibrosis
Choose the correct option
a) I and II b) II and IV c) I, II and IV d) I, II, III and IV
56. Probes, used in DNA fingerprinting, are initially
a) Single stranded RNA b) Mini satellite
c) 19 base long oligonucleotide d) All of the above
57. The decisions regarding the validity of GMO (Genetic Modification of Organism) research and the safety of
introducing GM for the public services in India is taken by
a) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
b) Department of Recombinant DNA Technology
c) Department of Science and Biotechnology
d) National Biotechnology Board
58. Some strains of 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 produces proteins that kills insects like
a) Lepidopterans b) Coleopterans c) Dipterans d) All of these
59. Golden rice is
a) A type of rice grown along the yellow river in A transgenic rice having gene for β-carotene (pro-
b)
China vitamin-A)
c) Normal variety of rice with golden coloured grains d) Wild and long sized rice having golden tint
60. In order to obtain virus-free plants through tissue culture, the best method is
a) Protoplast culture b) Embryo rescue c) Anther culture d) Meristem culture
61. Which of the following genes were introduced in cotton to protect it from cotton bollworms?
 a) Cry Ac and cry Ab
b) BtAc and BtAb
c) Cry I Ac and cry II Ab
d) Nifgenes
62. Which of the following techniques are related with gene therapy?
I. Bone marrow transplantation
II. Enzyme replacement therapy
III. Gel electrophoresis technique
IV. Hybridoma technique
Choose the correct option
a) I and II b) II and III c) I, II and III d) II, III and IV
63. The SCID patient has a defective gene for the enzyme Adenosine Deaminase (ADA). He/She lacks
functional …… and therefore, fails to fight the infecting pathogens
a) B-lymphocytes b) Phagocytes c) T-lymphocytes d) Both (a) and (b)
64. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is widely used in contemporary biology as a/an
a) Indicator of water pollution b) Insecticide
c) Agent for production of dairy products d) Source of industrial enzyme
65. The enzymes, commonly used in genetic engineering, are
a) Restriction endonuclease and polymerase b) Endonuclease and ligase
c) Restriction endonclease and ligase d) Ligase and polymerase
66. In plant biotechnology, PEG is used in
a) Protoplast isolation b) Cell culture preparation
c) Protoplast fusion d) Hardening
67. Differentiation of shoot is controlled by
a) High gibberellin – auxin ratio b) High gibberellin – cytokinin ratio
c) High auxin – cytokinin ratio d) High cytokinin – auxin ratio
68. Which one of the following is used as vector for cloning genes into higher organisms?
a) Baculovirus b) Salmonella typhimurium
c) Rhizopusnigricans d) Retrovirus
69. Main objective of production/use of herbicide resistant GM crops is to
a) Eliminate weeds from the field without the use of manual labour
b) Eliminate weeds from the field without the use of herbicides
c) Encourage eco-friendly herbicides
d) Reduce herbicide accumulation in food articles for health safety
70. Golden rice is a transgenic crop of the future with which of the following improved trait?
a) High lysine (essential amino acid) content b) Insect resistance
c) High protein content d) High vitamin-A content
71. Microbes found to be very useful in genetic engineering are
a) Escherichia coli and Agrobacteriumtumefaciens
b) Vibriocholerae and a tailed bacteriophage
c) Diplococcus sp. And Pseudomonas sp.
d) Crown gall bacterium and Caenorhabditiselegans
72. Molecular scissors are
a) Restriction endonucleases b) DNA polymerase
c) DNA ligase d) RNA polymerase
73. Producing a giant mouse in the laboratory was possible through
a) Gene manipulation b) Gene mutation c) Gene synthesis d) Gene duplication
74. Which of the following nematode infects the roots of the tobacco plants which reduce the production of
tobacco?
a) Wuchereria b) Manducasexta
c) Meloidegyneincognitia d) Enterbius
75. ‘Roise’ cow known to produce a type of milk which has all the following characteristics
I. protein content of 2.4 g/L
II. human α-lactalbumin
III. more nutritionally balanced for human babies than natural cow milk
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
76. The protein toxin producing bacteria, used to control biological pest, is
a) E. coli b) Agrobacterium c) Mycobacterium sp. d) B. thuringiensis
77. Which one of the following is correct explanation for autobiography?
a) It is used for the detection of mutated genes b) Clone which have mutated genes will no appear
on the photographic film
c) The probe used will have only complementary d) All of the above
genes with unmuted protein of DNA
78. A kind of biotechnology involving manipulation of DNA is
a) DNA replication b) Genetic engineering c) Denaturation d) Renaturation
79. Which one of the following can help in the diagnosis of a genetical disorder?
a) ELISA b) ABO blood group c) PCR d) NMR
80. A …….. infects the roots of tobacco plants which reduce the production of tobacco
a) Nematode (Meloidegyneincognitia) b) Coleopterans (beetles)
c) Lepidopterans (armyworm) d) Dipterans (mosquitoes)
81. 𝐵𝑡 toxins are initially inactive protoxins but after ingestion by the insects their inactive toxin becomes
active due to the
a) Alkaline pH of the gut b) Acidic pH of the gut
c) Temperature of the gut d) Hormone present in the gut
82. The term ‘totipotency’ refers to
a) The capability of organism to regenerate its lost parts
b) Capability of somatic cells to produce complete organism
c) The introduction of foreign gene in a cell’s DNA
d) The technique of growing immature embryos
83. Mixture of biogas contains
a) Carbon dioxide, nitrogen and methane b) Nitrogen, methane and hydrogen
c) Methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide d) Hydrogen, butane and carbon dioxide
84. An efficient oil eating ‘Super bug’ developed through genetic engineering used in cleaning of oil-spill
polluted sites is a species of
a) Arthrobacter b) Citrobacter c) Pseudomonas d) Thiobacillus
85. Consider the following statements
I. 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑟 is a genetically modified tomato, which remains fresh and retains its flavour much longer
than the normal tomato due to blocking of synthesis of fruit softening enzyme polygalacturonase
II. Recently, the US Government has patented the Indian ‘basmati’ rice as Rice-tec
III. Viruses, bacteria and some other harmful organisms can be used as bioweapons in biological warfare
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
86. DNA fingerprinting refers to
a) Molecular analysis of profiles of DNA samples
b) Analysis of DNA samples using imprinting device
c) Techniques used for molecular analysis of different specimens of DNA
d) Techniques used for identification of fingerprints of individuals
87. Insect resistant transgenic cotton has been produced by inserting a piece of DNA from
a) An insect b) A bacterium
c) A wild relative of cotton d) A virus
88. Somatic hybrids are produced by
 a) Protoplast fusion b) Tissue culture c) Pollen culture d) Hybridoma process
89. The below diagram show a diagrammatic sketch of maturation of insulin. Select the correct set of the
names labelled A, B, C and D

a) A-A-peptide, B-B-peptide, C-Proinsulin, D-Free C-Peptide

b) A-Proinsulin, B-A peptide, C-B peptide D-free C-Peptide
c) A-Free C-Peptide, B-A-peptide, C-B-peptide, D-Proinsulin
d) A-A-peptide, B-B-peptide, C-Free C-peptide, D-Proinsulin
90. A technology, which has found immense use in solving cases of disputed parentage, is
a) Polymerase chain reaction b) DNA fingerprinting
c) Monoclonal antibody production d) Recombinant DNA technology
91. Emasculation is related to
a) Pureline b) Mass selection c) Clonal selection d) Hybridization
92. An extrachromosomal DNA, which can be used as vector in gene cloning is called
a) Transposon b) Intron c) Exon d) Plasmid
93. The protein products of the following Bt toxin genes cry I Ac and cry II Ab are responsible for controlling
a) Bollworm b) Roundworm c) Moth d) Fruit fly
94. Biopiracy is related to which of the following?
a) Traditional knowledge b) Biomolecules and regarding bioresources
c) Bioresources d) All of the above
95. A suitable vector for gene cloning in higher organisms is
a) Baculovirus b) Retrovirus
c) Salmonella typhimurium d) Neurosporacrassa
96. A correct pair of characteristic of molecular probe is
I. a single-stranded DNA or RNA tagged with a radioactive molecule
II. a double-stranded DNA tagged with a radioactive molecule
III. complementary to part of desired gene
IV. small molecule
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) III and IV
97. The crops having 𝑐𝑟𝑦 genes needs
a) No insecticide b) Small amount of insecticide
c) Large amount of insecticide d) None of the above
98. In the initial stages of protoplast culture, sorbitol/mannitol is added
a) As an additional source of carbon b) As an additional source of energy
c) To keep cells alive after the removal of cell wall d) As a osmotic stabilizer
99. Important objectives of biotechnology in agriculture section are
a) To produce pest resistant varieties of plants b) To increase the nitrogen content
c) To decrease the seed number d) To increase the plant weight
100. Which of the following is/are considered as application (s) of biotechnology?
I. Waste treatment
 II. Energy production
III. Bioremediation
IV. Processed food
V. Genetically modified crops for agriculture
VI. Diagnostics
VII. Therapeutics
Choose the correct option
a) I, II, III, IV and V b) III, V, VI and VII c) I, II, III, V and VII d) All of these
101. The organism, which is used for gene transfer in higher organisms is
a) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens b) E. coli
c) Acetobacteraceti d) Bacillus thuringiensis
102. Which of the following statements are false?
I. Insulin for curing diabetes, used to be extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered pig and cattle
II. Animal insulin is slighty different from the human insulin
III. Animal insulin causes some undesirable side effects such as allergy
IV. Bacteria cannot be made to synthesise insulin from its gene because of the presence of introns
Choose the correct option
a) I, II and III b) I, III and IV c) II, III and IV d) None of these
103. Which of the following ways are suitable for increasing food production?
I. Agrochemical based agriculture
II. Organic agriculture
III. Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture
Choose the correct option
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
104. Green revolution is related to the increase in production of
a) Better irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides facilities
b) Exploitation of high yielding varieties
c) Intensive cultivation
d) All of the above
105. Tobacco plant resistant to a nematode have been developed by the introduction of DNA that produces (in
the host cells)
a) An antifeedent b) Both sense and antisense RNA
c) A particular hormone d) Toxic protein
106. Which one of the following pairs of term/names means one and the same thing?
a) Gene pool – Genome b) Codon – Gene
c) Cistron – Triplet d) DNA fingerprinting – DNA profiling
107. At what temperature milk gets pasteurized?
a) 58°C b) 60°C c) 62°C d) 68°C
108. Continuous addition of sugars in ‘fed batch’ fermentation is done to
a) Obtain antibiotics b) Purify enzymes c) Degrade sewage d) Produce methane
109. Genetic engineering has been successfully used for producing
a) Transgenic mice for testing safety of polio vaccine before use in humans
b) Transgenic models for studying new treatments for certain cardiac diseases
c) Transgenic cow-Rosie, which produces high fat milk for making ghee
d) Animals like bulls for farm work as they have super power
110. Who discovered recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology?
a) HarGobindKhurana b) James D Watson
c) Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer d) Walter Sutton and Avery
111. In which of the following method, a probe is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in the clone of
cells?
a) Gene therapy b) Recombinant DNA technology
 c) Polymerase chain reaction d) Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA)
112. Which of the following is/are correct about Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency?
I. In the absence of adenosine deaminase enzyme, purine metabolism is disturbed and T-lymphocytes fails
to function
II. ADA deficiency is caused by the deletion of the gene for ADA
III. In some cases, it can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy. But
in both approaches, the patients are not completely cured
IV. For permanent cure, genes isolated from the bone marrow cells producing ADA at early embryonic
stages can be a possible cure
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
113. Which variety of rice was patented by a US company even through the highest number of varieties of this
rice is found in India?
a) Basmati b) Parmal c) Lerma Roja d) CO-668
114. DNA fingerprinting technique was first developed by
a) Jeffreys, Wilson and Thien b) Boysen and Jensen
c) Schleiden and Schwann d) Edward and Steptoe
115. Both in callus and suspension cultures commonly used auxin is
a) Napthalene acetic acid b) Indole-3 butyric acid
c) 2, 4, 5- trichlorophenoxy acetic acid d) Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4,-D)
116. A drug obtained through genetic engineering and useful for treating infertility is
a) Calcitonin b) Chorionic gonadotropin
c) Interleukin d) Tissue plasminogen activator
117. According to NCERT text which Indian plants have either been patented or attempts have been made to
patent them by Western nations for their commercial use?
I. Basmati rice II. Neem
III. TurmicIV. Tulsi
a) I and II b) I and III c) I, II and III d) I, II, III and IV
118. Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called
a) Genetically modified organisms b) Hybrid organisms
c) Pest resistant organisms d) Insect resistant organisms
119. 𝐵𝑡 toxin gene have been expressed in plant in order to provide resistance against
I. tobacco budworm and armyworm
II. beetles
III. flies and mosquitoes
Choose the correct option
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
120. Somaclonal variation is seen in
a) Tissue culture grown plants b) Apomicts
c) Polyploids d) Vegetatively propagated plants
121. Which one of the following palindromic base sequences in DNA can be easily cut at about the middle by
some particular restriction enzyme?
a) 5’ – CGTTCG – 3’ b) 5’ – GATATG – 3’ c) 5’ – GAATTC – 3’ d) 5’ – CACGTA – 3’
3’ – ATCGTA – 5’ 3’ – CTACTA – 5’ 3’ – CTTAAG – 5’ 3’ – CTCAGT – 5’
122. Crop plants grown in monoculture are
a) Low in yield b) Free from intraspecific competition
c) Characterized by poor root system d) Highly prone to pests
123. Agrochemical based agriculture includes
a) Fertilisers and pesticides b) Genetically modified crops
c) RNA interference d) DNA interference
124. An improved variety of transgenic basmati rice
 a) Does not require chemical fertilizers and growth hormones
b) Gives high yield and is rich in vitamin-A
c) Is completely resistant to all insect pests and diseases of paddy
d) Gives high yield but has no characteristic aroma
125. Plants are more rapidly manipulated by genetic engineering than animals due to
a) Single somatic cell, which can regenerate a whole plant body
b) A group of somatic cells, which can regenerate a whole plant body
c) May be (a) or (b)
d) None of the above
126. Test tube baby means, a baby born when
a) The ovum is fertilized externally and thereafter implanted in the uterus
b) It develops from a non-fertilized egg
c) It is developed in a test-tube
d) It is developed through tissue culture method
127. ‘Silencing of 𝑚RNA molecule’ in order to control the production of a harmful protein has been used in the
protection of plants from
a) Bettles b) Armyworm c) Budworm d) Nematodes
128. 𝐵𝑡 corn the been made resistant from corn borer disease by the introduction of the gene
a) Cry I Ac b) Cry II Ab c) Cry I Ab d) Cry II Ac
129. Genetically engineered bovine (bSI), sometimes called rbST (recombinant bovine somatotropin) or rbGH
(recombinant bovine growth hormone) are used in the
a) Therapeutic drugs b) Agriculture c) Dairy industry d) DNA fingerprinting
130. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
a) ‘Bt’ in ‘Bt cotton’ indicates that it is a genetically modified organism produced through biotechnology
b) Somatic hybridization involves fusion of two complete plant cells carrying desired genes
c) The anticoagulant hirudin is being produced from transgenic Brassicanapus seeds
d) ‘Flavrsavr’ variety of tomato has enhanced the production of ethylene, which improves its taste
131. Biopatents means
a) Right to use an invention b) Right to use biological resources
c) Right to use applications d) Right to use processes
132. A USA patent was taken for
a) Basmati rice b) Lerma Roja c) CO-668 d) SharbatiSonara
133. Fined the incorrect statement.
a) Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique used to treat disease at molecular level by replacing
defective genes with normal genes
b) Calcitonin is a medically useful recombinant product in the treatment of infertility
c) Bt toxin is biodegradable insecticide obtained from bacillus
d) Trichoderma sp. Is a biocontrol agent for fungal diseases of plants
134. Some of the characteristics of Bt cotton are
a) Long fibre and resistance to aphids
b) Medium yield, long fibre and resistance to beetle pests
c) High yield and production of toxic protein crystals which kill dipteran pests
d) High yield and resistance to bollworms
135. The below diagram shows
 a) Maturation of pro-insulin into insulin b) Method of pro-insulin formation
c) Gene therapy d) Enzyme replacement therapy
136. Solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a very brief high voltage electric current is used in fusion of
a) Protoplasms b) Protoplasts c) Somatic cells d) Germinal cells
137. Transgenic animals are developed by
a) Introducing foreign genes b) Introducing gene mutations
c) Deleting certain chromosomes parts d) Stopping spindle formation
138. Correct chronological order of the steps occurring during gene therapy are
I. Lymphocytes are obtained from the patients
II. Lymphocytes are transferred to the culture dishes
III. Lymphocytes are transfected with the normal ADA genes
IV. The transfected cell are returned to the patients
The chronological order should be
a) I, II, III and IV b) II, I, III and IV c) I, III, II and IV d) III, II, IV and I
139. Maximum application of animal cell culture technology today is in the production of
a) Vaccines b) Edible proteins c) Insulin d) Interferons
140. Manipulation of DNA in genetic engineering become easy due to invention of
a) Polymerase chain reaction b) Dot blot
c) Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay d) Eastern blotting
141. Cry II Aband cry I Abproduce toxins that control
a) Cotton bollworms and corn borer respectively
b) Corn borer and cotton bollworms respectively
c) Tobacco budworms and nematodes respectively
d) Nematodes and tobacco budworms respectively
142. Genetically engineered bacteria are being employed for production of
a) Thyroxine b) Human insulin c) Cortisol d) Epinephrine
143. Micropropagation is a technique for production of
a) True type plants b) Haploid plants c) Somatic hybrids d) Somaclonal plants
144. Which of the following radioisotope is not suitable for DNA labeling based studies?
a) H b) P c) N d) S
145. Gene therapy in humans was first practiced by Blease and Andresco to cure
a) Cystic fibrosis
b) Haemophilia
c) Thalassaemia
d) Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency Disease
146. For production of haploids, we culture
a) Shoot tip b) Anther c) Root tip d) None of these
147. Differentiation of organs and tissues in a developing organism, is associated with
a) Developmental mutations b) Differential expression of genes
c) Lethal mutations d) Deletion of genes
148. How many varieties of rice has been estimated to be present in India?
a) 2200 b) 20000 c) 200000 d) 2000000
149. Who discovered that restriction enzymes have the capability of cutting DNA strands in a particular
fashion, which left what has became known as ‘sticky ends’ on the strads?
a) RamdeoMishra b) Stanley Cohen c) Herbert Boyer d) James D Watson
150. A cybrid is hybrid carrying
a) Genomes and cytoplasms of two different plants
b) Cytoplasms of two different plants
c) Cytoplasms of two different plants but genome of one plant
d) Genomes of two different plants
151. Which of the following is correctly matched?
a) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens – Tumour b) Thermos aquaticus – Bt-gene
c) pBR322 – Enzyme d) Ligase – Molecular scissors
152. Which of the following shows correct chronological order of the events occurring during callus culture?
a) Callus → Cell division → Explant → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire merstematic property
b) Explant→ Callus → Cell division → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property
c) Explants → Cell division → Callus → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property
d) Callus → Explant → Cell division → Addition of cytokinin → Cells acquire meristematic property
153. 𝐵𝑡 toxin is
a) Intracellular crystalline protein b) Extracellular crystalline protein
c) Intracellular monosaccharide d) Extracellular polysaccharide
154. A major use of embryo culture is in
a) Production of alkaloids b) Clonal propagation
c) Induction of somaclonal variations d) Overcoming hybridization barriers
155. Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain?
a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) Protease
156. White revolution is related to the increase in production
a) Egg b) Milk c) Meat d) Wool
157. What is true about Bt toxin?
a) The inactive protoxin gets converted into active form in the insect gut
b) Bt protein exists as active toxin in the Bacillus
c) The activated toxin enters the ovaries of the pest to sterilize it and thus, prevent its multiplication
d) The concerned Bacillus has antitoxins
158. In recombinant DNA technique, the term vector refers to
a) Donor DNA, is identified and picked up through electrophoresis
b) Plasmid, transfers DNA into living cell
c) Collection of entire genome in form of plasmid
d) Enzyme, cuts the DNA at specific sites
159. A plant species which has been exploited for the production of hirudin is
a) Brassicanapus b) Zeamays c) Solanunnigrum d) Oryza sativa
160. The aims and objectives of Genetic Engineering Approval Committee are
I. To permit the use of genetically modified organisms and their product for commercial applications
II. To adopt the procedures for restriction, production and application of GM organisms
III. approval to conduct large scale field trails and release of transgenic crops in the environment
Which of the statements are given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
161. Identify the figure given below
 a) Glyphosphatase b) Insulin c) TPA d) Erythropoietin
162. 𝐵𝑡cotton is not
a) a GM plant b) Insect resistant
c) A bacterial gene expressing system d) Resistant to all pesticides
163. Which of the following is/are true?
I. Biowar is the use of biological weapons against humans and/or their crops and animals.
II. Bioethics is the unauthorized use of bioresources and traditional knowledge related to bioresources for
commercial benefits.
III. Biopatent is exploitation of bioresources of other nations without proper authorization.
a) II only b) I only c) I and II d) I and III
164. Alec Jeffreys developed the DNA fingerprinting technique. The probe he used was
a) Ribozyme b) Sex chromosomes c) SNP d) VNTR
165. ADA is an enzyme, which is found lacking in a genetic disorder SCID. What is the full form of ADA?
a) Adenosine Deoxyaminase b) Adenosine Deaminase
c) Aspartate Deaminase d) Arginine Deaminase
166. Cellular totipotency is demonstrated by
a) All eukaryotic cells b) Only bacterial cells
c) Only gymnosperm cells d) All plant cells
167. The problem of blindness in poor countries can be taken care of by using which of the following?
a) Golden rice b) Transgenic tomato c) Transgenic maize d) Bt brinjal
168. Consider the following statements about the responsibility of GEAC (set-up by the Indian Government)
I. GEAC make decisions regarding the validity of the GM research
II. It checks the safety of introducing GM organisms for the public services for their large scale use
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only I b) Only II c) I and II d) None of these
169. All are the biotechnological application in order to increase food production, except
a) Pisciculture b) Agro-chemical based agriculture
c) Organic-agriculture d) Genetically engineered crop-based agriculture
170. Which of the following is false for Bt transgenic plant?
a) Disease resistance b) Prepared by Bacillus thuringiensis
c) It is recombinant type d) No such plant is known
171. DNA fingerprinting technique was discovered by
a) Wilmut b) A Jeffreys c) Ethoven d) Kary Mullis
172. C-peptide of human insulin is
a) A part of mature insulin molecule b) Responsible for the formation of disulphide
bridges
c) Removed during the maturation of pro-insulin to d) Responsible for its biological activity
insulin
173. Consider the following statements about therapeutic drugs
I. The recombinant DNA technology is used for production of therapeutic drugs which are safe and
effective
II. It avoid unwanted immunological responses, commonly observed with similar products isolated from
non-human sources
 III. About thirty recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use in the world including India
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
174. Choose a correct option for the uses of PCR technique in diagnosis
I. It is used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS patients
II. It is used to detect mutations in the genes in suspected cancer patients
III. It is used to detect swine flu in human beings
IV. It is used to detect different common diseases in pigs, sheep and cow
V. It is a good technique to identify many other genetic disorders
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) I and II b) III and IV c) I, II and V d) II, III and IV
175. What might be an advantage of beginning gene therapy prior to birth?
a) This would give the body plenty of time
b) The body would not reject it as it has not yet recognised ‘self’
c) The cells being extremely young are more receptive of gene therapy
d) There probably is not any advantage
176. Which of the following transgenic animals are used in testing safety of polio vaccine before they are used
on human?
a) Transgenic cow b) Transgenic monkey c) Transgenic mice d) Transgenic sheep
177. Which Indian plants have either been patented or attempts have been made to patent them by Western
nations for their use?
a) Basmati rice b) Turmeric c) Neem d) All of these
178. The T − plasmid, is often used for making transgenic plants. This plasmid is found in
a) Azotobacter b) Rhizobium of the roots of leguminous plants
c) Agrobacterium d) Yeast as a 2 μm plasmid
179. Which step was proved to be the main challenge in the production of human insulin by recombinant DNA
technology?
a) Splitting A and B-peptide chain b) Addition of C-peptide to proinsulin
c) Getting insulin assembled into mature form d) Removal of C-peptide from active insulin
180. A nutritionally wild type organism, which does not required any additional growth supplement is known
as
a) Phenotype b) Holotype c) Auxotroph d) Prototroph
181. PCR is used to
a) Detect HIV in suspended AIDS patients
b) Detect mutations in the genes in suspended cancer patients
c) Diagnose many genetic disorders
d) All of the above
182. The technique that was employed to produce haploids of Daturawas
a) Meristem culture b) Anther culture c) Embryo culture d) Protoplast culture
183. Find out the wrong statement.
a) Mobile genetic elements, transposons were visualized by Barbara McClintock
b) Udder cell, a somatic cell is used to produce the cloned sheep by nuclear transplantation method
c) In pedigree analysis, a person immediately affected by an action is called propositus
d) DNA ligases are used to cleave a DNA molecule
184. Phytotron is
a) A controlled condition chamber for tissue culture
b) Leaf culture process
c) Special culture of plants
d) Root culture process
185. Which of the following bio-engineered bacteria is utilized for cleaning of marine oil slicks?
a) Escherichia coli b) Pseudomonas syringae
 c) Pseudomonas putida d) Rhizoctoniasolani
186. The RNAi stands for
a) RNA interference b) RNA interferon c) RNA inactivation d) RNA initiation
187. Which of the following peptide chain is removed during the maturation of proinsulin into insulin?
a) A-chain (21 amino acid) b) B-chain (30 amino acid)
c) C-chain (33 amino acid) d) A and B chain
188. Which of the following is obtained from genetic engineering?
a) Haemoglobin b) Glucose c) Golden rice d) None of these
189. The enzyme employed for amplification of DNA during PCR is commercially obtained from
a) Streptococcus pyogenes b) Bacillus licheniformis
c) Trichodermareesi d) Thermos aquaticus
190. A genetically engineered microorganism used successfully in bioremediation of oil spills, is a species of
a) Pseudomonas b) Trichoderma c) Xanthomonas d) Bacillus
191. The vector for T-DNA is
a) Thermos aquaticus b) Salmonella typhimurium
c) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens d) Escherichia coli
192. What is true for plasmid?
a) Found in viruses b) Contains genes for vital activities
c) Part of nuclear chromosome d) Widely used in gene transfer
193. β-carotene is a principal source of
a) Vitamin-A b) Vitamin-B c) Vitamin-C d) Vitamin-D
194. Consider the following statements
I. Earlier, insulin was extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs which was more efficient than
the genetically engineered insulin
II. PCR technique is being used for the detection of HIV in suspected AIDS patients and genetic mutations
in suspected cancer patients
III. Cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, cancer, Parkinon’s etc., are treated by gene therapy
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
195. A single strand of nucleic acid tagged with a radioactive molecule is called
a) Plasmid b) Vector c) Probe d) Selectable marker
196. Product of biotechnology is
a) Transgenic crops (GM crops) b) Humulin
c) Biofertilizer d) All of the above
197. Cultivation of Bt cotton has been much in the news. The prefix Bt means
a) Barium-treated cotton seeds
b) Bigger thread variety of cotton with better tensile strength
c) Produced by biotechnology using restriction enzymes and ligases
d) Carrying an endotoxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis
198. Enzyme that is used in PCR technology is
a) Taq polymerase b) Polymerase c) Helicase d) Reverse transcriptase
199. Transgenic animals are those which have foreign
a) DNA in some of its cells b) DNA in all its cells
c) RNA in all of its cells d) RNA in some of its cells
200. The application of biotechnology includes all except
a) Waste treatment
b) Energy production
c) Genetically modified crops
d) Conventional hybridization
201. A strain of golden rice contains high contents of
a) Vitamin-A b) Vitamin-K c) Vitamin-E d) Vitamin-C
202. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which
a) Make cuts at specific positions within the DNA molecule
b) Recognize a specific nucleotide sequence for binding of DNA ligase
c) Restrict the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase
d) Remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule
203. Which one of the following is the most suitable, medium for culture of Drosophila melanogaster?
a) Moist bread b) Agar agar c) Ripe banana d) Cow dung
204. Technique used to detect the DNA in a clone is called
a) Gel electrophoresis b) Polymerase chain reaction
c) Gene therapy d) Autoradiography
205. Genetic engineering is related with
a) Eugenics b) Euphenics c) Euthenics d) All of these
206. In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company, first prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B-
chains of the human insulin and introduced them in the plasmids of 𝐸𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑖 to produce insulin
chains. Chains A and B were prepared separately, extracted and combined by creating
a) Hydrogen bond b) Disulphide bond c) Covalent bond d) Peptide bond
207. The nucellar embryos were first produced by tissue culture technique in
a) Citrus mexima b) Citrus reticulate c) Citrus microcarpa d) Citrus limon
208. Restriction endonucleases are
a) Present in mammalian cells for degradation of DNA when the cell dies
b) Used in genetic engineering for ligating two DNA molecules
c) Used for in vitro DNA synthesis
d) Synthesized by bacteria as part of their defence mechanism
209. The method of growing micro-organisms as a thin layer on nutrient medium is known as
a) Suspended growth system b) Support growth system
c) Thin layer growth system d) All of the above
210. Kohler and Milstein developed a method in biotechnology for the production of
a) Myelomas b) Steroid conversion
c) Monoclonal antibodies d) immobilised enzymes
211. Maximum utilization of biotechnological techniques has been made in the field of
a) Industries b) Medicines c) Agriculture d) Biogas production
212. The haploid content of human DNA is
a) 3.3 × 10 bp b) 3.3 × 10 bp c) 4.6 × 10 bp d) 6.6 × 10 bp
213. A novel strategy was adopted to prevent 𝑀𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎 infection in tobacco plants that was
based on the process of
a) DNA interference b) RNA interference c) RNA initiation d) DNA initiation
214. The term “Test Tube Baby” implies that
a) Fertilization of ovum takes place in the uterus but develops in the test-tube
b) Fertilization of ovum takes place in the test-tube but it develops in test-tube itself
c) Fertilization of ovum takes place in the test-tube but it develops in the uterus
d) Fertilization of ovum takes place in the uterus and embryo develops I the uterus
215. Human insulin is being commercially produced from a transgenic species of
a) Escherichia coli b) Mycobacterium c) Rhizobium d) saccharomyces
216. The process of RNA interference has been used in the development of plants resistance to
a) Armyworm b) Meloidegyneincognitia
c) Enterobius d) Beetles
217. 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐵𝑡) strains have been used for designing novel
a) Biofertilisers b) Bio-metallurgical techniques
c) Bio-mineralisation processes d) Bio-insecticidal plants
218. 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 is a bacterium of
 a) Dirty water b) Skin of cat c) Soil d) Surface of midgut
219. Which one of the following techniques has helped to solve many mysteries involving murders, robberies
and rapes?
a) Gene splicing b) Computer technology
c) DNA fingerprinting d) Gene cloning
220. Which one of the following bacterium is used for production of transgenic plants?
a) Escherichia coli b) Bacillus thuringiensis
c) Staphylococcus aureus d) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens
221. Agarose extracted from sea weeds finds use in
a) Tissue culture b) PCR c) Gel electrophoresis d) Spectrophotometry
222. The inherent capacity of a cell to regenerate a new whole organism is called
a) Ontogeny b) Totipotency c) Phylogeny d) Proliferation
223. Axenic culture is
a) Pure culture of a microbe without any nutrient b) Pure culture without any contamination
c) Culture of tissue d) Culture of gene
224. Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice which contains good quantities of
a) β-carotene (pro-vitamin-A) b) α-carotene (pro-vitamin-A)
c) γ-carotene (pro-vitamin-B) d) All of the above
225. An institution, where valuable plant material likely to become irretrievably lost in the wild or in
cultivation is preserved in viable condition is known as
a) Genome b) Gene library c) Gene bank d) Herbarium
226. Which of the following technique is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction?
a) PCR
b) ELISA
c) Recombinant DNA technology
d) Gene therapy
227. Basmati is unique for its aroma and flavour, whose A… varieties are cultivated in B….
Here A and B refers to
a) A-27; B-America b) A-30; B-America c) A-27; B-India d) A-30; B-India
228. Which one of the following bacteria has found extensive use in genetic engineering work in plants?
a) Bacillus coagulans b) Xanthomonascitri
c) Clostridium septicum d) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
229. Through which method more number of female plants can be produced in papaya?
a) Spraying ethephon b) Genetic engineering c) Polyploidy breeding d) Tissue culture
230. Which one of the following gene is defective in patients suffering from Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?
a) Adenosine deaminase b) Glutamate dehydrogenase
c) DNAase d) Tyrosine oxidase
231. A transgenic food crop, which may help in solving the problem of night blindness in developing countries
is
a) Flavrsavr tomatoes b) Starlink maize c) Bt soybean d) Golden rice
232. Blood stains are found at the site of a murder. If DNA profiling technique is to be used for identifying the
criminal, which of the following is ideal for use?
a) Serum b) Erythrocytes c) Leucocytes d) Platelets
233. A probe which is a molecule used to locate specific sequences in a mixture of DNA or RNA molecules could
be
a) A single-stranded RNA
b) A single-stranded DNA
c) Either RNA or DNA
d) Can be ssDNA but not ssRNA
234. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
 a) Central dogma – Codon b) Okazaki fragments – RNA primer
c) RNA polymerase – RNA primer d) Restriction enzyme – Genetic engineering
235. Which one of the following is commonly used in transfer of foreign DNA into crop plants?
a) Trichodermaharzianum b) Meloidogyne incognita
c) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens d) Penicilliumexpansum
236. Production of value added products like nutrition supplements, pharmaceuticals, fuels, etc., using
transgenic crop is called
a) Genetic farming b) Molecular farming c) Biotech farming d) All of these
237. Multicellular organisms that carries a specific genetic change in each cell because of an intervention at the
fertilized egg stage is a
a) Transversion b) Transition c) Transgenic d) Transformant
238. Polyethylene glycol method is used for
a) Gene transfer without a vector b) Biodiesel production
c) Seedless fruit production d) Energy production from sewage
239. The site of the production of ADA in the body is
a) Bone marrow b) Lymphocytes c) Blood plasma d) Monocytes
240. First genetically modified plants commercially released in India is
a) Golden rice b) Slow ripening tomato
c) Bt brinjal d) Bt cotton
241. Which one of the following molecular diagnostic technique is used to detect the presence of a pathogen in
its early stage of infection?
a) Angiography b) Radiography
c) Enzyme replacement technique d) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
242. First hormone prepared by genetic engineering is
a) Oxytocin b) Somatotropin c) Adrenaline d) Insulin
243. First hormone produced artificially by culture bacteria, is
a) Insulin b) Thyroxine c) Testosterone d) Adrenaline
244. In transgenics, expression of transgene in target tissue is determined by
a) Enhancer b) Transgene c) Promoter d) Reporter
245. Genomic DNA library means
a) A collection of literature about DNA b) A collection of organisms for extracting DNA
c) Packing of donor DNA in a collection of vectors d) A collection of gene vectors
246. The characteristics of a molecular probe are
I. Very long molecule
II. Double-stranded
III. DNA or RNA
IV. Complementary to a part of desired gene
The correct pair is
a) I and II b) II and III c) III and IV d) IV and I
247. A monopoly granted to a person who has either invented a new and useful article, made improvement in
an existing article or invented a new process of making an article is called
a) Bioethics b) Patent
c) Biopiracy d) Genetic recombination
248. Choose the correct option about agrochemicals
a) These are expensive for farmers in developing countries
b) Also have harmful effects on environment
c) Genetically modified crops are less expensive than agrochemicals
d) All of the above
249. Some organisations and multinational companies patent biological resources of other nations without
proper authorization from the countries concerned, this is called
a) Bioweapon b) Biopiracy c) Bioethics d) Bio patient
250. Which one of the following is a ‘man made cereal’ not found in nature?
a) Triticale b) Hybrid maize c) Dwarf wheat d) Soyabean
251. What is the demerit of using bovine insulin (from cow) and porcine insulin (from pig) in diabetic patients?
a) It leads to hypercalcemia
b) It is expensive
c) It may cause allergic reactions
d) It may lead to mutations in human genome
252. The tumour inducing capacity of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens is located in large extra chromosomal
plasmids called
a) R − plasmid b) Lambda phage c) pBR 322 d) T − plasmid
253. Choose the correct options about Basmati rice
I. In 1997, an American company got patent rights for Basmati rice through the US Patent and Trademark
office and was allowed to sell a ‘new variety’ in US and abroad
II. This new variety of Basmati was derived from Chinese farmer’s varieties
III. Indian Basmati was crossed with semidwarf varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty
Which of the above statements are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
254. Genetically engineered human insulin, humulin was launched by American drug company on
a) 5th July 1998 b) 5th July 1993 c) 5th July 1973 d) 5th July 1983
255. Which of the following is not a restriction endonuclease?
a) Eco RI b) Hind III c) Pst I d) DNAse I
256. The totipotency of a cell refers to the
a) Flowering in a culture medium
b) Development of fruit from a flower in a culture medium
c) Development of an organ from a cell in culture medium
d) Development of all tissues of all kinds from a cell in a culture medium
257. The anticoagulant hirudin is obtained from
a) Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium b) Bt toxin produced by cry gene
c) Seeds of Brassicanapus d) None of the above
258. Restriction enzymes are used to cut
a) Single stranded RNA b) Double stranded DNA
c) Single stranded DNA d) Double stranded RNA
259. When a person with defective AdenosineDeaminase (ADA) was treated, which of the following steps were
performing for gene therapy?
I. Lymphocytes were extracted from the bone marrow of the patient
II. Lymphocytes were grown in a culture out side the body
III. Lymphocytes were transfected with the normal ADA genes
IV. The transfected cells were returned to the patients
a) I, II and III b) I, III and IV c) II, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
260. DNA or RNA segment tagged with a radioactive molecule is called
a) Vector b) Probe c) Clone d) Plasmid
261. Consider the following statements
I. 𝐵𝑡 toxin gene has been cloned from the bacteria
II. Genetic engineering works only on animals and has not yet been successfully used on plants
III. Strains of 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 are used in producing bioinsecticidal plants
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
262. There is a restriction endonuclease called Eco RI. What does ‘co’ part in it stand for?
a) Coelom b) Coenzyme c) Coli d) Colon
263. Animals whose DNA is manipulated to possess and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as
a) Transgenic animal b) Hybrid animal c) Transversion animal d) All of these
264. Which of the following terms is used to describe the component isolated from a plant, for in vitro culturing
in the specific medium?
a) Callus b) Embryoid c) Synthetic seeds d) Explant
265. Which of the following is a transgenic plant?
a) Hirudin b) Flavrsavr c) Triticale d) All of these
266. 𝐵𝑡 cotton is resistant to
a) Herbicides b) Drought c) Cold d) Insects
267. A doctor, while operating on an HIV patient accidently cut himself with a scalpel. He comes to you,
suspecting himself to have contacted the virus. Which test will you advise him to rule out/confirm his
suspicion?
a) PCR
b) Routine urine examination
c) TLC
d) DLC
268. Golden rice is a promising transgenic crop. When released for cultivation, it will help in
a) Producing a petrol like fuel from rice b) Alleviation of vitamin-A deficiency
c) Pest resistance d) Herbicide tolerance
269. Natural genetic engineer is
a) Bacillus subtilis b) Pseudomonas sp
c) Escherichia coli d) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens
270. Consider the following statements about ‘Rosie’
I. Rosie is a first transgenic cow
II. Rosie produced human protein enriched milk
III. The milk contained the human α-lactalbumin and scientist behind the research believes that the milk
from the cow could provide an alternative to human breast milk
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
271. An example of gene therapy is
a) Production of injectible hepatitis-A vaccine b) Introduction of the genes for adenosine
deaminasein a person suffering from SCID
c) Production of test-tube babies by artificial d) All of the above
insemination
272. The process, in which mature differentiated cells reverse to meristematic activity to form callus is called
a) De-differentiation b) Differentiation c) Cyto-differentiation d) Re-differentiation
273. The first human drug made by using genetic engineering technique was
a) Insulin b) Paracetamol c) Streptomycin d) None of these
274. In tissue culture, roots can be induced by
a) Lower concentration of cytokinin and higher concentration of auxins
b) Only cytokinin and no auxins
c) No cytokinin and only auxins
d) Higher concentration of cytokinin and lower concentration of auxins
275. Consider the following statements about insulin
I. Human insulin is made-up of 51 amino acids arranged in two polypeptide chains
II. The two polypeptide chains are interconnected by two disulphide bridges
III. In mammals including humans, insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone, which contains an extra
stretch called the C-peptide
IV. C-peptide is not present in the mature insulin
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) I, III and IV c) II, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
276. The basis of DNA fingerprinting is
a) The double helix b) Errors in base sequence
 c) Polymorphism in sequence d) DNA replication
277. Which of the following enzymes are used to join bits of DNA?
a) Ligase b) Primase c) DNA polymerase d) Endonuclease
278. Consider the following statements
I. Transgenic animals are more sensitive to the toxic substance than non-transgenic animals
II. Useful biological products can be produced by introducing into transgenic animals the portion of DNA
which codes for a particular product
III. Brazzein is a protein produced by a west African plant, 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑎 which is
approximately 2000 time as sweet as sugar
Which of the statements are given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) I and II c) I and III d) None of these
279. The construction of the first recombinant DNA was done by using the native plasmid of
a) E. coli b) Salmonella typhirmurium
c) Bacillus thuringiensis d) Yeast
280. Satellite DNA is useful tool in
a) Organ transplantation b) Sex determination
c) Forensic science d) Genetic engineering
281. 𝐵𝑡 tobacoo was first cultured to kill
a) Hornworm b) Bollworm c) Stem borer d) Tobacco budworm
282. Rules of conduct that may be used to regulate our activities in relation to the biological world is called
a) Bioethics b) Biowar c) Biopiracy d) Biopatent
283. Murashige and Skoog’s medium is used for
a) Isolation of fungal strains
b) Culture of bacteria
c) Raising plants through micropropagation
d) Culture of protein rich cyanobacteriumspirulina
284. Organic farming is the technique of raising crops by the use of
a) Manures b) Biofertilisers c) Resistant varieties d) All of these
285. In crop improvement programmes, virus-free clones can be obtained through
a) Grafting b) Hybridization c) Embryo culture d) Shoot apex culture
286. Plasmids are suitable vectors for gene cloning because
a) These are small circular DNA molecules, which can integrate with host chromosomal DNA
b) These are small circular DNA molecules with their own replication origin site
c) These can shuttle between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
d) These often carry antibiotic resistance genes
287. ……. is a collection of methods that allows correction of gene defects diagnosed in a child or embryo
a) Genetic therapy b) Gene therapy c) Molecular diagnosis d) ELISA
288. 𝐵𝑡 toxin protein crystals present in bacterium 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠, do not kill the bacteria themselves
because
a) Bacteria are resistant to the toxin b) Bacteria enclose toxins in a special sac
c) Toxins occur an inactive protoxins in bacteria d) None of the above
289. Out of the following which is a genetically engineered anti-viral protein?
a) Humulin b) Interferon c) Fumagillin d) Griseofulvin
290. Consumption of which one of the following foods can prevent the kind of blindness associated with
vitamin-A deficiency?
a) Flavrsavrtomato b) Canolla c) Golden rice d) Btbrinjal
291. Which of the following statements are considered as the advantages of biotechnology?
I. Creation of fermented food
II. Production of pestresistant crops
III. Plants yielding more nutritious and tastier fruits
IV. Production of new types of medicine to fight dangerous disease
 Choose the correct option
a) Only IV b) I and III c) I, II and III d) I, II, III and IV
292. The name of first cloned sheep is
a) Dolly b) Polly c) Molley d) Holly
293. Palaeontologists unearthed a human skull during excavation. A small fragment of the scalp tissue was still
attached to it. Only little DNA could be extracted from it. If the genes of the ancient man need to be
analysed, the best way of getting sufficient amount of DNA from this extract is
a) By hybridizing the DNA with a DNA probe b) By subjection the DNA to polymerase chain
reaction
c) By subjecting the DNA to gel electrophoresis d) By treating the DNA with restriction
endonucleases
294. Applications, like bioremediation, processed food, therapeutics and diagnostics are related with
a) Biochemistry b) Microbiology c) Biotechnology d) Medical science
295. 𝐶𝑟𝑦 I endotoxins obtained from 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 are effective against
a) Flies b) Mosquitoes c) Worms d) Nematodes
296. The critical research areas of biotechnology are
I. providing best catalyst as improved organism, usually a microbes or pure enzyme
II. creating optimal conditions by engineering for a catalyst to act
III. down stream processing technologies
IV. Multiple Ovulation Transfer Technology (MOET)
Which of the statements given above the correct?
a) I and II b) I, II and III c) II, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
297. 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 is used to control
a) Insect pests b) Bacterial pathogen c) Fungal pathogen d) Nematodes
298. This method of finding a gene is used when researchers know very little about the gene they are trying to
find. This process results in a complete gene library: a collection of copies of DNA fragments that
represent the entire genome of an organism. Identify the method.
a) Cloning b) Shotgun cloning
c) Gene synthesis cloning d) PCR
299. Part of the plant, which is cultured to obtain virus free clones, is
a) Leaf b) Root tip c) Shoot tip d) Embryo
300. Which of the following is a plasmid?
a) pBR322 b) Bam HI c) Sal I d) Eco RI
301. 𝐵𝑡 toxin is produced by
a) Bacillus subtitis b) Bacillus thuringiensis
c) Bacillus anthracis d) Bacillus coccus
302. Transgenic plants are
a) Produced by a somatic embryo in artificial medium
b) Generated by introducing foreign DNA into a cell and regenerating a plant from that cell
c) Produced after protoplast fusion in artificial medium
d) Grown in artificial medium after hybridization in the field
303. Which of the following key factors, makes the plasmid, the vector in genetic engineering?
a) It is resistant to antibiotics b) It is resistant to restriction enzymes
c) Its ability to carry a foreign gene d) Its ability to cause infection in the host
304. The genetic defect-Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency may be cured permanently by
a) Periodic infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes having functional ADA C-DNA
b) Administering adenosine deaminase activators
c) Introducing bone marrow cells producing ADA into
d) Enzyme replacement therapy
305. ……… animals are made to carry genes which make them more sensitive to the toxic substance than other
normal animals
 a) Transgenic b) Transversion c) Transition d) Transformant
306. Nucleic acid segment tagged wit5h a radioactive molecule is called
a) Clone b) Probe c) Plasmid d) Vector
307. Who discovered the super bug?
a) H G Khurana b) Dilipsah
c) Anand Mohan Chakraborty d) Robert Hooke
308. Automated DNA sequencers, work on the principle of the method developed by
a) Erwin Chargaff b) Maurice Wilkins c) Frederick Sanger d) Francis Crick
309. Biotechnology mainly deals with
a) Industrial scale production of biopharmaceutical
b) Biological use of genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
310. Restriction enzyme was discovered by
a) Alexander Fleming b) Waksman
c) Berg d) Smith, Nathan and Arber
311. Which of the following techniques serves the purpose of early diagnosis of AIDS, cancer, etc?
I. Polymerase chain reaction
II. Recombinant DNA technology
III. Enzyme linked immune-sorbant assay
Choose the correct option
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
312. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency can be cured by …A… and …B… but it is not fully curative. Here A
and B can be
a) A-gene therapy, B-radiation therapy
b) A-bone marrow transplantation, B-enzyme replacement therapy
c) A-organ transplantation, B-hormone replacement therapy
d) A-radiation therapy, B-enzyme replacement therapy
313. Which step has been taken by Government of India to cater to the requirements of patent terms and other
emergency provisions in this regards
a) Biopiracy act b) Indian patents bill c) Biowar act d) Bioethics act
314. A regulatory body working under MoEF for the release of transgenic crops is
a) NBPGR b) GEAC c) NSC d) NIPGR
315. A functional ADA 𝑐DNA can be introduced into the cells of the patients receiving gene therapy by using
vector constituted by
a) E. coli b) Retrovirus
c) Bacillus thuringiensis d) Agrobacterium
316. Gene therapy is
a) A method aim to cure the genetic disorders
b) A method to provide correct version of the defective gene
c) A method to replace a defective gene with a healthy gene
d) All of the above
317. Which of the following could be a permanent cure for treatment of Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
(SCID)?
a) Gene therapy b) Bone marrow transplant
c) Enzyme replacement therapy d) All of the above
318. Hybridomas are result of the fusion of
a) Normal antibody producing cell with myeloma
b) Abnormal antibody producing cell with myeloma
c) Male reproductive cell with myeloma
d) Female reproductive cell with myeloma
319. The first clinical gene therapy was done for the treatment of
a) AIDS
b) Cancer
c) Cystic fibrosis
d) SCID (Servere Combined Immuno Deficiency) resulting from deficiency of ADA
320. Transfer of any gene into a completely different organism can be done through
a) Genetic engineering b) Tissue culture c) Transformation d) None of these
321. Somaclones are obtained by
a) Tissue culture b) Plant breeding c) Irradiation d) Genetic engineering
322. Restriction endonucleases are most widely used in recombinant DNA technology. They are obtained from
a) Bacteriophages b) Bacterial cells c) Plasmids d) All prokaryotic cells
323. T plasmids used in genetic engineering is obtained from
a) Bacillus thuringiensis
b) Agrobacteriumrhizogenes
c) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens
d) Pseudomonas syringae
324. Sterilization of tissue culture medium is done by
a) Autoclaving of medium at 120° for 15 min b) Filtering the medium through fine sieve
c) Mixing the medium with antifungal agents d) Keeping the medium at −20°C
325. In cloning of cattle, a fertilized egg is taken out of the mother’s womb and
a) The egg is divided into four pairs of cells, which are implanted into the womb of other cows
b) In the eight cell stage, cells are separated and cultured until small embryos are formed, which are
implanted into the womb of other cows
c) In the eight cell stage, the individual cells are separated under electrical field for further development in
culture media
d) From this upto eight identical twins can be produced
326. Which of these is used as vector in gene therapy for SCID?
a) Arbovirus b) Rotavirus c) Enterovirus d) Retrovirus
327. About …A… recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use the world over. In India, …B… of
these are presently being marketed
Here A and B can be
a) A-30, B-20 b) A-30, B-12 c) A-20, B-10 d) A-25, B-10
328. The mobile genetic element is
a) Transposon b) Mutation c) Endonuclease d) Variation
329. 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 forms protein crystals which contains a
a) Toxic insecticidal protein b) Non-toxic insecticidal protein
c) Simple protein d) Simple lipids
330. Hardening in tissue culture is
a) Keeping at 30 − 50°C temperature for about 30 minutes
b) Acclimatization tissue culture plants slowly before growing in the field
c) Plunging the vials into water at 37 − 40°C
d) None of the above
331. Pollen grains of a plant, whose 2𝑛 = 28, are cultured to get callus by tissue culture method. What would
be the number of chromosomes in the cells of the callus?
a) 28 b) 21 c) 14 d) 56
332. Transgenic animals are produced for which of the following purposes?
I. To study the normal physiology and development
II. To study diseases
III. To obtain useful biological products
IV. To test the vaccine safety
V. To test the chemical safety
 Which of the above statements are correct?
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, II, III and V d) I, II, III, IV and V
333. Choose the correct statement with reference to ‘Dolly’
a) She was created by taking nucleus from unfertilized eggs and cytoplasm from fertilized eggs
b) She was created by taking nucleus from udder cells and cytoplasm from unfertilized egg
c) She was created by taking cytoplasm from udder cell and nucleus from unfertilized egg
d) She was created by taking cytoplasm from udder cell and nucleus from fertilized egg
334. The callus is not formed in
a) Tissue culture b) Suspension culture c) Clonal propagation d) Sexual reproduction
335. The green revolution succeeded in increasing the yield of crops mainly due to the use of
I. improved varieties of the crops
II. agro-chemicals
III. better management practices
Choose the correct option
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
336. ELISA is based on
a) Antigen – antibody interaction b) Antigen – protein interaction
c) Lectin – antibody interaction d) All of the above
337. Manipulation of DNA in genetic engineering became possible due to the discovery of
a) Restriction endonuclease b) DNA ligase
c) Transcriptase d) Primase
338. Which of the following is used in recombinant DNA technique?
a) Cell wall of virus b) Gene which produces capsid of virus
c) Virus d) Capsid of virus
339. Which one is regarded as a molecular scissor in biotechnology?
a) Reverse transcriptase b) Restriction endonuclease
c) Taq polymerase d) Topoisomerase
340. In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie produced
a) Human protein enriched milk (2.4 g/L)
b) Human protein enriched milk (2.8 g/L)
c) Human calcium enriched milk (2.4 g/L)
d) Human calcium enriched milk (2.8 g/L)
1 (a) forming a phosphodiester bond.
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is widely
used in contemporary biology as insecticide 9 (d)
2 (d) Genetic modification of crops have resulted in
DNA fingerprinting is a technique to identify a (i) Increased tolerance against abiotic stresses
person on the basis of persons DNA specificity. (cold, drought, salt and heat)
The technique was developed by Sir Alec (ii) Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides
Jeffreys(1964) at Leicester University, UK. (pest-resistant crops)
(iii) Reduced post-harvest losses
3 (a) (iv) Enhanced nutritional value of food, 𝑒. 𝑔.,
Specific Bt toxin genes obtained from bacteria vitamin-A enriched (golden rice)
Bacillus thuringiensis are used in several crop (v) Increased efficiency of minerals used by the
plants. The toxin is coded by a gene called cry, plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility
which is of various types. For example, proteins of soil)
encoded by the genes cry I Ac and cry II Ab 10 (a)
controls the cotton bollworms and that of cry I Ab Insect resistant transgenic plants contain either a
controls corn borer. Bttoxin are initially inactive gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis or
protoxins but after ingestion by the insects their some other gene. In Bt cotton and Bt tobacco the
inactive toxins become active due to the alkaline insect resistant gene is transferred from Bacillus
pH of the gut, which solublise the crystals thuringiensis.
4 (c)
Silencing of a gene could be achieved through the 11 (b)
use of RNAi and antisense RNA Transgenic golden rice was created by
5 (a) transforming rice with the genes Psy
In callus culture, shoot and root regenerations are (phytoenesynthase) from daffodil (Narcissus
controlled, generally, by auxin-cytokinin balance. pseudonarcissus ) and Cry 1 from the soil
Usually, the excess of auxin (such as naphthalene bacterium Erwiniauredovora.
acetic acid or NAA), promotes root regeneration, 12 (b)
whereas that of cytokinin (like BAP) promotes Plasmids are used in genetic engineering.
shoot regeneration.
13 (d)
6 (d) An explant is the excised piece of tissue or organ
Golden rice is developed of Swiss Federal Institute used for culture. An explant before organogenesis
of Technology. The rice grains are golden yellow is heterotrophic which grows on a synthetic
incolour due to the presence of β-carotene. It medium and sucrose is the most commonly used
contains ‘beta carotene’ gene from daffodil plants carbon source.
and also genes from some bacteria. Golden rice
will prevents child blindness caused due to 14 (b)
deficiency of vitamin-A A nematode Meloidegyneincognitia infects the
7 (c) roots of tobacco plants, which reduces the
Genetic Engineering Approval Committee – production of tobacco. It can be prevented by
Government of India formed the organisation like using RNA interference (RNAi) process, which is
GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) checked by the silencing of specific mRNA due to a
to decides the validity and safety of GM organisms complementary dsRNA. dsRNA binds and
for public safety prevents the translation of the mRNA (silencing)
8 (a) 15 (a)
DNA ligase is used to seal the nicks that remain in The restriction endonucleaseEco RI is obtained
recombinant DNA molecule. In fact DNA ligase from Escherichia coliRy 13. The recognition
joins together the neighbouring nucleotides sequence for this is G/AATTC, CTTAA/G.
flanking a discontinuity in a DNA strand by

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16 (d) used in the induction of cell fusion between plant
Transgenic tobacco plants containing a gene (cry) protoplasts and in the production of animal cell
from a bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis have hybridoma. It is used for gene transfer without a
been produced. vector.
This bacterial gene specifies an insecticidal
protein that destroys the stomach lining of the 26 (b)
insects and kills them. The tobacco plants with Biopiracy.
this gene produces their own insecticide Indian Basmati was crossed with semi dwarf
17 (a) variety and was claimed as a new variety for
Gene for human alpha lactalbumin was which the patent was filled by a USA company
introduced into the genes of first transgenic cow, 27 (a)
which made the milk nutritionally richer Genetic modification of crops have resulted in
18 (a) (i) increased tolerance against abiotic stresses
Bacillus thuringiensis was the first to be used as (cold, drought, salt, heat)
biopesticides on the commercial scale in the (ii) reduced reliance on chemical pesitcides (pest-
world resistant crops)
19 (c) (iii) reduced post-harvest losses
Silk is obtained from cocoon (pupa) of silk moth. (iv) increased efficiency of minerals used by the
The salivary glands are modified and forming silk plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility
glands of larva. Silk is secreted by silk glands. of soil)
(v) enhanced nutritional value of the food
20 (c) (vi) creation of tailor-made plants to supply
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and B. mallei alternative resources such as starches, fuels and
(glanders, the most common biological weapon) pharmaceuticals to industries
were used in WW-I by Germany, to infect 28 (b)
livestock and animal feed exported to Allies. PCR was discovered by Karry Mullis. In
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a segment of
21 (c) DNA is amplified. Taq DNA polymerase enzyme is
Bttoxins are initially inactive protoxins but after used in PCR, this enzyme is temperature resistant.
ingestion by the insects, their inactive toxins
becomes active due to the alkaline pH of the gut 29 (c)
which solublise the crystals. The activated toxin Gene amplification using primers can be done by
binds to the surface of the midgut epithelial cells polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this reaction,
thus, creating pores which causes cell swelling multiple copies of the gene of interest is
and lysis, further leading to death of the insects synthesized in vitro using two sets of primers and
22 (d) the enzyme DNA polymerase. Primers are small
Btbrinjal is a transgenic plant with insect chemically synthesized oligonucleotides that are
resistance which contains Bt gene encoding Bt complementary to the regions of DNA.
toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis.
30 (d)
23 (b) Genetic engineering is defined as the
Agrobacteriumtumefaciensis used as a best manipulation of genes by man. It refers to the
genetic vector in plants. artificial synthesis, modification, isolation,
addition, combination and repair of genetic
24 (c) material (DNA) to get desired and useful
Somaclonal variation is a variation that occurs in phenotype. In this technique, the DNA or gene of
cell and tissue cultures, which may be genetic or different origins are joined to produce hybrid
epigenetic. DNA called recombinant DNA.
25 (d) 32 (c)
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a hydrocarbon A clone consists of asexual progeny of a single
solvent that attacks cell membranes and is widely individual or cell. The process of producing a

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 clone is called cloning. All the individual of a Cultivation of axillary or apical shoot meristem is
clone have the same genotype, which is also known as meristem culture. It involves the
identical with that of the individual from which development of an already existing shoot
the clone was derived. meristem and subsequently the regeneration of
adventitious roots from the developed shoots.
33 (b) Meristem culture can be used for rapid clonal
Eli Lilly. multiplication, production of virus free plants,
The company that developed genetically germplasm conservation and production of
engineered E. coli to make human insulin was transgenic plants.
Genetech. They developed it in 1978. This
technique was purchased by another American 41 (a)
company Eli Lilly in September 1982. On 5th July, Bacillus thuringiensisfroms the protein crystals,
1983 Eli Lilly company launched the first which contains a toxic insecticidal protein. Bt
genetically engineered human insulin by the name toxins are initially inactive protoxins but after
humulin ingestion by the insects their inactive toxin
34 (c) becomes active due to the alkaline pH of the gut,
Endonucleases are enzymes that produce internal which solubilise the crystals. The activated toxin
cuts called cleavage in DNA molecule. A class of binds to the surface of the midgut epithelial cells
endonucleases cleavage DNA only within or near thus creating pores, which causes cell swelling
those sites which have specific base sequences, and lysis, further leading to death of the insect
such endonucleases are known as restriction 42 (a)
endonucleases and sites recongnised by them are Genetic engineering may one day enable the
called recognition sites. Restriction medical scientists to replace the defective genes
endonucleases have major role in genetic responsible for heredity diseases (haemophilia,
engineering. phenylketonuria) with the normal genes.
The improved techniques for gene manipulation
35 (a) and deeper understanding of gene function in the
Government of India formed the organisations body, may some day enable the medical
like GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval biotechnologists to correct gene disorders in
Committee) to decide the validity and the safety humans. Treatment of a genetic disorder by
of GM organisms for public safety manipulating genes is called genetherapy
36 (a) 43 (a)
Bt toxin is obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis, a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was developed
prokaryote. by Kary Mullis. It is composed of denaturation of
37 (a) DNA at high temperature, annealing of primers at
Useful biological products can be produced by the ends of DNA strands and
introducing into transgenic animals the portion of synthesis/polymerization by polymerase.
DNA (or genes), which codes for a particular 44 (a)
product. A lymphocyte is a kind of WBCs in the vertebrate
For example, Human protein (4-1-antitrypsin) is immune system. The three major types of
used to treat emphysema lymphocyte are T-cells, B-cells and Natured Killer
38 (c) (NK) cells
Biopiracy is a theft or robbery of biological and 46 (b)
genetic resources indigenous to a country. The Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) are
biological resources have many uses in short nucleotide repeats that vary in number from
agriculture health care and chemical industries. person to person but are inherited. These can be
The process of biopiracy involves the collection of recognized only through molecular analyses of
the samples of biological sources, which can be DNA samples and are important for DNA
done unnoticed fingerprinting.
39 (c)

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47 (d) Edward (England) when first test tube baby Louis
Bttoxin is not toxin to human being because Joy Brown was born to Lesley and Gilbert Brown
conversion of pro Btto Bt state takes place only in on July 1978, in Oldham, Lancashire (England).
highly alkaline conditions
48 (b) 55 (d)
A clone is a homozygote obtained asexually or a Transgenic models have been developed for many
clone is a group of individuals or cells derived human disease like cancer cystic fibrosis,
from a single parent or cell through asexual rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease
reproduction. All the cells in the clone have the 56 (b)
same genetic material and are exact copies of the The probes used for DNA fingerprinting are
original. usually prepared from minisatellite or
microsatellite DNA.
49 (a)
The company that developed genetically 57 (a)
engineered E. coli to make human insulin was The decisions regarding the validity of GM
Genetech. They developed it in 1978. This (Genetically Modification of Organism) research
technique was purchased by another American and the safety of introducing GM for public
company Eli Lilly in September 1982. On 5th July, services in India is taken by Genetic Engineering
1983 Eli Lilly company launched the first Approval Committee
genetically engineered human insulin by the name 58 (d)
humulin Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produce
50 (d) that kills insect like lipidoptreans, coleopterans
Bt cotton is a transgenic plant with insect and dipterans
resistance, which contain Bt gene encoding Bt 59 (b)
toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis. Transgenic rice having gene for β-carotene.
Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced
51 (b) through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis
For the first time in 1990, M Blease and WF beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the
Andresco of National Institute of Health, edible parts of rice. The research that led to
attempted gene therapy on a 4 year old girl golden rice was conducted with the goal of
Adenosine Deaminate (ADA) deficiency ADA is helping children who suffer from vitamin-A
caused due to the deletion of gene for adenosine deficiency and blindness in poor countries.
deaminase Golden rice has been breed to be especially
52 (b) disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield
Secondary cells are formed from divisions in 60 (d)
primary meristematic cells. These newly formed In meristem culture, the shoot apical meristem
secondary cells become lose the ability to divide along with some surrounding tissue is grown in
due to irreversible changes during differentiation vitro. It is used for clonal propagation and
or due to loss of nucleus at the maturation. recovery of virus free plants. It is also potentially
useful in germplasm exchange and long term
53 (a) storage of germplasm through freeze
Callus is an unorganized and undifferentiated preservation
mass of actively dividing plant cells grown on
culture medium from an explants. In 1939 White, 61 (c)
Gautheret and Nobecourt independently Bttoxin is coded by a gene named cry. There are
succeeded in raising callus. number of such genes, 𝑒. 𝑔., the proteins encoded
by the genes cry IAc and cry IIAb control the
54 (b) cotton bollworms, that of cry IAb controls corn
Test tube baby is the result of IVF-ET technique borer
(in vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer). The first 62 (a)
case of IVF-ET technique success was reported by Bone marrow transplantation and enzyme
Dr. Patrick Steptoe (England) and Dr. Robert

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 replacement therapy. Somatic hybridization involves the fusion of
Adenosine deaminase enzyme is very important protoplasts of two defferent species which
for the immune system to function. In the absence resulted in hybrid. Naked protoplasts are
of adenosine deaminase enzyme, purine obtained by dessolution of their cell walls by the
metabolism is disturbed and T-lymphocytes fails mecerating enzymes such as pectinase and
to function. ADA deficiency can lead to Severe cellulas. Fusion of protoplasts from two defferent
combiuned Immune Deficiency (SCID) varieties can be enhanced by treating with
SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the polyethylene glycol (PEG) in presence of high
enzyme adenosine deaminase. The genetic voltage electric current.
diseases that are being investigated for gene
therapy ranges from sickle-cell anaemia to Severe 67 (d)
Combined Immuno Deficiency (SCID). In some Ratio of cytokinins to auxins controls
children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone differentiation. If both of these are present in
marrow transplantation equal quantities, the cells divide but fail to
However, in others it can be treated by the differentiate. If there is more cytokinin than
enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional auxin, shoot buds develop. If there is more auxin
ADA is given to the patient by injection. But in than cytokinin, roots develop.
both approaches, the patients are not completely 68 (d)
cured. For permanent cure, gene isolated from the ‘Retroviruses’ have been disarmed and are now
bone marrow cells producing ADA at early used to deliver desirable genes into animal cells.
embryonic stage can be a possible cure
63 (c) 69 (d)
The SCID patient has a defective gene for the Main objective of production/use of herbicide
enzyme Adenosine Deaminase (ADA). He/she resistant genetically modified crops is to reduce
lacks functional T-lymphocytes and therefore, herbicide accumulation in food articles for health
fails to fight the infecting pathogens safety.
64 (b)
Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram positive, soil 70 (a)
dwelling bacterium, also occurs naturally in the Generally, seeds of rice do not have vitamin-A, but
gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and golden rice, which is developed through genetic
butterflies. engineering has the high vitamin-A content.

During sporulation, B. thuringiensis forms 71 (a)

crystals of proteinaceous insecticidal δ − Escherichia coli and Agrobacteriumtumefaciens
endotoxins (cry toxins), which are encoded by cry are microbes found to be very useful in genetic
genes. It was determined that the cry genes are engineering. E. coli is motile, Gram negative, rod
harbored in the plasmids of B. thuringiensis shaped bacterium which is a normal inhabitant of
strains. Cry toxins have specific activities against human colon. It is most extensively used in
species of the order-Lepidoptera (moths and bacterial genetics and molecular biology.
butterflies), Diptera (flies and mosquitoes) and Agrobacteriumtumefaciens is a soil bacterium. It
Coleoptera (beetles). Thus, B. thuringiensis has T plasmid (Tumour inducing plasmid) and it
serves as an important reservoir of cry toxins and can be used for the transfer of a desired gene in
cry genes for the production of biological dicot plants.
insecticides and insect resistant genetically 72 (a)
modified crops. Restriction endonuclease is the enzyme which
65 (c) recognizes a specific DNA base sequence and
Restriction endonucleases and ligase are cleavages both the strands of a DNA at a
commonly used enzymes in genetic engineering. particular site called restriction site having
palindromic sequence. So, restriction
66 (c) endonuclease are also called molecular scissors.

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73 (a) Mullis.
Production of ‘giant mouse’ in the laboratory was
made possible through gene manipulation. 80 (a)
A nematode Meloidegyneincognitia infects the
74 (c) roots of tobacco plants, which reduce the
Nematodes is a group of organisms, which production of tobacco
parasites a large number of plants and animals 81 (a)
including human being. One of the common Alkaline pH of the gut.
nematodes Meloidegyneincognitia infects the Bttoxin is an intracellular crystalline protein.
roots of tobacco plants and causes a great loss by Specific Bttoxin genes obtained from Bacillus
causing reduction in yield. thuringiensis are used in several crop plants like
This infestation was prevented by using a novel cotton. Bttoxins are initially inactive protoxins but
strategy, which was based on the process of RNA after ingestion by the insects their inactive toxin
interference (RNAi). RNA is powerful reverse becomes active due to the alkaline pH of the gut
genetic tool to study gene function which dissolves the crystals
75 (d) 82 (b)
In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie produced Morgan (1901) coined the term ‘totipotency’
human protein – enriched milk (2.4 g/L). The Cellular totipotency is the capability of a somatic
milk contained the human α-lactalbumin and was cell to produce the complete organisms.
nutritionally balanced for human babies than
natural cow milk 83 (a)
76 (d) Biogas is a methane rich fuel gas produced by
Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium carries a gene, anaerobic breakdown or biomass with the help of
which codes for toxic crystals (Bt toxin proteins) methanogenic bacteria. It is composed of
that are produced during endospore formation. methane (50-70%), CO (30-40%) and traces of
Bt toxin is active against larvae of more than 140 hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide.
species of insects including cabbage worm and 84 (c)
bag worm. Prof. Anand Mohan Chakravorty has developed a
77 (d) new strain of oil eating bacteria called super bug
All of the above. by using species of Pseudomonas through
In recombinant DNA technology, a probe is recombinant DNA technology.
allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in 85 (d)
the clone of cells. The cells are then detected by (i) Fruit softening is promoted by an enzyme
autoradiography. The cells with mutated genes polygalacturonase, which degrades pectin. In the
will not be observed on the photographic film transgenic tomato variety Flavrsavr, production
because the probe was not complementary to the of polygalacturonase was blocked hence fruit of
mutated genes this tomato variety remains fresh and retains
78 (b) their flavour much longer then do the fruit of
In genetic engineering rDNA technology is applied normal tomato varieties
to several biotechnological processes for (i) Recently the US government has patented the
obtaining particular biochemical improvement of India Basmati rice as ‘Rice tec’. The Government
genetic makeup of an organism and fighting of India challenged on April 28.2001.
genetic defects. Consequently, USPTO served a notice to M/s Rice
79 (c) Tec., Inc., for the amendments in claims restricting
PCR is a technique, in which a small fragment of to only three strains developed by it
DNA is rapidly cloned or duplicated to produce (ii) The war, which is fought by bioweapons
multiple DNA copies. Thus, it helps in the (biological weapons) against humans or their
diagnosis of a genetical disorder. This technique crops and animals is called as biowar. Viruses,
was conceived by American biochemist Kary B bacteria and some other harmful organisms can
be used as bioweapons in biological warfare

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86 (a) protein which forms crystalline inclusions in the
Important for DNA fingerprinting are short bacterial spores. These crystal proteins are
nucleotide repeats that ary in number from responsible for the insecticidal activities of
person to person but are inherited. These are bacterial strain. Cry I Ac and cry II Ab gene are
Variable Number Tandem Repeats or VNTRs and responsible for controlling the insects of
these can be recognized only through molecular Lepidoptera (moth).
analysis of DNA SAMPLES. Alec Jeffreys (1985,
86) discovered this technique for the first time. 94 (c)
Biopiracy (or biocolonialism) is the appropriation
87 (b) of another’s knowledge of use of biological
Insect resistant transgenic cotton was produced resources.
through genetic engineering by inserting a piece
of DNA from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. 95 (b)
Hence, this cotton is called transgenic cotton or Vector is a DNA molecule that has the ability to
𝐵𝑡 cotton. It provides resistance against the replicate autonomously in and appropriate host
ballworm of cotton. cell and into which the DNA fragment to be cloned
is integrated for cloning. In higher organism
89 (b) retroviruses vectors are used, while Baculovirus
A-Proinsulin, B-A peptide, C-B peptide D-free C- vectors used for production of transgenic proteins
Peptide. in silk worm.
Maturation of proinsulin into insulin after
removal of C-peptide 96 (b)
A single-stranded DNA or RNA tagged with a
radioactive molecule (such as P) is called
probe. In this method, a probe is allowed to
hybridise to its complementary DNA in the clone
of cells
97 (a)
Bacillus thuringiensis is a natural insecticide with
unusual properties that makes it useful for pest
control in certain situations. Bacillus thuringiensis
forms protein crystals (Cry protein or cry gene)
which contains a toxic insecticidal protein
98 (d)
In the initial stages of protoplast culture,
sorbitol/mannitol is added as an osmotic
90 (b) stabilizer.
DNA fingerprinting technique is very useful in
solving disputed parentage cases and forensic 99 (a)
cases, DNA fingerprints are obtained from RFLP Important objectives of biotechnology in
or VNTR (satellite DNA) analysis of blood, hair or agriculture section is to produce pest resistant
other materials found at the place of crimes. varieties of the plants
100 (d)
92 (d) All of these.
Plasmids are extrachromosomal molecules of The application of biotechnology includes
DNA that replicate independently of the bacterial (i) therapeutics
chromosomes. They are normally closed, circular, (ii) diagnostics
super coiled. They are used as a vector for (iii) genetically modified crops for agriculture
cloning and genetic engineering. (iv) processed food
(v) bioremediation
93 (c)
(vi) waste treatment and
The cry gene of Bacillus thuringiensis produces a
(vii) energy production

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101 (a) Pasteurization is the heating of milk at 62°C for 30
T − plasmidof the bacterium minutes or at 73°C for 15 seconds. It kills all the
Agrobacteriumtumefaciensis used to carry DNA microorganisms of milk.
into plant cells.
111 (b)
102 (d) In recombinant DNA technology, a probe is
Earlier, insulin was extracted from the pancreas allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in
of slaughtered cattle and pigs but some patients the clone of cells. The cells are then detected by
began developing allergies. Bacteria can not be autoradiography. The cells with mutated genes
made to synthesise insulin from its gene because will not be observed on the photographic film
of the presence of introns. Bacteria do not possess because the probe was not complementary to the
enzymes for removing intron mediated mutated genes
transcription 112 (d)
103 (d) Adenosine deaminase enzyme is very important
Food production can be increased by applying for the immune system to function. In the absence
biotechnology in the following ways of adenosine deaminase enzyme, purine
(i) Agrochemical – based agriculture metabolism is disturbed and T-lymphocytes fails
(ii) Organic agriculture to function. ADA deficiency can lead to Severe
(iii) Genetically engineered crop-based combiuned Immune Deficiency (SCID)
agriculture SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the
104 (d) enzyme adenosine deaminase. The genetic
The term green revolution leads to the very diseases that are being investigated for gene
substantial yield increase obtained by plants therapy ranges from sickle-cell anaemia to Severe
resulted from the development of new crop Combined Immuno Deficiency (SCID). In some
varieties under intensive programme of children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone
fertilizers, water and pesticide management. The marrow transplantation
high yielding varieties of wheat and rice have However, in others it can be treated by the
been the key element in the green revolution. enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional
ADA is given to the patient by injection. But in
105 (b) both approaches, the patients are not completely
A nematode Meloidegyneincognitia infects the cured. For permanent cure, gene isolated from the
roots of tobacco plants, which reduces the bone marrow cells producing ADA at early
production of tobacco. It can be prevented by embryonic stage can be a possible cure
using RNA interference process. In this process, 113 (a)
by using Agrobacterium vector, nematode specific The diversity of rice in India is one of the richest
genes were introduced into the host plants, which in the world. Basmati rice is distinct for its aroma
produced both sense and antisense RNA in the and flavour and 27 documented varieties of
host cells Basmati are grown in India. There is reference to
106 (d) Basmati in ancient books as it has been grown for
DNA fingerprinting (= DNA typing = DNA centuries.
profiling = genetic fingerprinting) was invented In 1997, an American company got patent rights
by Sir Alec Jeffreys of UK in 1985. It is a technique on Basmati rice through the US patent and
to identify a person on the basis of his or her DNA Trademark office. This allowed the company to
specificity. During this technique, the dark bands sell a new variety of Basmati, in the US and
on X-ray film present the DNA fingerprint (= DNA abroad. This new variety of basmati had actually
profiles). It is very helpful in identifying criminals been derived from Indian farmer’s varieties.
of rape/murder (using blood/semen/hair) as well Indian Basmati was crossed with semi dwarf
as for settling matters related to parentage and varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty
paternity. 114 (b)
107 (c) The technique of DNA fingerprinting was
developed for the first time by Alec Jeffreys

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 (1985, 86) and his colleagues at Leicester 5’ – GAATTC – 3’
University in UK.
3’ – CTTAAG – 5’
115 (d)
Callus culture and suspension culture are two Is a palindromic sequence that can be cut at about
types of plant tissue cultures differentiated on the the middle by particular restriction enzyme.
basis of in vitro growth of the explant, which is 122 (d)
higher is case of suspension culture than in callus Monoculture involves the exclusive cultivation of
culture. Usually, the medium contains the auxin 2, a single crop over wide areas. It is an efficient
4-D (dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and BAP. way to use certain kinds of soils but the crop
116 (b) plants grown in monoculture are highly prone to
The drug chorionic gonadotropin is obtained pests and thus, it carries the risk of an entire crop
through genetic engineering and is useful for being destroyed with the appearance of a single
treating infertility. pest species or disease.

117 (c) 123 (a)

India is a country rich in traditions, communal Agrochemical based agriculture includes
knowledge and expertise in natural medicines fertilisers and pesticides. Agrochemicals are
spices, food preparation, biological pesticides and expensive for farmers in developing countries and
diverse agriculture. That’s why, it is under the also have harmful effects on environment
surge from biopirates. 124 (b)
The patents have been taken out on the plants Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced
such as Basmati rice (Oryza sativa), black pepper through genetic engineering to biosynthesize’
(piper nigrum), pomegranate (Punicagranantum), beta-carotene, a precursor of pro-vitamin-A in the
Indian mustard (Brassica compestris), turmeric edible parts of rice. The research that led to
(Curcuma/longa) and neem (Azadirachtaindica). golden rice was conducted with the goal of
US, Japanese and German companies are the helping children who suffer from vitamin-A
principal patenting pirates deficiency in poor countries. Golden rice has been
118 (a) bred to be especially disease-resistant, resulting
Genes of plants, bacteria, fungi and animals have in better crop yields.
been changed by manipulations therefore, these 125 (a)
organisms are called Genetically Modified Plants are more rapidly manipulated by genetic
Organisms (GMOs). The behavior of a GMOs engineering than animals because single somatic
depends on the nature of genes transferred, cell can regenerate a whole plant body.
nature of host plants, bacterium and animals
119 (d) 127 (d)
Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produces Silencing of mRNA molecule’ in order to control
proteins that kills some insects like lepidopteran the production of a harmful protein has been used
(tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans in the protection of plants from nematodes
(beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes) 128 (c)
120 (c) Cry I Ab.
The genetic variability present among cultured β-Carotene pro vitamin-A.
cells or plants derived from such cells or progeny Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced
of such plants is called somaclonal variation. through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis
Generally, the term somaclonal variation is used beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the
for genetic variability present among all kinds of edible parts of rice. The research that led to
cells/plants obtained from cells cultured in vitro. golden rice was conducted with the goal of
helping children who suffer from vitamin-A
121 (c) deficiency and blindness in poor countries.
Out of the given options Golden rice has been breed to be especially

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 disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield
129 (c)
These hormones are used in the dairy industry,
when injected into cows would increase their milk
production.

130 (c)
‘Bt’ in ‘Bt’ cotton stands for Bacillus thuringiensis,
a soil bacterium from which Bt gene (encoding Bt
toxin) is obtained. Somatic hybridization involves
the fusion of protoplast (i.e, cell minus cell wall)
of two cells. Flavrsavr is a transgenic tomato with
hard skin and improved flavor and recombinant
hirudin is obtained from the seeds of transgenic 136 (b)
Brassicanapas at commercial scale. Protoplasts are naked cells from which cell wall
has been removed. Fusion of protoplast is done
131 (b)
with solution of PEG or a very brief high voltage
Biopatent is a government protection to an
current.
inventor of a biological material, securing to him
for a specific time the exclusive right of 137 (a)
manufacturing, exploiting, using and selling an Introducing foreign genes.
invention Animals whose DNA is manipulated to possess
132 (a) and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as
Indian Basmati was crossed with semi dwarf transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs,
variety and was claimed as a new variety for sheep and cows have been produced
which the patent was filled by a USA company 138 (a)
133 (b) (i) → (ii) → (iii) → (iv).
Calcitonin is a hormone secreted from Adenosine deaminase enzyme is very important
parafollicular cell of thyroid gland. It is chorionic for the immune system to function. In the absence
gonadotrohin hormone which is medically useful of adenosine deaminase enzyme, purine
recombinant product in the treatment of metabolism is disturbed and T-lymphocytes fails
infertility. to function. ADA deficiency can lead to Severe
combiuned Immune Deficiency (SCID)
134 (d)
SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the
Characteristic of Bt cotton are high yield and
enzyme adenosine deaminase. The genetic
resistance to boll worms.
diseases that are being investigated for gene
135 (a) therapy ranges from sickle-cell anaemia to Severe
Maturation of proinsulin into insulin after Combined Immuno Deficiency (SCID). In some
removal of C-peptide children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone
marrow transplantation
However, in others it can be treated by the
enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional
ADA is given to the patient by injection. But in
both approaches, the patients are not completely
cured. For permanent cure, gene isolated from the
bone marrow cells producing ADA at early
embryonic stage can be a possible cure
140 (b)
Manipulation of DNA becomes easy due to
invention of polymerase chain reaction developed
by Karry Mullis. It generates microgram

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 quantities of DNA copies of the desired DNA Differentiation of organs and tissues in a
segment, present even as a single copy. developing organism, is associated with
differential expression of genes. In regulation of
141 (a) gene expression, the chromosomal proteins play
Bt toxin is coded by a gene named Cry. There are important role. The chromosomal proteins are of
a number of them, e.g., the proteins encoded by two types-histones and non-histones. The
the genes Cry I Ac and Cry II Ab control the cotton regulation of gene expression involves an
bollworms, that of Cry I Abcontrols corn borer. interaction between histones and non-histones.
142 (b) 148 (c)
In 1983, an American company Eli Lilly Rice is being used since thousands of years in
synthesized artificial insulin with the help of Asia’s agricultural history of which 200,000
plasmids of Escherichia coli. It was named as varieties are in India alone
humulin. Since then, genetically engineered E. 150 (c)
coli bacteria are being used to produce human A cybrid is a hybrid carrying cytoplasms of two
insulin. different plants but genome of only one plant.
143 (d) 151 (a)
Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly Agrobacteriumtumefaciens(updated scientific
multiplying stock plant material to produce a name: Rizobiumradiobacte) is the causal agent of
large number of progeny plants, using modern crown gall desease (the formation of tumour) in
plant tissue culture methods. It is used to provide over 140 species of dicot. It is a rod-shaped, Gram
a sufficient number of plantlets for planting from negative soil bacterium (Smith, et. al, 1907).
a stock plant, which does not produce seeds or Symptoms are caused by the insertion of a small
does not respond well to vegetative reproduction. segment of DNA, known as T-DNA (transfer DNA)
144 (d) into the plant cell, which is incorporated at a
S radioisotope is not suitable for DNA labeling semi-random location into the plant genome.
based studies as DNA does not contain sulphur. 152 (c)
S radioisotope is suitable for protein labeling In callus culture, cell division in explant forms a
based studies because protein contains sulphur. callus. Callus is irregular unorganized and
undifferentiated mass of actively dividing cells.
145 (d)
Darkness and solid medium gelled by agar
For the first time in 1990, M Blease and WF
stimulates callus formation. The culture medium
Andresco of National Institute of Health
contains growth regulators auxin 2, 4-D and often
attempted gene therapy on a 4 year old girl with
a cytokinin like BAP. Both of these growth
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency. The SCID
regulators stimulate meristematic property in
patient has a defective gene for the enzyme
callus.
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA)
146 (b) 153 (a)
Haploids hae a single genome as found in the Bttoxin is an intracellular crystalline protein.
gametes of the species. A haploid has only one Specific Bttoxin genes obtained from Bacillus
copy of each chromosome and is highly sterile. thuringiensis are used in several crop plants like
Guha and Maheshwari (1964), developed a cotton. Bttoxins are initially inactive protoxins but
culture techniquee to produce haploid plants. It is after ingestion by the insects their inactive toxin
called androgenic haploid culture, in which very becomes active due to the alkaline pH of the gut
young unopened sterilised flowers are opened to which dissolves the crystals
remove young anthers. Anthers are introduced 155 (c)
over culture medium for 4-6 weeks, to give rise to Endonuclease hydrolyses internal phosphodiester
large number of embryoids (haploids). bonds in a polynucleotide chain.
147 (b) 156 (b)

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 White revolution – Milk production ADA – Adenosine Deaminase
166 (d)
Golden revolution – Egg production Professor F C Steward of Cornell University (USA)
Blue revolution – Fish production demonstrated that mature cells removed from a
carrot and placed in a suitable culture solution
157 (a) could be stimulated to start dividing again and to
Bacillus thuringiesistoxin is an inactive protoxin, provide new carrot plants (totipotency).
which gets converted into active form in the Totipotency is inherent capability of a single cell,
insect gut. It works as an insecticide. which provides the genetic programme required
to direct the development of an entire individual.
159 (a)
Hirudin is an anticoagulant protein found in leech 167 (a)
(Hirudinaria). It is now produced through genetic Golden rice is transgenic rice having carotene and
engineering from seeds of a plant Brassicanapus. iron. Carotene is precursor of vitamin-A
The hirudin accumulates in seeds and it is Flavrsavr(transgenic tomato) remains fresh and
purified as medicine. retain their flavor much longer than normal
tomato. Bt brinjal is insect resistance brinjal.
160 (d)
GEAC was set up by the ministry of environment 168 (c)
and forests to regulate research, testing and Both statements are corrects.
commercial release of GM crops, food and GEAC was set up by the ministry of environment
organisms and forests to regulate research, testing and
The aim and objectives of GEAC are commercial release of GM crops, food and
(i) to permit the use of GM organisms and their organisms
products for the commercial applications The aim and objectives of GEAC are
(ii) to adopt the procedures for restriction, (i) to permit the use of GM organisms and their
production a scale, import, export and application products for the commercial applications
of GM organisms (ii) to adopt the procedures for restriction,
(iii) approval to conduct a large scale field trails production a scale, import, export and application
and release of transgenic crops in the of GM organisms
environment (iii) approval to conduct a large scale field trails
(iv) to authorise agencies or persons to have large and release of transgenic crops in the
scale production and the release of GM organisms environment
into the environment or curb and take punitive (iv) to authorise agencies or persons to have large
action against them scale production and the release of GM organisms
161 (b) into the environment or curb and take punitive
Insulin action against them
162 (d) 169 (a)
Btcotton is not resistant to all pesticides Food production can be increased by applying
163 (b) biotechnology is the following ways
Biowaror biological war or bioterrorism is the (i) Agrochemicals based agriculture
development of biological weapons against (ii) Organic agriculture
people, their crops and animals. (iii) Genetically engineered crop base agriculture
Fish farming in isolated water bodies is called
164 (d) pisciculture
The technique of fingerprinting was initially 170 (a)
developed by Alec Jeffreys. He used a satellite All the statements given are correct for Bt
DNA as probe that shows very high degree of transgenic plant except option (d).
polymorphisms. It was called as Variable Number
of Tandem Repeats (VNTR). 171 (b)
DDNA fingerprinting technique was discovered by
165 (b)

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 A Jeffreys. It is a modern technique that compares region responsible for irulence towards host and
sets of DNA by locating identical sequences of a tDNA region, which is transferred to the host.
nucleotides. It is oftenly used in forensic matters.
179 (c)
172 (c) The main challenge for the production of insulin
Removed during the maturation of proinsulin to using RiDNA technique was getting insulin
insulin. assembled into a mature form. In 1983, Eli Lilly an
Insulin contains two short polypeptide chains, American company, first prepared two DNA
chain A and B-chain linked by disulphide bridge. sequences corresponding to A and B chains of
In mammals, insulin is synthesised as human insulin and introduced them into the
prohormone (that needs to be processed to plasmids of Escherichia coli to produce insulin
become mature and functional hormone). It chains. Chains A and B were produced separately,
contains an extra stretch called-peptide. C-peptide extracted and combined by creating disulphide
is absent in mature insulin and is removed during bonds to form human insulin (humulin)
the maturation into insulin 180 (d)
173 (d) An organism (such as bacterium) that will grow
The recombinant DNA technology process have on a minimal medium (means having no specific
made great impact in the area of healthcare by the nutritional requirement) is called a prototroph,
mass production of safe and more effective while a ‘mutant’ of it that will not grow on a
therapeutics drugs. Further, the recombinant minimal medium but requires the addition of
therapeutics do not induces unwanted some compound like an amino acid or vitamin is
immunological responses. Now, about 30 called auxotroph.
recombinant therapeutics have been approved for
human use all over the world. In India, 12 of these 181 (d)
are presently being marketed PCR can detect very low amounts of DNA. PCR is
174 (c) now usually used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS
PCR can detect very low amount of DNA. PCR is patients. It is also used to detect mutations the in
now usually used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS genes in suspected cancer patients. It is a good
patients. It is also used to detect mutations in the technique to identify many other genetic
genes in suspected cancer patients. It is a good disorders
technology to detect many other genetic 182 (b)
disorders. Option III and IV are incorrect Anther culture is the technique of ‘tissue culture’
175 (b) developed by Guha and Maheshwari (1964). It is
The body would not reject it as it has not yet the culturing of anthers over suitable culture
recognised self medium.
176 (c) 183 (d)
Transgenic mice are developed to tests the safety Restriction endonucleases cleave DNA molecules
of polio vaccine before being used on human only at specific nucleotide sequence called
177 (d) restriction sites. DNA Ligase enzyme is used to
The patents have been taken out on the plants join bits of DNA.
such as Basmati rice (Oryza sativa), black pepper
(piper nigrum), pomegranate (Punicagranantum), 184 (a)
Indian mustard (Brassica compestris), turmeric Phytotron is a chamber, in which plants can be
(Curcuma/longa) and neem (Azadirachtaindica). grown in controlled condition for the study of
US, Japanese and German companies are the effect of environmental condition on their growth.
principal patenting pirates
178 (c) 185 (c)
T − plasmid, used for making transgenic plants is Pseudomonas Putida is a genetically engineered
found in the bacterium Agrobacterium bacterium with many different plasmids to
tumefaciens. Ti-plasmid is used as a vector for degrade the pollutants. It is developed by Dr.
gene transfer to plant cells. T − plasmid has a vir Anand Mohan Chakravorty and is known as

P a g e | 13
 superbug or oil eating bug or Chakraborty’s engineering has the high vitamin-A content
superbug. Now-a-days, this genetically 194 (c)
engineered bacterium is utilized for cleaning of Earlier, insulin was extracted from the pancreas
marine oil slicks. of slaughtered cattle and pigs but some patients
began developing allergies. The injection of this
186 (a) insulin into patients occasionally produces
RNA interference. sensitivity reaction and side effects
Nematodes is a group of organisms, which 195 (c)
parasites a large number of plants and animals The molecular probes are usually single stranded
including human being. One of the common pieces of DNAs (sometimes RNAs), labelled with
nematodes Meloidegyneincognitia infects the radio-isotopes such as P . Molecular probes are
roots of tobacco plants and causes a great loss by available for many genetic disorders such as,
causing reduction in yield. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis,
This infestation was prevented by using a novel Tay-Sachs disease
strategy, which was based on the process of RNA 196 (d)
interference (RNAi). RNA is powerful reverse Biotechnology may be, simply defined as the use
genetic tool to study gene function of micro-organisms animals or plant’s cells, or
187 (c) thin components to generate products and
Insulin contains two short polypeptide chains, services useful to human beings. Now-a-days,
chain A and B-chain linked by disulphide bridge. biotechnology is very helpful in producing
In mammals, insulin is synthesised as transgenic crops or genetically modified (GM)
prohormone (that needs to be processed to crops, transgenic animals, biofertilizers,
become mature and functional hormone). It antibodies, hormones like humulin (genetically
contains an extra stretch called-peptide. C-peptide engineered human insulin), antibodies and
is absent in mature insulin and is removed during various other useful products.
the maturation into insulin
189 (d) 197 (d)
The enzyme used in PCR is commercially obtained Bt cotton, Bt tobacco, Bt tomato, etc are
from Thermusaquaticus. transgenic plants having Bt-2 gene encoding Bt
toxin, (e.g., thurioside). Bt toxin gene has been
190 (a) isolated from a bacterium Bacillusthuringiensis
Genetically engineered microorganism called therefore, called Bt (i.e., Bacillus thuringiensis).
Pseudomonas putida is used in bioremediation of These plants are resistant for more than 140
oil spills. It is also known as ‘Chakravorty’s super species of insects including common cabbage
bug or oil eating super bug. worm, caterpillars, bag worms, canker worms,
191 (c) gypsy worm, etc.
Vector is used to introduce genes into a host cell, 198 (a)
where the genes may be amplified or otherwise The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a
manipulated, e.g., A. tumefaciens. technique by which small samples of DNA can be
192 (d) quickly amplified. The repeated amplification is
Plasmid is an exrtachromosomal genetic element achieved by the use of thermostable DNA
of DNA that is capable of replicating polymerase, i.e., (Taq-polymerase isolated from a
independently of host chromosome. It forms the bacterium, Thermusaquaticus) which remain
basis of many cloning vectors used in genetic active during the high temperature induced
engineering. denaturation of double-stranded DNA.

193 (a) 199 (b)

β-carotene is principal source of vitamin-A Transgenic animals are those, which have foreign
generally, seeds of rice do not have vitamin-A but DNA in all of its cells
golden rice, which is developed through genetic 200 (d)

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 The application of biotechnology includes combined by creating disulphide bonds to form
(i) therapeutics human insulin
(ii) diagnostics 207 (c)
(iii) genetically modified crops for agriculture Rangaswami (1961) of Delhi University was the
(iv) processed food first to develop nucellar embryos of Citrus
(v) bioremediation microcarpa. The nucellar embryos are used for
(vi) waste treatment and producing disease free clones.
(vii) energy production
201 (a) 208 (d)
Vitamin-A. Restriction enzymes are degradative enzymes,
Bttoxin protein crystals present in bacterium which recognize and cut up DNA that is foreign to
Bacillus thuringiensis, do not kill the bacteria a cell. These enzymes protect bacteria against
themselves because toxins occur as inactive intruding DNA from other organisms such as virus
protoxin in bacteria or other bacterial cells.
202 (a) 210 (c)
Restriction endonuclease recognizes a specific In 1984, Caesar Milstein of England and George
DNA base sequence (recognition sequence, Kohler of Switzerland were awarded Nobel Prize
recognizion site, restriction sequence or for engineering the monoclonal antibodies.
restriction site having palindromic sequence) and Monoclonal antibodies have been used in genetic
cleaves both the strands of DNA at or near that engineering for identifying the levels of gene
site. The enzyme cuts the DNA, generating product which is not detectable by other methods.
restriction fragments with overhanging ends or These bodies are also used in pregnancy testing
blunt ends. diagnosis of diseases, treatment of disease,
203 (c) preventing rejection of transplants and tissue
Drosophila melanogastercommonly called as typing for transplant
fruitfly and is often used in genetic and 212 (b)
development biology researches. The ripe banana The haploid content of human DNA is
is the most suitable medium to culture this fly. 3.3 × 10 bp.

204 (d) 213 (b)

A single-stranded DNA or RNA joined with a RNA interference.
radioactive molecule (probe) is allowed to Nematodes is a group of organisms, which
hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of parasites a large number of plants and animals
the cells. It is followed by the detection using including human being. One of the common
autoradiography nematodes Meloidegyneincognitia infects the
205 (b) roots of tobacco plants and causes a great loss by
Genetic engineering is related with euphenics. causing reduction in yield.
Euphenics is the study of improvement of human This infestation was prevented by using a novel
race by altering the protein synthesis (by mRNA) strategy, which was based on the process of RNA
process in cell. It is also called medical interference (RNAi). RNA is powerful reverse
engineering. genetic tool to study gene function
215 (a)
206 (b) The two DNA sequences or genes were made to
Production of insulin by recombinant DNA fuse with plasmids of Escherichia coli and later
techniques was achieved by an American allowed to form insulin chains.
company, Eli Lilly, in 1983. They prepared two
DNA sequences corresponding to A and B-chains 216 (b)
of the human insulin and introduction them into Meloidegyneincognitia.
the plasmids of [Link] for production. The A and B Alleviation of vitamin-A deficiency.
chains produced were separated, extracted and Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced
through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis

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 beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the Gracilaria, Gigartina, etc.)
edible parts of rice. The research that led to
golden rice was conducted with the goal of 222 (b)
helping children who suffer from vitamin-A Totipotency is the inherent capability of a single
deficiency and blindness in poor countries. cell to provide the genetic programme required to
Golden rice has been breed to be especially direct the development of an entire individual.
disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield 223 (b)
217 (d) Pure culture without any contamination is called
Bio-insecticidal plants. axenic culture.
Meloidegyneincognitia.
Alleviation of vitamin-A deficiency. 224 (b)
Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced
through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis
beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the
edible parts of rice. The research that led to edible parts of rice. The research that led to
golden rice was conducted with the goal of golden rice was conducted with the goal of
helping children who suffer from vitamin-A helping children who suffer from vitamin-A
deficiency and blindness in poor countries. deficiency and blindness in poor countries.
Golden rice has been breed to be especially Golden rice has been breed to be especially
disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield
218 (c) 225 (c)
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is a common Herbarium is a collection of preserved plant
soil bacteria, which produces a protein toxin that material. Genome refers to total genetic material
kills certain insects. The toxin is a crystal (Cry) within a cell of individual. Gene library is the
protein. There are several kinds of cry toxin which collection of DNA fragments. Gene bank (= world
are toxic to different groups of insects. The gene collections) are large collections of germplasm (in
encoding Cry protein is called by gene the viable condition) representing materials from
219 (c) various parts of the world.
DNA fingerprinting is a modern technique that
compares sets of DNA by locating identical 226 (b)
sequences of nucleotides. It is oftening used to ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-
solve many mysteries involving murders, antibody interactions. It can detect very small
robberies and rapes. amount of proteins (antibody or antigen) with the
help of enzymes (𝑒. 𝑔., peroxidase or alkaline
220 (d) phosphatase)
Plant cells do not have endogeneous plasmids. 227 (c)
The plasmid vectors used for plant cell Basmati is unique for its aroma and flavor, whose
transformation are mostly based on 27 varieties are cultivated in India
Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-Ti plasmid. These are 228 (d)
plant pathogenic Gram–ve soil bacteria which Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a widespread
cause crown gall disease of dicot plants. naturally occurring soil bacterium that causes
crown gall and has the ability to introduce new
221 (c) genetic material into the plant cell
Gel electrophoresis is a technique to separate 230 (a)
fragments of DNA. Since, DNA fragments are Adenosine deaminase.
negatively charged molecules they can be SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the
separated by forcing them to move towards the enzyme adenosine deaminase. In some children,
anode under an electric field through a ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow
medium/matrix. Now-a-days the most commonly transplantation. However, in others it can be
used matrix is agarose which is a natural polymer treated by the enzyme replacement therapy in
extracted from seaweeds (e.g., Gelidium, which functional ADA is given to patient by

P a g e | 16
 injection. But in both approaches, the patients by A multicellular organism that carries a specific
are not completely cured. For permanent cure, genetic change in each cell because of an
genes isolated from the bone marrow cells intervention at the fertilised egg stage is a
producing ADA at early embryonic stage can be a transgenic
possible cure 238 (a)
231 (d) Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a hydrocarbon
Vitamin-A deficiency causes nightblindness solvent that attachs cell membranes and is widely
among children. Vitamin-A deficiency often used in the induction of cell fusion between plant
occurs where rice is the staple food since, rice protoplast and in the production of animal cell
grain does not contain 𝛽 − carotene. hybridoma. It is used for are transfer without a
vector.
232 (c)
DNA fingerprinting is a technique to identify a 239 (b)
person on the basis of person’s DNA specificity. The site of production of adenosine deaminase in
The technique is based upon the fact that the DNA the body is lymphocytes
constitution of an individual carries some specific 240 (a)
sequence of nucleotides, which do not carry any Bt cotton is first genetically modified plant
information for protein synthesis. commercially released in India.

From the given options, leucocytes are to be used 241 (d)

for identifying the criminal because they are Presence of a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, etc.) is
nucleated, whereas erythrocytes are enucleated. usually suspected only when the pathogen has
produced a diseased symptom. By that time the
233 (c) number of pathogens is already very high in the
A single-stranded DNA or RNA joined with a body but very low count of a bacteria or virus
radioactive molecule (probe) is allowed to (when the symptoms of the disease are not yet
hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of visible) can be detected by multiplication of their
cells. It is followed by the detection using nucleic acid by PCR
autoradiography 242 (d)
234 (d) Insulin was the first hormone prepared by genetic
Restriction enzyme is used in genetic engineering. engineering within the E. coli bacterium. Insulin
Restriction enzyme is an endonuclease, that is made up of two 20 and 30 chains of amino acid
recognizes a specific DNA base sequence and residues. Two different E. coli bacterial cultures
cleaves both the strands of a DNA at or near that were used to produced each of the insulin chain,
site. these were then recovered from the bacterial and
235 (c) separated by 𝛽-galactosidase and finally,
The uptake of foreign DNA or transgenes by plant chemically joined to make human insulin.
cells is called transformation. A variety of 243 (a)
techniques have been used to introduce Insulin is the first hormone produced by culturing
transgenes into plant cells, these can be grouped [Link] bacteria, in which insulin producing genes
into the following two categories – (i) have been transferred from human beings.
Agrobacterium – mediated and (ii) direct gene
transfers. Agrobacteriumtumefacies mediated 244 (d)
transformation eliminates the need for Reporter genes are used to determine a particular
regeneration from tissue explants. DNA construct has been successfully introduced
into a cell, organ or tissue. Enhancer is a DNA
236 (b) sequence present within the control regions of
Production of value added products like nutrition many eukaryotic genes that can enhance
supplements, pharmaceuticals, fuels, etc., using transcription. A transgenic organism contains in
transgenic crop is called molecular farming its genome a gene or genes introduced by one or
237 (c) the other technique of transfection. The gene

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 introduced by transfection is called transgen. T − plasmidis found in
Promoter is a cis-acting nucleotide sequence on a Agrobacteriumtumefaciens, which produces
DNA molecule, which promotes the initiation of crown gall (tumour) in a large number of dicot
transcriptin. species. A tumefaciensis a Gram negative soil
bacterium that infects a wide range of plants and
245 (c) cause crown galls.
Genomic DNA library means packing of donor
DNA in a collection of vectors. 253 (b)
All option are correct except (ii) new variety of
246 (c) Basmati rice was derived from Indian farmer’s
A probe is radioactively labeled (P ) nucleic acid varieties
(20-40 nucleotide long) with a short sequence 254 (d)
complementary to at least one part of the desired By using genetic engineering or recombinant DNA
DNA/gene. technology, insulin producing genes from human
247 (b) beings have been transferred into E. coli bacteria,
A monopoly granted to a person who has either which produced insulin called ‘humulin’ for
invented a new and useful article, made clinical use. This type of synthetic insulin was
improvement in an existing article or invented a produced by an American pharmaceutical firm Eli
new process of making an article is called patent Lily on 5th July 1983.
248 (d) 255 (d)
Agrochemicals are expensive for farmers. In Restriction endonucleases are the enzymes, which
developing countries and also they have harmful cut a DNA molecule within certain specific sites
effects on the environment. Therefore, genetically that have specific base sequence, e.g., Hae III, Eco
modified crops were developed to overcome such RI, Bam II, Hind II, Pst I, etc. DNAse-I is not a
problems restriction endonuclease enzyme. DNA
249 (b) polymerase-III synthesizes DNA, while DNA
Biopiracyis defined as the use of bioresources by polymerase-I erases printer and fills gaps during
multinational companies and other organisations DNA replication.
without proper authorisation from the countries
and concerned people without complementary 256 (c)
payment The term ‘totipotency’ refers to the development
250 (a) of an organ from a cell in culture medium.
Triticale is a man made cereal obtained by
intergeneric cross between bread wheat 257 (c)
(Triticum = 422)and rye (Secale = 14) followed Hirudin is an anticoagulant protein found in leech
by colchicines treatment. (Hirudinaria). It is now produced through genetic
engineering from seeds of Brassicanapus. The
251 (c) gene encoding hirudin was transferred into
Insulin obtained from the pancreas of cattle and Brassicanapus, where hirudin accumulated in
pigs slightly differ from the human insulin in their seeds which is purified and used medicinally.
amino acid sequence. Moreover, the insulin
production from pig and cattle is not sufficient to 258 (b)
cater the needs of growing number of diabetic Restriction enzymes cut double stranded DNA
patients. molecues at specific sites called recognition site
Also, the injection of insulin into the patients, that have specific base sequence. The restriction
occasionally produces sensitivity reaction and enzyme Eco RI, Bam II and Hind III are used in
side effects. These factors led researches to look recombinant DNA technology to produce cuts in
for some alternative source of human insulin. The vector and other DNA molecules to obtain
search for new source was soon fulfilled by chimeric DNA.
recombinant DNA technology 259 (d)
252 (d)

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 As a first step towards the gene therapy, explant depends mainly on the objective of the
lymphocytes a kind of white blood cells, are culture and the regeneration potential of the
extracted from the bone marrow of the patient different organs of a plant species.
and are grown in a culture outside the body. A
functional ADA, cDNAis then introduced into 265 (b)
these lymphocytes, which the reinjected to the A transgenic crop is a crop which contains and
patients bone marrow but as these cells do not expresses a transgene. A popular term for
always remain alive, the patient requires periodic transgenic crop is genetically modified crops or
infusion or such genetically engineered GM crops. Flavrsavr tomato was the first
lymphocytes commercially grown genetically engineered food
260 (b) to be granted a license for human consumption.
Probe is a defined nucleic acid molecule that can These tomato can be fresh for long time than
be used in molecular hybridization procedures to other varieties of tomato.
identify specific nucleic acid sequences that are 266 (d)
complementary to it, by virtue of a label carried Btcotton is resistant to insects. Insect resistant
by the probe. The label may be radio active or transgenic cotton was produced through genetic
non-radioactive. engineering by inserting a piece of DNA from the
261 (b) bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Hence, this
Specific Bt toxin genes obtained from bacteria cotton is called transgenic cotton or Btcotton. It
Bacillus thuringiensis are used in several crop provides resistance against the bollworm of
plants like cotton. It is easier to produce cotton
transgenic plants than animals. A single cell in 267 (a)
most plant species can regenerate a whole plant. PCR is now, used to detect HIV in suspected AIDS
Thus, a single genetically engineered cell can patients
produce a new plant with new traits. Bacillus 268 (b)
thuringiensis forms the protein crystals which Alleviation of vitamin-A deficiency.
contains a toxic insecticidal protein Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced
262 (c) through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis
Restriction endonuclease recognizes a particular beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the
palindromic sequence and degrades the same. It edible parts of rice. The research that led to
was so, called because it restricted the growth of golden rice was conducted with the goal of
bacteriophage in the bacterium (e.g., E. coli). The helping children who suffer from vitamin-A
convention for naming these enzymes is the first deficiency and blindness in poor countries.
latter of the name comes from the bacterial genus; Golden rice has been breed to be especially
the second two letters come from the species, and disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield
the fourth letter from strain, e.g., Eco RI comes 269 (d)
from Escherichia coli RY 13. Roman numbers In genetic engineering, a desired part of DNA is
following the names indicate the order in which taken and then inserted into another suitable
the enzymes were isolated. organism for their expression. Thus, genetic
engineering is an artificial process. But in nature,
263 (a) Agrobacteriumtumefaciens(a bacterium) does
Animals whose DNA is manipulated to possess this process normally. This bacterium has a
and express an extra (foreign) gene are known as plasmid, which contains a 23 base pair direct
transgenic animals. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, repeat sequences, called as T-DNA. This T-DNA
sheep and cows have been produced has the ability to transfer itself from
264 (d) [Link] an infected plant chromosome.
The plant tissue or organ excised and used for in
vitro culture is known as explant. Any plant part 270 (d)
such as shoot tip, root tip, leaf tip, pollen grains, In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie produced
etc, may be used as an explant. The choice of human protein – enriched milk (2.4 g/L). The

P a g e | 19
 milk contained the human α-lactalbumin and was (i) Useful biological products can be produced by
nutritionally balanced for human babies than introducing into transgenic animals the portion of
natural cow milk DNA (or genes) which codes for a particular
271 (b) product, 𝑒. 𝑔., human protein (α-1-antitrypsin) is
Example of gene therapy Introduction of gene for used to treat emphysema
adenosine deaminase in person suffering from (ii) Brazzein is protein produced by a west
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) African plant, Pentadiplandrabrazzeana, which is
272 (a) approximately 2000 times as sweet as sugar. It is
In callus culture, cell division in explant used as a low calorie sweetener. Local people
(differentiated mass of mature cells) forms callus. have been using the super sweet berries of this
Callus is an irregular unorganized and plant for centuries. But the protein brazzein was
undifferentiated mass of actively dividing cells. patented in USA
Callus is obtained within 2-3 weeks. The process 279 (a)
is called de-differentiation. Recombinant DNA molecule is a vector (e.g.,
plasmid, phage or virus) into which the desired
273 (a) DNA fragment has been inserted to enable its
The first human drug made by using genetic cloning in an appropriate host. pBr 322 of E. coli
engineering technique was insulin. Insulin is an was the first most widely used plasmid for
important life saving drug for diabetic patients construction of recombinant DNA.
274 (a)
In tissue culture, shoot regeneration is promoted 281 (a)
by cytokinin, and root generation is promoted by Bttobacco was first cultured to kill hornworm.
auxin like NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid). An Tobacco plants containing a gene from a
excess of auxin promotes root regeneration, bacterium, Bacillus thruinginesis have been
whereas that of cytokinin promotes shoot produced. This bacterial gene specifies an
regeneration. Roots regenerate from the lower insecticidal protein that destroys the stomach
end of these shoots to give complete plantlets. lining of insects and kills them. The tobacco plants
with this gene produces their own insecticide
275 (d) 282 (a)
Human insulin is made up of 51 amino acids Rules of conduct that may be used to regulate our
arranged in two polypeptide chains. A having 21 activities in relation to the biological world is
amino acids and B with 30 amino acids. The two called bioethics
polypeptide chains are interconnected by two 283 (c)
disulphide bridges or S-S linkages. S-S linkage also Murashige and Skoog’s medium is used for raising
occurs in A-chain. The hormone develops from plants through micropropagation.
the storage product is called proinsulin.
Proinsulin has three chains, A, B and C. C chain 284 (d)
with 33 amino acids is removed prior to insulin In organic farming, farmers use resistant
formation varieties, manure, biofertilisers, biopesticides and
276 (c) biocontrols to increase the crop production
Polymorphism in sequence is the basis of DNA instead of using artificial fertilisers and pesticides
fingerprinting. 285 (d)
Tissue culture technique can be utilized for the
277 (a) production of virus-free plants either by meristem
Ligase enzyme catalyses condensation of ATP or culture chemotherapy or selective chemotherapy
any other such triphosphate. DNA ligase is used of larger explants from donor plants. Shoot apex
to join bits of DNA. consists of meristematic cells, thus, shoot apex
278 (a) culture is successful to obtain virus-free clones in
Transgenic animals are made to carry genes crop improvement programmes.
which makes them more sensitive to the toxic 287 (b)
substance then non-transgenic animals

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 Gene therapy is a collection of methods that Biotechnology.
allows the correction of gene defects diagnosed in The application of biotechnology includes
a child or embryo. By insertion of normal gene, (i) therapeutics
the defective mutant allele of the genes are (ii) diagnostics
replaced and non-functional gene is compensated (iii) genetically modified crops for agriculture
288 (c) (iv) processed food
Bttoxin protein crystals present in bacterium (v) bioremediation
Bacillus thuringiensis, do not kill the bacteria (vi) waste treatment and
themselves because toxins occur as inactive (vii) energy production
protoxin in bacteria 295 (c)
290 (c) The toxin is coded by a gene called ‘cry’. Bt toxin
Golden rice. gene has been isolated from a bacterium Bacillus
Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced thuringiensis, 𝑒. 𝑔., proteins encoded by the genes
through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis cry I Ac and cry II Ab control the cotton
beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the bollworms and that of cry I Ab control corn borer
edible parts of rice. The research that led to 296 (b)
golden rice was conducted with the goal of There are three critical research areas of
helping children who suffer from vitamin-A biotechnology
deficiency and blindness in poor countries. (i) Providing best catalyst as improved organism,
Golden rice has been breed to be especially usually a microbe or pure enzyme
disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield (ii) Creating optimal conditions by engineering
291 (d) for a catalyst to act
Biotechnology is essentially the use of technology (iii) Downstream processing technologies to
to make biological processes beneficial to the purify the proteins/organic compounds
mankind Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
Advantages (MOET) has successfully increased the herd size
(i) Genetic engineering techniques to improve of cattle
food crops 297 (a)
(ii) Molecular biology method to help understand Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produces
the nature of diseases proteins that kills some insects like lepidopterans
(iii) Creation of genetically modified foods to feed (tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans
the ever growing world population (beetles) and dipterans (flies and mosquitoes)
(iv) Use of stem cells to treat diseases 299 (c)
(v) Creation of processed food Seeds from virus infected plants generally do not
(vi) Plants yielding more nutritious and tastier contain the virus. Therefore, sexual progeny are
fruits usually virus free, except for new-infections. But
(vii) Production of new types of medicine to fight this belief is not entirely correct. In case of
dangerous disease asexually reproducing crops virus infections
292 (a) spread rapidly. This is because of vegetative
‘Dolly’ is the name of sheep, which was produced propagules from virus infected plants contain
from the udder cell of sheep in England by virus particle, hence in vegetatively propagated
cloning. plants the virus gets transmitted through
propagule (rhizome/bulb/tubers/root). But the
293 (b) growing bud is not infected (i.e., shoot tips are
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a virus free)
technique by which small samples of DNA can be
quickly amplified. Starting with only one gene 300 (a)
sized piece of DNA, this technique is used to make Plasmid is an extrachromosomal genetic element
literally billions of copies in only a few hours. of DNA or RNA that is capable of replicating
independently of the host chromosome, e.g., E.
294 (c)

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 coli plasmid pBR322. 308 (c)
Automated DNA sequencers, which sequence DNA
301 (b) fragments, work on the principle of a method
Bacillus thuringiensis. developed by Frederick Sanger.
Bttoxin is an intracellular crystalline protein.
Specific Bttoxin genes obtained from Bacillus 309 (c)
thuringiensis are used in several crop plants like Biotechnology deals with industrial scale
cotton. Bttoxins are initially inactive protoxins but production of biopharmaceuticals and biological
after ingestion by the insects their inactive toxin use of genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants
becomes active due to the alkaline pH of the gut and animals
which dissolves the crystals 310 (d)
302 (b) Restriction enzyme are known as molecular
The plants obtained through genetic engineering knives or molecular scissors and are used to cut
contain a gene or genes usually from an unrelated DNA at specific sites of DNA. These were first
organism, such genes are called transgenes and discovered by Smith, Nathan and Arber.
the plants containing transenes are known as
transgenic plants. These plants are often called as 311 (d)
genetically modified or GM crops, e.g., Flavrsavr Early detection of a disease is not possible by the
tomatoes, golden rice. Plants are made transgenic conventional diagnosis methods. Some technique
for identification, expressing the gene activity in used for early diagnosis are
time, to produce several chemicals like fatty acids, (i) Polymerase chain reaction
sugars, cellulose, rubber, etc. (ii) Recombinant DNA technology
(iii) Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
303 (c) (ELISA)
Plasmids, cosmids or bacteriophages can be used 312 (b)
as vector in genetic engineering. Plasmids are In some cases, adenosine deaminase deficiency
most widely used circular, extrachromosomal can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and
DNA segments seen in the bacterial cells. They enzyme replacement therapy, but it is not fully
carry a foreign gene or desired gene to the host. curative
The size of plasmids ranges from 1 × 10 to 313 (b)
200 × 10 daltons. Among other vector plasmids Some nations are developing laws to prevent such
are pBR 322, those of pUG series and T , R unauthorised exploitation of their bioresearch
plasmids of Agrobacterium. and traditional knowledge. To check these
problems, India parliament has recently cleared
305 (a) the second amendment of the Indian Patents Bill,
Transgenic animals are made to carry the genes, that takes such issues into consideration
which makes them more sensitive to the toxic 314 (b)
substance then other normal animals GEAC is the regulatory body working under MoEF
306 (b) for the release of transgenic crops.
Probe are 15-30 bases long radioactively
labelledoligonucleotieds (RNA or DNA) used to 315 (b)
detect complementary nucleotide sequences, used A functional ADA CDNA can be introduced into
for disease diagnosis, etc. cells of the patients receiving gene therapy by
using vector constituted by retrovirus. The SCID
307 (a) patient has a defective gene for the enzyme
Dr. Anand Mohan Chakravortyintroduced Adenosine Deaminase (ADA). He/she lacks
plasmids from different strains into a single cell of functional T-lymphocytes and, therefore fails to
Pseudomonas putida. The result was new fight the infecting pathogen. Lymphocytes are
genetically engineered bacterium, which would extracted from the patient’s bone marrow and a
degrade octane, hexane, decane, xylene, toluene, normal functional copy of human gene coding for
etc. Hence, called super bug (oil eating bug). ADA is introduced into these lymphocytes with

P a g e | 22
 the help of retrovirus which genetically modified organisms are
316 (d) obtained.
Gene therapy is a collection of methods that
allows the correction of gene, defects diagnosed in 322 (b)
a child or embryo. By the insertion of normal Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that
genes, the defective mutant allele of the genes are produce internal cuts called cleavage in DNA
replaced and the non-functional gene is molecules only within or near those sites which
compensated have specific base sequences (recognition site).
317 (a) These are obtained from the bacterial cells.
SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the Restriction enzymes were obtained from the
enzyme adenosine deaminase. In some children, bacterial cells. Restriction enzymes were
ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow discovered due to and named after the
transplantation. However, in others it can be phenomenon of host restriction of bacterial
treated by the enzyme replacement therapy in phages.
which functional ADA is given to patient by 323 (c)
injection. But in both approaches, the patients by Ti plasmid is a plasmid present in
are not completely cured. For permanent cure, Agrobacteriumtumefacies. It is used in genetic
genes isolated from the bone marrow cells engineering in plants, e.g., as a vector in gene
producing ADA at early embryonic stage can be a transfer to dicot plants.
possible cure
318 (a) 324 (a)
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing Autoclaving is commonly done at the temperature
normal antibody-producing cells with myelomas 121°C for 15 min or at 134°C for 3 min. The time
(cells from cancerous tumour). The resulting required for sterilization depend upon the volume
hybrid cells are called hybridomas. of medium in vessel

319 (d) 325 (b)

The first clinical gene therapy was done for the In cloning of cattle, a fertilized egg divides in 2,
treatment of SCID (Severe Combined Immune then in 4 and then in 8. This embryo is carefully
Deficiency). SCID is caused due to the defect in the removed from the womb.
gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase
320 (a) 326 (d)
Genetic engineering is defined as the modification SCID (Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency) is
of genetic information of living organisms by caused due to the defect in the gene synthesizing
direct manipulation of their DNA. Thus, a gene of ADA. For the treatment of SCID, stem cell therapy
known function (or economic importance) can be is used in which bone marrow cells are taken
transferred from its normal location into a cell via from the patients and correct ADA gene is
a suitable mobile genetic element called vector introduced using retroviruses as vectors.
such as plasmid, phage, etc. 327 (b)
321 (a) About 30 recombinant therapeutics have been
Somaclones are obtained by tissue culture. The approved for human use in the world including
plant regenerated from cell and tissue cultures India. In India, 12 of these are presently being
shows heritable variation for both qualitative and marketed
quantitative traits. 328 (a)
Mobile genetic element is broadly any genetic
Plant breeding is the branch of biology, which is element capable of moving itself, with or without
concerned with developing varieties superior to duplication, from one site in a genome to another.
existing ones. Mobile genetic elements include plasmids,
viruses, transposable genetic elements
Irradiation means exposure to any form of (transposons), short interspread elements,
radiation. Genetic engineering is the technique by

P a g e | 23
 pathogenicity islands and so on. The term into another sheep’s egg after removing its
‘transposon’ was introduced by R W Hedges and A genetic material. The fused cell developed into an
E Jacob in 1974, to ‘controlling’ elements’ or embryo which was planted into the uterus of
jumping genes, discovered by Barbara McClintock another sheep which acted as surrogate mother.
(1950) in maize. Thus, Dolly had two genetic mothers as confirmed
by the analysis of her mitochondria by Eric Schon
329 (a) and Ian Wilmut in 1999.
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 froms protein crystals
which contains a toxic insecticidal proteins 334 (d)
(Bttoxin). Bttoxin genes are used in several crop A callus is an amorphous mass of loosely arranged
plants like cotton. The toxin is coded by a gene thin walled parenchyma cells developing from
called cry which is of various types proliferation cells of parent tissue. An explants
For example cry IAc and cry IIAb control the excised from a stem, tuber or root is used for
cotton boll worms IAb control corn borer callus formation.
331 (c)
Haploid plants may be obtained from pollen 335 (d)
grains by placing anthers or isolated pollen grains The green revolution succeeded in increasing
on a suitable culture medium. Thus, the number food supply because of
of the chromosomes in the cells of the callus for (i) Use of improved crop varieties
the given case will be 14. (ii) Use of agrochemicals (fertilisers and
pesticides)
332 (d) (iii) Use of better management practices
Animals whose DNA is manipulated to process 336 (a)
and express an extra (Foreign) gene are known as Antigen – antibody interaction.
transgenic animals. Following are the common ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-
reasons for developing transgenic animals antibody interactions. It can detect very small
(i) Study of normal physiology and development amount of proteins (antibody or antigen) with the
𝑒. 𝑔., study of complex growth factors like insulin help of enzymes (𝑒. 𝑔., peroxidase or alkaline
like growth factor phosphatase)
(ii) Study of disease Transgenic model have been 337 (a)
developed for many human diseases like cancer, Isolation of restriction endonucleases by Nathans
cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and and Smith (1970) made it possible to cut DNA at
Alzheimer’s disease specific sites. Restriction enzyme can cut both
(iii) Obtain useful biological products, 𝑒. 𝑔.,human strands of DNA when foreign nucleotides are
protein (α-1-antitrypsin) is used to treat introduced in the cell. They cleave DNA to
emphysema generate a nick with a 5’ phosphoryl and 3’
(iv) Vaccine safety-Transgenic mice are hydroxyl terminus.
developed to test the safety of vaccine before
being used on humans. For example polio vaccine 338 (c)
(v) Chemical safety testing; Transgenic animals In recombinant DNA technology, a desired
are made to carry genes, which makes them more segment of DNA or a gene is made to combine
sensitive to the toxic substances than non- with the DNA of an organism where it will
transgenic animals multiply and produce its copies. Plasmids and
333 (b) viruses are the most commonly used cloning
‘Dolly’ was the name given to a clone of adult vectors in recombinant DNA technology.
lamb by Ian Wilmut of Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, 339 (b)
UK (Feb. 1997). Dolly was created by the Restriction enzymes are the enzymes that can
scientists by extracting the genetic material (or cleave or cut a DNA molecule within certain
nucleus) from udder cells and cytoplasm from specific sites that have specific base sequence.
unfertilized eggs. In fact, the genetic material These are used in recombinant DNA technology to
from the udder cells of one sheep was implanted produce cuts in vector and other DNA molecules

P a g e | 24
 to obtain chimeric DNA. Hence, these are also more nutritionally balanced for the human babies
known as molecular scissors. than natural cow milk

340 (a)
In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie produced
human protein enriched milk (2.4 g/L). The milk
contained the human alpha-Lactalbumin and was

P a g e | 25
1) a 2) d 3) a 4) c 173) d 174) c 175) b 176) c
5) a 6) d 7) c 8) a 177) d 178) c 179) c 180) d
9) d 10) a 11) b 12) b 181) d 182) b 183) d 184) a
13) d 14) b 15) a 16) d 185) c 186) a 187) c 188) c
17) a 18) a 19) c 20) c 189) d 190) a 191) c 192) d
21) c 22) d 23) b 24) c 193) a 194) c 195) c 196) d
25) d 26) b 27) a 28) b 197) d 198) a 199) b 200) d
29) c 30) d 31) d 32) c 201) a 202) a 203) c 204) d
33) b 34) c 35) a 36) a 205) b 206) b 207) c 208) d
37) a 38) c 39) c 40) d 209) b 210) c 211) b 212) b
41) a 42) a 43) a 44) a 213) b 214) c 215) a 216) b
45) a 46) b 47) d 48) b 217) d 218) c 219) c 220) d
49) a 50) d 51) b 52) b 221) c 222) b 223) b 224) b
53) a 54) b 55) d 56) b 225) c 226) b 227) c 228) d
57) a 58) d 59) b 60) d 229) d 230) a 231) d 232) c
61) c 62) a 63) c 64) b 233) c 234) d 235) c 236) b
65) c 66) c 67) d 68) d 237) c 238) a 239) b 240) a
69) d 70) a 71) a 72) a 241) d 242) d 243) a 244) d
73) a 74) c 75) d 76) d 245) c 246) c 247) b 248) d
77) d 78) b 79) c 80) a 249) b 250) a 251) c 252) d
81) a 82) b 83) a 84) c 253) b 254) d 255) d 256) c
85) d 86) a 87) b 88) a 257) c 258) b 259) d 260) b
89) b 90) b 91) d 92) d 261) b 262) c 263) a 264) d
93) c 94) c 95) b 96) b 265) b 266) d 267) a 268) b
97) a 98) d 99) a 100) d 269) d 270) d 271) b 272) a
101) a 102) d 103) d 104) d 273) a 274) a 275) d 276) c
105) b 106) d 107) c 108) b 277) a 278) a 279) a 280) c
109) a 110) c 111) b 112) d 281) a 282) a 283) c 284) d
113) a 114) b 115) d 116) b 285) d 286) b 287) b 288) c
117) c 118) a 119) d 120) c 289) d 290) c 291) d 292) a
121) c 122) d 123) a 124) b 293) b 294) c 295) c 296) b
125) a 126) a 127) d 128) c 297) a 298) b 299) c 300) a
129) c 130) c 131) b 132) a 301) b 302) b 303) c 304) a
133) b 134) d 135) a 136) b 305) a 306) b 307) a 308) c
137) a 138) a 139) a 140) b 309) c 310) d 311) d 312) b
141) a 142) b 143) d 144) d 313) b 314) b 315) b 316) d
145) d 146) b 147) b 148) c 317) a 318) a 319) d 320) a
149) c 150) c 151) a 152) c 321) a 322) b 323) c 324) a
153) a 154) d 155) c 156) b 325) b 326) d 327) b 328) a
157) a 158) b 159) a 160) d 329) a 330) b 331) c 332) d
161) b 162) d 163) b 164) d 333) b 334) d 335) d 336) a
165) b 166) d 167) a 168) c 337) a 338) c 339) b 340) a
169) a 170) a 171) b 172) c
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