Laws of Chemical Combination
There are two main laws of Chemical Combination as established by Lavoisier and
Joseph L. Proust.
(a)Law of Conservation of Mass
(b) Law of constant or definite proportion
Law of Conservation of Mass
It states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reaction. So mass of
reactants is mass of the Product.
A + B -> C +D
Mass of Reactants=Mass of (A+B)
Mass of Products = Mass of (C+D)
Mass of Reactants = Mass of Products
Law of constant or definite proportion
It states that elements combine in their definite proportion of mass to give
compounds. or In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite
proportions by mass
Example
Compound CO2CO2 can be obtained using various ways
C+O2−>CO2C+O2−>CO2
CaCO3−>CaO+CO2CaCO3−>CaO+CO2
The ratio of Carbon and Oxygen is always same ie. 12:32
Similarly For Water H2OH2O, the ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of
oxygen is always 1:8, whatever the source of water
Dalton's atomic theory
There was explanation for the above theories.
British chemist John Dalton proposed the atomic theory which provided the
explanation for the above laws
• All matter is made of very tiny particles called atoms.
• Atoms are indivisible particles
• Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed
• Atoms of same elements are similar.
• Atoms of different elements are different.
• Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds.
• The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
• chemically bonded together. The atoms with in the molecules are held of force
of attraction.
• It is smallest particle of an element or a compound that is capable of an free
state and that has all the properties of that substance.
Molecules of Elements
-Generally atoms of most of the elements exists as molecules Like Oxygen exists
as O2O2, Hydrogen exists as H2H2. The number of atoms constituting a molecule
is known as its atomicity
Molecules of Compounds
- The molecule of compounds contains two or more different atoms chemical bonded
together.
Example
HClHCl
H20H20
Ions
• Compounds composed of metals and non-metals contain charged species
• The charged species are known as ions.
• An ion is a charged particle and can be negatively or positively charged.
• Anions are negatively charged ion while cations are the positively charged ion
• Anions are formed by gain of electrons while cations are formed by loss of
electrons
• example Compound Sodium chloride NaCl consists of Positively
charged Na+Na+ and negatively charged ion Cl−Cl−
• An Ion can have multiple atoms which has net charge on it. These are called
polyatomic ions
Valency
The combining power (or capacity) of an element is known as its valency. For ions,
the charge indicates the valency of the ions
Chemical Formulae
The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its composition.
The chemical formula can be written based on these information
(a) Symbols of the elements involved
(b) The valency of the elements or ions and this must be balanced in formula
(c) when a compound consists of a metal and a non-metal, the name or symbol of
the metal is written first
(d) in compounds formed with polyatomic ions, the ion is enclosed in a bracket
before writing the number to indicate the ratio. In case the number of polyatomic ion
is one, the bracket is not required.
Molecular Mass
The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms
in a molecule of the substance.
This is also expressed in terms of u
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Formula Unit Mass
• formula unit mass is used for those substances whose constituent particles
are ions
• it is sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound
example
NaCl
Formula Unit Mass = 23 + 35.5=58.5 u
