PROJECT ON CONCEPT OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to
KIST SECONDARY SCHOOL
KATHMANDU, NEPAL
Date: ……………..
SUBMITTED BY
Rasika Bhatta
I.D. No: ……..
Section: ………..
Registration number: ………
Under Supervision: Mr. HIRA BHANDARI
Abstract
Complex numbers are an extension of the real number system, encompassing all numbers of
the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i represents the square root of -1. This
project delves into the history, properties, and applications of complex numbers. Topics
include their representation, operations, polar form, and applications in fields like physics,
engineering, and mathematics. Additionally, the geometric interpretation of complex
numbers as points or vectors in the Argand plane is explored.
Chapter 1: Introduction
The concept of complex numbers arises naturally when solving equations that have no real
solutions, such as x² + 1 = 0. These numbers provide a complete number system that is both
algebraically and geometrically significant. The introduction of the imaginary unit i expands
our understanding of numbers beyond the real axis.
1.1 Definition of Complex Numbers
A complex number is written as z = a + bi, where:
- a (real part) represents the position on the real axis.
- b (imaginary part) represents the position on the imaginary axis.
- i = √-1 and i² = -1.
1.2 Historical Background
The concept of imaginary numbers first appeared in the 16th century when mathematicians
tried to solve cubic equations. Girolamo Cardano introduced them, and later, René
Descartes coined the term 'imaginary.' Complex numbers became fully accepted in
mathematics after Carl Friedrich Gauss's work in the 19th century.
1.3 Geometric Representation
Complex numbers are visualized in the Argand plane, with the real part on the x-axis and
the imaginary part on the y-axis. A complex number z = a + bi is represented as the point (a,
b). The modulus (or magnitude) is given by |z| = √(a² + b²), and the argument (or angle) is θ
= tan⁻¹(b/a).
Chapter 2: Properties and Operations
2.1 Addition and Subtraction
For z₁ = a₁ + b₁i and z₂ = a₂ + b₂i:
- z₁ + z₂ = (a₁ + a₂) + (b₁ + b₂)i.
- z₁ - z₂ = (a₁ - a₂) + (b₁ - b₂)i.
2.2 Multiplication and Division
- z₁ · z₂ = (a₁a₂ - b₁b₂) + (a₁b₂ + a₂b₁)i.
- z₁ / z₂ = [(a₁a₂ + b₁b₂) + (b₁a₂ - a₁b₂)i] / (a₂² + b₂²).
2.3 Conjugate and Modulus
The conjugate of z = a + bi is z̅ = a - bi. The product of z and z̅ gives the square of the
modulus:
z · z̅ = |z|² = a² + b².
2.4 Polar Form
In polar form, z = r(cosθ + isinθ), where r = |z| and θ is the argument. The exponential form
is z = reⁱᶿ.
Chapter 3: Applications
3.1 Mathematics and Geometry
Complex numbers are vital in solving quadratic equations, evaluating integrals, and
studying transformations. They are used in Fourier transforms, fractals, and linear algebra.
3.2 Engineering and Physics
In electrical engineering, complex numbers simplify the analysis of AC circuits. In physics,
they are essential in quantum mechanics and signal processing.
3.3 Computer Science
Algorithms in graphics and data compression utilize complex numbers, especially in Fourier
and wavelet transformations.
Conclusion
Complex numbers bridge the gap between algebra and geometry, offering tools for
problem-solving in various disciplines. Their importance in theoretical and applied
mathematics makes them indispensable in modern science and technology.
Bibliography
1. Larson, Ron. Precalculus with Limits. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
2. Silverman, Richard. Introductory Complex Analysis. New York: Dover Publications, 1985.
3. Bajracharya, D.R., et al. Basic Mathematics Grade 11. Kathmandu: Sukunda Publications,
2020.
